Time Is Tight: How Higher Economic Value of Time Increases Feelings of Time Pressure

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 96, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 665-676

  DeVoe, Sanford E ^a   Pfeffer, Jeffrey ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Income; Scarcity; Time pressure; Value

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BEHAVIOR; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCOME; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SOCIOECONOMICS; TIME;

ADULT; AUSTRALIA; BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCOME; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TIME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79960517712     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0022148     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Aguiar M., Hurst E. Measuring trends in leisure: The allocation of time over five decades. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2007, 122:969-1006. doi: 10.1162/qjec.122.3.969.
2. Brett J.M., Stroh L.K. Working 61 plus hours a week: Why do managers do it?. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:67-78. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.67.
3. Brief A.P., Burke M.J., George J.M., Robinson B.S., Webster J. Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress?. Journal of Applied Psychology 1988, 73:193-198. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.193.
4. Carver T.N. The basis of social conflict. American Journal of Sociology 1908, 13:628-648. doi: 10.1086/211621.
5. Csikszentmihalyi C. Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life 1997, Basic Books, New York, NY.
6. Dai X., Wertenbroch K., Brendl C.M. The value heuristic in judgments of relative frequency. Psychological Science 2008, 19:18-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02039.x.
7. Darley J., Batson C.D. " From Jerusalem to Jericho": A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1973, 27:100-108. doi: 10.1037/h0034449.
8. Davison K.H., Bing M.N. The multidimensionality of the equity sensitivity construct: Integrating separate benevolence and entitlement dimensions for enhanced construct measurement. Journal of Managerial Issues 2008, 20:131-150.
9. DeVoe S.E., Pfeffer J. Hourly payment and volunteering: The effect of organizational practices on decisions about time use. Academy of Management Journal 2007, 50:783-798.
10. DeVoe S.E., Pfeffer J. When time is money: The effect of hourly payment on the evaluation of time. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2007, 104:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.05.003.
11. DeVoe S.E., Pfeffer J., DeVoe S.E., Pfeffer J. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2009, 35:1602-1618. doi: 10.1177/0146167209346304.
12. DeVoe S.E., Pfeffer J. The stingy hour: How the practice of billing time affects volunteering. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:470-483. doi: 10.1177/0146167209359699.
13. Frederick S., Novemsky N., Wang J., Dhar R., Nowlis S. Opportunity cost neglect. Journal of Consumer Research 2009, 36:553-561.
14. Gilovich T., Griffin D.W., Kahneman D. Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment 2002, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
15. Goodin R.E., Rice J.M., Bittman M., Saunders P. The time-pressure illusion: Discretionary time vs. free time. Social Indicators Research 2005, 73:43-70. doi: 10.1007/s11205-004-4642-9.
16. Gupta N., Beehr T.A. Job stress and employee behaviors. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 1979, 23:373-387. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(79)90004-7.
17. Haisley E., Mostafa R., Lowenstein G. Subjective relative income and lottery ticket purchases. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2008, 21:283-295. doi: 10.1002/bdm.588.
18. Hamermesh D.S., Lee J. Stressed out on four continents: Time crunch or yuppie kvetch?. Review of Economics and Statistics 2007, 89:374-383. doi: 10.1162/rest.89.2.374.
19. Hendrix W.H., Ovalle N.K., Troxler G. Behavioral and physiological consequences of stress and its antecedent factors. Journal of Applied Psychology 1985, 70:188-201. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.70.1.188.
20. Hochschild A.R. The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work 1997, Metropolitan/Holt, New York, NY.
21. House J.S., McMichael A.J., Wells J.A., Kaplan B.H., Laderman L.R. Occupational stress and health among factory workers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1979, 20:139-160. doi: 10.2307/2136435.
22. Huseman R.C., Hatfield J.D., Miles E.W. Test for individual perceptions of job equity: Some preliminary findings. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1985, 61:1055-1064.
23. Jenkins C.D., Zyzanski S.J., Rosenman R.H. Jenkins Activity Survey: Form C 1979, Psychological Corporation, New York, NY.
24. Judge T.A., Hurst C. How the rich (and happy) get richer (and happier): Relationship of core self-evaluations to trajectories in attaining work success. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:849-863. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.849.
25. Kahneman D., Krueger A.B., Schkade D., Schwarz N., Stone A.A. Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science 2006, June 30, 312:1908-1910.
26. King L.A., Hicks J.A., Abdelkhalik J. Death, life, scarcity, and value: An alternative perspective on the meaning of death. Psychological Science 2009, 20:1459-1462. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02466.x.
27. Kleiner S., Pavalko E.K. Clocking in: The organization of work time and health in the United States. Social Forces 2010, 88:1463-1486. doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0301.
28. Kristensen T.S. Job stress and cardiovascular disease: A theoretic critical review. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1996, 1:246-260. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.1.3.246.
29. Landy F.J., Rastegary H., Thayer J., Colvin C. Time urgency: The construct and its measurement. Journal of Applied Psychology 1991, 76:644-657. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.644.
30. Latack J.C. Coping with job stress: Measures and future directions for scale development. Journal of Applied Psychology 1986, 71:377-385. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.377.
31. Lee F., Tiedens L.Z. Who's being served? " Self-serving" attributions in social hierarchies. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process 2001, 84:254-287. doi: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2925.
32. Lynn M. Scarcity's enhancement of desirability: The role of naïve economic theories. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1992, 13:67-78. doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp1301_6.
33. Major B., McFarlin D.B., Gagnon D. Overworked and underpaid: On the nature of gender differences in personal entitlement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47:1399-1412. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1399.
34. Menzies H. No time: Stress and the crisis of modern life 2005, Douglas and McIntrye, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
35. Moyle P. The role of negative affectivity in the stress process: Tests of alternative models. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1995, 16:647-668. doi: 10.1002/job.4030160705.
36. Nelson L.D., Morrison E.L. The symptoms of resource scarcity: Judgments of food and finances influence preferences for potential partners. Psychological Science 2005, 16:167-173. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00798.x.
37. Northcraft G.B., Neale M.A. Opportunity costs and the framing of resource allocation decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1986, 37:348-356.
38. Parker D.F., DeCotiis T.A. Organizational determinants of job stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 1983, 32:160-177. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(83)90145-9.
39. Perlow L.A. The time famine: Towards a sociology of work time. Administrative Science Quarterly 1999, 44:57-81. doi: 10.2307/2667031.
40. Prentice D.A., Miller D.T. When small effects are impressive. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:160-164. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.160.
41. Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S., Cheong Y.F., Congdon R. HLM6 Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [Computer software] 2004, Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, IL.
42. Restegary H., Landy F. The interaction among time urgency, uncertainty, and time pressure. Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making 1993, 217-235. Plenum Press, New York, NY. O. Svenson, A.J. Maule (Eds.).
43. Roberts, J. K., & Monaco, J. P. (2006, April). Effect size measure for two-level multilevel model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
44. Robinson J.P., Godbey G. Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time 1997, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
45. Schor J. The overworked American 1991, Basic Books, New York, NY.
46. Schwarz N. Self reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist 1999, 54:93-105. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.2.93.
47. Schwarz N., Clore G.L. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 45:513-523. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513.
48. Snijders T., Bosker R. Multilevel analysis 1999, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
49. Spence J.T., Helmreich R.L., Pred R.S. Impatience versus achievement striving in the Type A pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement. Journal of Applied Psychology 1987, 72:522-528. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.72.4.522.
50. Staudinger U.M., Fleeson W., Baltes P.B. Predictors of subjective physical health and global well-being: Similarities and differences in the United States and Germany. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 76:305-319. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.305.
51. Wright L., McCurdy S., Rogoll G. The TUPA Scale: A self-report measure for the Type A subcomponent of time urgency and perpetual activation. Psychological Assessment 1992, 4:352-356. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.4.3.352.
52. Zhong C.B., DeVoe S.E. You are how you eat: Fast food and impatience. Psychological Science 2010, 21:619-622. doi: 10.1177/0956797610366090.
53. Zuzanek J. Work, leisure, time-pressure, and stress. Work and leisure 2004, 123-144. Routledge, New York, NY. J.T. Haworth, A.J. Veal (Eds.).