Fragmented France: Two Centuries of Disputed Identity

Fragmented France: Two Centuries of Disputed Identity

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-395

  Hayward, Jack ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anglo Saxons; Identity; Intellectuals; Legitimacy; Polarization; Protectionist; Revolution

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960504913     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216314.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (423)

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3. In addition to Michelet's Le Peuple, 1846
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29. Julliard, Chapter 4 and Fernand Pelloutier's Histoire des Bourses du travail: Origine, institutions, avenir, 1902, with a Preface by Sorel.
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32. David Watson, Georges Clemenceau, 63-78; cf. Chapter 4
33. Odile Rudelle, La République Absolue, 70-6.
34. J. E. S. Hayward, 'The Official Social Philosophy of the French Third Republic: Léon Bourgeois and Solidarism', in International Review of Social History, VI/I, 1961, 19-48.
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40. Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-8, 1988, 10, 88, 95-6; cf. Chapter 3
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42. Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France, 68.
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46. For a good general review see Venita Datta, Birth of a National Icon: The Literary Avant-Garde and the Origins of the Intellectual in France, 1999.
47. Christophe Charle, Naissance des 'Intellectuels', 97-137.
48. Albert Thibaudet, La République des Professeurs, 1927, 1979 edn, 121-3; cf. 33-4.
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50. Zeev Sternhell, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France, 1983, 1996, 17-18, 80-1; cf. 71-9.
51. André Thirion, Revolutionaries without Revolution, 1972, 1975, 298-302; cf. 139, 164, 177.
52. Maurice Barrès, Scènes et doctrines du nationalisme, 1902, 208.
53. Yves-Marie Hilaire, 'L'ancrage des idéologies' in Sirinelli (ed.), Histoire des droites en France, I, 523-8 and cf. Ory and Sirinelli, 41-2, 48-50, 67.
54. Quoted in Eugen Weber, Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France, 1962, 15; cf. 9-14 and Hilaire, 529-33.
55. Brogan, Development of Modern France, 366; cf. 367-8.
56. John Hellman, The Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940-45, 1993, 8;
57. Jean-Noël Jeanneney and Jacques Julliard, Le Monde de Beuve-Méry ou le métier d'Alceste, 1979, 30-7.
58. Winock, Histoire politique, 258; cf. 249-61, 290-4.
59. Paul Clay Sorum, Intellectuals and Decolonization in France, 1977, xiii, 67-8, 79
60. Emile Poulat, Liberté, Laicité: La guerre des deux France et le principe de la modernité, 1987, 432; cf. 232-5.
61. George Orwell, 'Writers and Leviathan', an essay included in his England: Your England.
62. Jeremy Jennings, '1898-1998: From Zola's "J'accuse" to the Death of the Intellectual' in The European Legacy, V, December 2000, 829-44.
63. Alain Finkielkraut, The Undoing of Thought, 1987, 1988, Eng. edn.
64. Christophe Prochasson, 'Intellectuals as Actors: Image and Reality' in Jennings (ed.) Intellectuals in Twentieth Century France, 67-8.
65. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen, 379-86.
66. Peter Campbell, French Electoral Systems, 39, 44.
67. Eugen Weber, Action Française, 296.
68. Stanley Hoffmann in Hoffmann et al., France: Change and Tradition, 1968, 63.
69. E. Weber, Action Française, 325; cf. 322-31.
70. Tony Judt, The Burden of Responsibility, 76, 80 and more generally, Eugen Weber, 332-67.
71. Jean-Luc Pinol, '1919-58. Le temps des droites' in Sirinelli (ed.), Histoire des droites en France, I, 310.
72. Malcolm Anderson, Conservative Politics in France, 1974, 224-9
73. Pierre Milza, Fascismes français, passé et présent, 1987, 155-8.
74. René Rémond, Les Droites en France, 4th edn, 1982, 203-37;
75. René Rémond, Les Droites en France, 4th edn, 203.
76. Philip Morgan, Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, 2003, 54-8;
77. Philippe Burrin, Living with Defeat: France under the German Occupation, 1940-1944
78. Stanley Hoffmann, 'Self-Ensnared: Collaboration with Nazi Germany', Chapter 2, in Decline or Renewal?, 29; cf. 27-31, 44
79. Geoffrey Warner, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France, 1968, 3-18, 24
80. Burrin, Living with Defeat, 175.
81. Stanley Hoffmann, 'Last Strains and Last Will: De Gaulle's Memoirs of Hope' in Decline or Renewal?, 265; cf. 266-7, 277.
82. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation, 1947, 386; cf. 359, 387.
83. Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, III, 1959, 287.
84. Stanley Hoffmann, 'The Rulers: Heroic Leadership in Modern France' (which first appeared in 1967) in Decline or Renewal?, 86; cf. 71-2.
85. Jack Hayward, 'Bonapartist and Gaullist Heroic Leadership: Comparing Crisis Appeals to an Impersonated People' in Peter Baehr and Melvin Richter (eds), The History and Theory of Modern Dictatorship, 2004, 221-39.
86. De Gaulle's Mémoires de Guerre, I, 1954, 65, 74
87. Stanley and Inge Hoffmann, 'De Gaulle as Political Artist: the Will to Grandeur' in Decline or Renewal?, 217;
88. Pierre Nora, 'L'historien devant de Gaulle' in Institut Charles de Gaulle, De Gaulle en son siècle, I, 1991, 173-7;
89. Maurice Agulhon, 'La "tradition républicaine" et le général de Gaulle'
90. Jean Charlot, 'Le Gaullisme' in Sirinelli (ed.), Histoire des droites en France, I, 656-9.
91. Institut Charles de Gaulle, De Gaulle en son siècle, Sondages et enquêtes d'opinion, 1992, 25-6.
92. Roland Sadoun, 'De Gaulle et les sondages' in Institut Charles de Gaulle, De Gaulle en son siècle, I, 321; cf. 325.
93. Jean Charlot, The Gaullist Phenomenon, 1970
94. Philip Wiliams, Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic, 1964, 133.
95. R. E. M. Irving, Christian Democracy in France, 1973, 233;
96. Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 220
97. Péguy's Notre Jeunesse, 1910.
98. Brogan, Development of Modern France, 198; cf. 196-7.
99. Pierre Sorlin, Waldeck-Rousseau, 1966.
100. John R. Frears, France in the Giscard Presidency, 1981
101. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Towards a New Democracy, 1976, 1977 Eng. edn.
102. Yves Gastaut, L'Immigration et l'opinion en France sous la Ve Rèpublique, 2000.
103. G. Le Gall, 'La tentation du populisme' in Sofres (ed.), L'Etat de l'Opinion, 1996.
104. Rémond, Les Etats-Unis devant l'opinion française, II, 698.
105. Mark Lilla, 'The Legitimacy of the Liberal Age', Introduction in Lilla (ed.), New French Thought: Political Philosophy, 1994, 8; cf. 9.
106. Stanley Hoffmann, 'A Retrospective on World Politics' in Linda B. Miller and Michael Joseph Smith (eds), Ideas and Ideals: Essays on Politics in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann, 1993, 8-9; cf. 66-7.
107. Hoffmann, 'Politique d'abord!'in Esprit, 1957, 816;
108. Michel Crozier, The Stalled Society, 1970, 1973, 94-5;
109. Michel Crozier, Etat modeste, Etat moderne: Stratégie pour un autre changement, 1987, 96;
110. Michel Crozier, The Trouble with America, 1984, xvii-xviii.
111. Pierre Rosanvallon, 'Malaise dans la représentation' in Furet et al., La République de Centre, 159; cf. 135-6.
112. Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Peuple Introuvable: Histoire de la représentation démocratique en France, 1998, 39.
113. Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Modèle Politique Français: La société civile contre le jacobinisme de 1789 à nos jours, 2004, 12.
114. For a review of this book, see Jack Hayward, 'Testing the Limits of French Statism' in European Journal of Political Theory, IV/3, 2005, 301-7.
115. Rosanvallon, Le Modèle Politique Français, 425; cf. 420-1.
116. Jacques Delors, Changer, 1975, 35;
117. Jacques Delors, Mémoires, 2004, 15, 35-7, 41-3, 69, 78.
118. Delors, Changer, 66-7; cf. 38-40, 61-3, 72-3, 76-8, 330;
119. Delors, Mémoires, 39, 66.
120. Delors, Mémoires, 47; cf. 45-56, 60-1, 66, 71-2, 86
121. Delors, Changer, 81-95;
122. Hervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman, La Deuxième Gauche: Histoire intellectuelle et politique de la CFDT, 1982, 135-8, 345.
123. On the decline of planning's credibility from the Sixth Plan (1971-5), see Jack Hayward, The State and the Market Economy: Industrial Patriotism and Economic Intervention in France, 1986, 174-7, 222.
124. Claude Alphandéry et al., Pour Nationaliser l'Etat, 1968, 110-11; cf. 126-8.
125. Général du Plan, Réflexions pour 1985, 964, 12-13.
126. For the full text of Delors's letter to Chaban-Delmas, see his Changer, 333-9.
127. Jean Bunel and Paul Meunier, Chaban-Delmas . . ., 1972, 19-26.
128. Charles Grant, Delors: Inside the House that Jacques Built, 1994, 30-5.
129. Pierre Grémion and Jean-Pierre Worms, 'La concertation régionale, innovation ou tradition' in Aménagement du Territoire et Développment Régional, 1968, 60.
130. Serge Berstein and Jean-Pierre Rioux, The Pompidou Years, 1969-1974, 1995, 2000 Eng. edn. 22, 33-5, 39, 48-50, 68-9.
131. On the Pompidou minimilization of Chaban's intended regional reform, see Hayward, The State and the Market Economy, 156-7.
132. For Pompidou's scathing views on the New Society programme, see Alain Peyrefitte, Le Mal Français 1976, 94-100.
133. See also Delors, Changer, 97-113
134. Delors, Mémoires, 74-85
135. Stanley Hoffmann, Decline or Renewal?, 183-4.
136. Delors, Mémoires, 126-7.
137. Delors, Mémoires, 138-9.
138. Pierre Favier and Michel Martin-Roland, La Décennie Mitterrand, I, 123-6;
139. Jacques Attali, Verbatim, I, 1993, 75-7, 115, 120.
140. Delors, Mémoires, 148-9.
141. Delors, Mémoires, 159
142. Delors, Mémoires, 223;
143. Helen Drake, Jacques Delors: Perspectives on a European Leader
144. George Ross, Jacques Delors and European Integration, 1995.
145. Delors, Mémoires, 20-6
146. Favier and Martin-Roland, IV, 1999, 596-9.
147. Jean-Louis Andréani, Le Mystère Rocard, 1993, 57; cf. 11-60.
148. For the text of the Manifesto that appeared in Le Monde, 17 December 1963
149. Georges Suffert, De Defferre à Mitterrand, 1996, Appendix 1, 150-4; cf. 19-37, 50-4.
150. Clare Andrieu, 'Le Club Jean Moulin . . . 1958-70' in C. Andrieu et al., Associations et Champ Politique: La loi de 1901 à l'épreuve du siècle, 2001, 560-75.
151. More generally, on difficult party-association relations in France, see Andrieu, 'La concurrence des légitimés partisane et associative', 25-45.
152. On the content of Club Jean Moulin's publications, see Bernard Rettenbach, 'La conception de la démocratie selon le club Jean Moulin' in Edmond Lipiansky and Bernard Rettenbach (eds) Ordre et Démocratie, 1967, 113-74.
153. Yves Mény, Centralisation et décentralisation dans le débat politique français [1945-1969], 1974, 475-502.
154. Crozier, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon, 287; cf. 196.
155. Jean-François Bizot, Au Parti des Socialistes, 1975, Chapter 6, Appendix 2 on 'socialisme autogestionnaire', 470-80.
156. See Jack Hayward, 'Changing direction and Socialist Crisis Mismanagement', Chapter 10 in The State and the Market Economy.
157. Jean-Marie Colombani, De la France en général et de ses dirigeants en particulier, 1996, 184;
158. Jonah D. Levy, 'France. Directing Adjustment' in Fritz Scharpf and Vivien Schmidt (eds) Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, II, 2000, 315.
159. John Huber, Rationalizing Parliament: Legislative Institutions and Party Politics in France, 1996, 149-75.
160. Alain Peyrefitte, Le Mal Français, 1976, 431, 376.
161. Thomas Ferenczi, 'Alain Peyrefitte, un intellectual en politique', Le Monde, 30 November 1999, 16.
162. Alain Peyrefitte et al., Décentraliser les Responsabilités: Pourquoi? Comment?, 1976.
163. Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals, 1994, 193-5.
164. Jonah D. Levy, Tocqueville's Revenge: State, Society and Economy in Contemporary France, 1999, 3, 284;
165. Jonah D. Levy, 'Territorial politics after decentralisation' in Alain Guyomarch et al. (eds), Developments in French Politics 2, 2001, 100; cf. 94-9.
166. Levy, Tocqueville's Revenge, 237; 238-40.
167. Etienne Schweisguth, 'Declin et recomposition des cultures politiques' in S. Berstein (ed.), Les cultures politiques en France, 398-402, 407-9.
168. Nicolas Baverez, La France qui tombe, 2003, 78, 85, 123.
169. Raymond Boudon, Pourquoi les intellectuels n'aiment pas le libéralisme, 2004.
170. For an authoritative and splenetic example of the anti-liberal standpoint in terms of an international capitalist conspiracy, see Pierre Bourdieu, Contre-feux: propos pour servir à la résistance contre l'invasion néo-liberale, 1998.
171. For a counterblast and defence of liberal socialism see Jacques Julliard, Le malheur français, 2005, 124-32; cf. 42-5, 54-7, 61.
172. Pierre Birnbaum, The Idea of France, 264; cf. 210-12, 220-1, 242.
173. Jean Bauberot, Le Protestantisme doit-il mourir? La Différence protestante dans une France
174. Franz-Olivier Giesbert, La Tragédie du president, Scènes de la vie politique 1986-2006, 2006.
175. Christophe Charle, Les Hauts Fonctionnaires, 136, 141, 143.
176. Estèbe, Ministres de la République, 127-33.
177. John S. Ambler, Soldiers Against the State: The French Army in Politics, 1968, 9;
178. Goguel, La Politique des Partis, 158-9, 171.
179. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 292.
180. Gordon Wright, The Reshaping of French Democracy, 1950, 142-50, 201-5, 213-15, 242-3.
181. Vidal-Naquet, Torture: Cancer of Democracy, 135;
182. Samy Cohen, Les conseillers du Président: De Charles de Gaulle à Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 1980, 147-62.
183. Marie-Christine Kessler, La Politique Etrangère de la France: Acteurs et processus, 1999, 306-67.
184. François Duchêne, Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence, 1994, 374-5;
185. Alain Peyrefitte, Le Mal Français, 1976, 53-6;
186. Alfred Grosser, French Foreign Policy under de Gaulle, 84;
187. Karl Lamers and Wolfgang Schäuble, 'Réflexions sur une politique européenne', Revue des affaires européenes, in I, 1995, 12-14.
188. McPhee, A Social History of France, 153; cf. 11.
189. Jones, The Peasantry, 124; cf. 253
190. Patrick O'Brien and Caglar Keyder, Economic Growth in Britain and France 1780-1914: Two Paths to the Twentieth Century, 1978, 189-90;
191. J. E. Sawyer, 'Strains in the Social Structure of Modern France' in E. M. Earle (ed.), Modern France, 1951, 304.
192. Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac, Histoire des Classes Ouvrières et des Classes Bourgeoises
193. Johnson, Guizot, 77.
194. Abel Transon, De la religion Saint-Simonienne, 1830, 50
195. Arthur L. Dunham, The Industrial Revolution in France 1815-1848, 1955, 58-60.
196. Jean Garrigues, La République des hommes d'affaires, 1870-1900, 1997, 89;
197. René Rémond, L'Anticléricalisme en France de 1815 à nos jours, 1976, 9-11;
198. Paul Carnot, Hippolyte Carnot et le Ministère de l'Instruction Publique, 1948, Chapter 3.
199. J. P. T. Bury and R. P. Tombs, Thiers 1797-1877: A Political Life, 1986, 120.
200. Lucien Jaume, L'Individu effacé, 210-37, 251-4.
201. Maurice Bardèche, Stendhal romancier, 1947, 417.
202. Stendhal, Lucien Leuwen, 1973 ed, 9;
203. William Fortescue, Alphonse de Lamartine: A Political Biography, 1983, 87;
204. T. J. Clark, The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France 1848-1851, 1982, 167
205. P. J. Proudhon, Système des contradictions économiques, 1846, 1923 edn, I, 269.
206. Charles Baudelaire, Oeuvres Complètes, 1961, 874-6.
207. Clark, The Absolute Bourgeois, 142-4, 161-3.
208. T. J. Clark, Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution. 1982, 23;
209. Paul Thureau-Dangin, Histoire de la Monarchie de juillet, I, 1884, 426
210. James Henry Rubin, Realism and Social Vision in Courbet and Proudhon, 1980, 8-9, 19-23, 30-4, 131.
211. Alan Bowness, 'Courbet's Proudhon' in The Burlington Magazine, CXX, No 900, March 1978, 126;
212. George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France, 1966, 163.
213. All three quotations are from Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944, 2001, 150, 631-2.
214. Jacques Marseille, Du Bon usage de la guerre civile en France, 2006, 172;
215. Michel Pastoureau, 'Le Coq Gaulois' in Les lieux de mémoire, III/3, 584.
216. Raoul Girardet, 'Les Trois Couleurs: Ni blanc, ni rouge' in Les lieux de mémoire, I, 1984, 8-33.
217. Mona Ozouf, 'Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité' in Les lieux de mémoire, III/3, 584.
218. Bronislaw Baczko, 'Le calendrier républicain. Decréter l'éternité' in Les lieux de mémoire, I, 46-7; cf. 38-78.
219. Bernard Guenée, 'Des limites féodales aux frontières politiques' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/2 21; cf. 12-26.
220. Daniel Nordman, 'Des limites d'Etat aux frontières naturelles' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/2, 35-55.
221. Eugen Weber, 'L'Hexagone' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/2, 98.
222. Maurice Agulhon, 'Le Centre et la Périphérie' in Les lieux de mémoire, III/I, 826-7
223. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914, 1977, Chapter 6, 'A Wealth of Tongues'.
224. Emmanuel le Roy Ladurie, 'Nord-Sud' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/2 118-39.
225. Auguste Comte, Système de Politique Positive, Mathias ed., II, 1851-4, 363.
226. Jean-Marie Goulemont and Eric Walter, 'Les centenaires de Voltaire et de Rousseau: Les deux lampions des Lumières' in Les lieux de mémoire, I, 392-3; cf. 381-420.
227. Avner Ben-Amos, 'Les funérailles de Victor Hugo: Apothéose de l'événement spectacle' in Les lieux de mémoire, I, 473-516.
228. Ben-Amos, Funerals, Politics and Memory in Modern France 1789-1996, 370-3.
229. Daniel Milo, 'Le nom des Rues' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/3, 287-307.
230. Jean Tulard, 'Le retour des cendres' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/3, 82, 92-108.
231. Ben-Amos, Funerals, 70-9.
232. Ben-Amos, Funerals, 92 and Chapter 3 passim.
233. Louis Blanc, Histoire de Dix Ans, II, 174-7
234. Paul Bastid, Benjamin Constant et sa Doctrine, 1966, 479-83.
235. Ben-Amos, Funerals, 197-203. On the circumstances of Faure's death, see 198, 124 note.
236. John Stuart Mill, 'Michelet's History of France' in Dissertations and Discussions, 1857, 139, 180.
237. This essay first appeared in the Edinburgh Review, January 1844.
238. Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle, 129; cf. 9-10, 112-19, 125-7.
239. Jean-Pierre Rioux, 'Laïcisations, massifications, sécessions, 1885-1918' in Rioux and Sirinelli (eds), Histoire Culturelle de la France, IV, 1998, 19.
240. See also Michel Winock, 'Jeanne d'Arc' in Les lieux de mémoire, III/3, 709-22.
241. René Rémond, 'La Fille Ainée de l'Eglise' in Les lieux de mémoire, III/3, 550; cf. 541, 548, 551, 569.
242. Ralph Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914, 1989, 2;
243. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914, 1977, 347.
244. Isser Woloch, The New Regime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789-1820s, 1994, 380;
245. Antoine Thibaudeau, Bonaparte and the Consulate, 1908, quoted by Woloch, 399; cf. 390-404.
246. Louis Girard, La Garde Nationale, 1814-1871, 1964, 7-9
247. David H. Pinkney, The French Revolution of 1830, 1972, 122;
248. Antoine Prost, 'Les monuments aux morts, culte républicain? Culte civique? Culte patriotique?' in Les lieux de mémoire, I, 195-222.
249. François Furet and Jacques Ozouf, Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry, 1977, 1982 Eng. edn, 59; cf. 60, 308.
250. E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 331-6.
251. E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, 82-9, 310-18; cf. 72-3
252. Noiriel, The French Melting Pot, 56;
253. François Furet, La Révolution, 1770-1880, 1988, 493-4.
254. Walter Bagehot, Bagehot's Historical Essays, 1971 edn, 416.
255. Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, 1867, Introduction to the 1872 Nelson edn, n.d., 55; cf. 54.
256. See Odile Rudelle, La République Absolue, 84-5, 90-2, 101-3, 281-5.
257. Bury, Gambetta's Final Years, 162-9.
258. Stanley Hoffmann, 'Paradoxes of the French political community' in Hoffmann et al., France: Change and Tradition, 1963, 15.
259. Jean Garrigues, La République des hommes d'affaires, 26-34, 155-61, 211-26. See Chapter 4.
260. Bury, Gambetta's Final Years, 268, 299; cf. 103.
261. Robert Paxton, French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères's Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939, 1997, 176; cf. 75-7.
262. D. S. Landes in E. M. Earle (ed.), Modern France, 1951, 340-9.
263. A. Desquerat, Classes Moyennes Françaises, 1936, 205;
264. Gérard Noiriel, Workers in French Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century, 1986, 1990 Eng. edn, 5; cf. 9, 24-5, 33.
265. Edward Shorter and Charles Tilly, Strikes in France, 1830-1968, 1974, 167.
266. Zeldin, I, 206-9.
267. Philip Nord, The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth Century France, 1995, 243; cf. 251.
268. David Howarth and Georgios Varouxakis, Contemporary France: An Introduction to French Politics and Society, 2003, 95-8.
269. Jean-Michel Eymeri, La fabrique des énarques, 2001, especially Chapter 2. See also Ezra Suleiman, Elitès in French Society: The Politics of Survival, 1978, especially PART 2.
270. Jean Estèbe, 'Le Parlementaire' in Sirinelli (ed.), Histoire des droites en France, III, 329.
271. Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 166;
272. Denis Brogan, The Development of Modern France, 1940, 1967 edn, 257.
273. Robert F. Byrnes, Antisemitism in Modern France, 1950, 126-7.
274. Estèbe, Ministres de la République, 220; cf. 207-19.
275. Nelly Wilson, Bernard-Lazare: Antisemitism and the Problem of Jewish Identity in Late Nineteenth Century France, 1978, 71.
276. Jean-Paul Sartre, Réflexions sur la question juive, 1946, 115, quoted in Byrnes, 92; cf. 79-90.
277. Eugen Weber, Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France, 1962, 40-2;
278. Pierre Rosanvallon, La Monarchie Impossible: Les Chartes de 1814 et de 1830, 1994, 9; cf. 65.
279. Joseph Barthélemy, L'Introduction du gouvernement parlementaire en France sous Louis XVIII et Charles X, 1904.
280. François Azouvi, 'Descartes' in Les lieux de mémoire, III/3, 735-53.
281. François Azouvi, Descartes en France: Histoire d'une passion nationale, 2002.
282. Cyprian B. Blamires, Three Critiques of the French Revolution: Maistre, Bonald and Saint-Simon, unpublished D.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 1985, 89; cf. 52-9.
283. Quoted in Pierre Haubtmann, P-J Proudhon: Genèse d'un Antithéiste, 1969, 123.
284. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Clarendon Press edition of Select Works, 1888, 107.
285. Robert Triomphe, Joseph de Maistre: Etude sur la vie et sur la doctrine d'un matérialiste mystique, 1968, 138-9.
286. For a detailed comparison of Burke and Maistre, see J. P. Cordelier, La Théorie Constitutionnel de Joseph de Maistre, 1965, 72-94.
287. Joseph de Maistre, Essai sur le principe générateur des constitutions politiques, 1814
288. quoted from his Oeuvres Complètes, I, 1884, 299; cf. 243-4, 265-6.
289. See Jean-Yves Le Borgne, Joseph de Maistre et la Révolution, 1976, 121-7; cf. 105, 132-3, 157.
290. Albert O. Hirschman, The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy. 1991, 7 and passim.
291. G. de Bertier de Sauvigny, La Restauration, 3rd edn, 346; cf. 347
292. Jean-Paul Clément (ed.), Chateaubriand politique, 1987.
293. Jacques Necker, Du pouvoir exécutif dans les grands états, II, 1792, 356
294. Madame de Staël, Considérations sur les principaux événements de la Révolution Française, II, 1818, PART 4, 237.
295. Paul Bastid, Benjamin Constant et sa Doctrine, 1966, 255-87.
296. Friedrich Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason, 1955, 133, 137.
297. Henri Gouhier, La Jeunesse d'Auguste Comte et la formation du positivisme, II, 1933-41, 1964, 2nd edn, 344-7.
298. E. H. Carr, Studies in Revolution, 1950, 2.
299. Larry Siedentop, Tocqueville, 1994, 22.
300. Marcel Gauchet, 'Les Lettres sur l'Histoire de France d'Augustin Thierry' in Les lieux de mémoire, II/1, 250.
301. Harold J. Laski, 'The Political Theory of Royer-Collard', Chapter 4, in Authority in the Modern State, 1919, 1927 edn, 316.
302. Harold J. Laski, ch. 4 in Authority in the Modern State, 1919, 1927 edn, 290; cf. 309.
303. Douglas Johnson, Guizot: Aspects of French History, 1797-1874, 1975, 85.
304. S. E. Finer, The History of Government from the Earliest Times, III, 1997, 1335;
305. F. A. Taylor, Introduction to Voltaire, Lettres Philosophiques, 1946 edn, viii.
306. Josephine Grieder, Anglomania in France, 1740-1789, 1985, 14-16; cf. 10-13, 26-30.
307. J. L. de Lolme, The Constitution of England, 1775, 1822 edn, 50; cf. 17-19.
308. J. L. de Lolme, The Constitution, 1822 edn.
309. Jean-Denis Bredin, 'Necker et l'opinion publique' in Lucien Jaume (ed.), Coppet, Creuset de l'Esprit Libéral: Les Idées Politiques et Constitutionnels de Groupe du Madame de Staël, 2000, 32; cf. 28-34.
310. Jack Hayward, After the French Revolution: Six Critics of Democracy and Nationalism, 1991, 49; cf. 46-7.
311. Louis de Bonald, Théorie du Pouvoir politique et religieuse, 1796, 118.
312. Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, France and the United States: From the Beginnings to the Present, 1978, 21-3, 35.
313. René Rémond, Les Etats-Unis devant l'Opinion Française, 1815-1852, II, 1962, 620; cf. 617-30.
314. Chateaubriand, Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe, 1849-50, IX, 303-4.
315. François Guizot, Histoire de la Révolution d'Angleterre, 1826-7, 1997 edn, 15, quoted in Craiutu, 101; cf. 27-39.
316. Seymour Drescher, Tocqueville and England, 1964, 171
317. Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland, 1958, 32.
318. Alexis de Tocqueville, 'The European Revolution' and Correspondence with Gobineau, 1959, 113;
319. Edouard Laboulaye, Le Parti Libéral: Son programme et son avenir, 1863, 323;
320. Louis Blanc, Letters on England, II, 1866, 16.
321. Cheryl B. Welch, 'Tocqueville's resistance to the social' in History of European Ideas, XXX/I, 2004, 88-90.
322. Anthony Adamthwaite, 'Reactions to the Munich Crisis' in Neville Waites (ed.), Troubled Neighbours: Franco-British Relations in the Twentieth Century, 1971, 179.
323. Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French. The Dilemma of Americanisation, 1993, 4-6.
324. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism, 1982, 15; cf. 4-12.
325. Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanisation, 1993, x, xii; cf. 1-11.
326. Irwin M. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954, 1991, 34; cf. 90, 159, 189.
327. Vladimir Pozner, Les Etats-Désunis, 1948, 161
328. Robert Paxton, 'Anti-Americanism in the Years of collaboration and Resistance' in Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnuk and Marie-France Toinet (eds), The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism, 1990, 61; cf. 55-60.
329. Emmanuel Todd, After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order, 2002, 2003, Eng. edn, 190;
330. Dennis Ager, 'Francophonie' in the 1990s: Problems and Opportunities, 1996, 171.
331. Robert Gildea, The Past in French History, 1994, 1996 edn, 10-12, 340.
332. Julian Jackson, 'Historians and the nation in contemporary France' in Stefan Berger, Mark Donovan, and Kevin Passmore (eds), Writing National Histories: Western Europe since 1800, 1999, 243; cf. 11, 241-2.
333. Pierre Nora, 'L'Histoire de France de Lavisse' in Les Lieux de mémoire, II/6, 332; cf. 327, 352.
334. Steven Englund, 'The Ghost of Nation Past' in Journal of Modern History, LXIV, June 1992, 302, 311; cf. 300-1.
335. Pierre Birnbaum, The Idea of France, 1998, 2001, 151;
336. 'Des révolutions en général', Le Censeur, III, 1815, 43
337. Proudhon, Idées Révolutionnaires, 1849, 255.
338. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, I, 1962, 22-3; cf. 110, 117.
339. Pierre Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen: Histoire du suffrage universel en France, folio edn, 1992, 12-17; cf. 347-41.
340. Abbé Sieyès, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789, 1964 edn, 122.
341. Italics are in the original. See the excellent Chapter 7 in Murray Forsyth, 'The means of the new state: the representative system.' in Reason and Revolution: The Political Thought of the Abbé Sieyès, 1987
342. William H. Sewell, Jr., A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution: The Abbé Sieyès and 'What Is the Third Estate?', 1994.
343. Patrice Gueniffey, 'Revolutional Democracy and the Elections' in R. Waldinger et al., The French Revolution and the Meaning of Citizenship, 1993, 92, 96.
344. Patrice Gueniffey in Waldinger et al., 1993, 99.
345. Forsyth, quoting Sieyès' Exposition, 117-18.
346. Sieyès, Observations sur le rapport du comité de Constitution concernant la nouvelle organisation de la France, October 1789.
347. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen, 254; cf. 57-68, 108-10, 317-19.
348. Rémusat's Mémoires de ma vie., 271-83.
349. Peter Campbell, French Electoral Systems and Elections since 1789, 1958, 57.
350. P. McPhee, A Social History of France, 265;
351. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen, 284-6.
352. Rosanvallon, 118-24, 357-63.
353. Peter M. Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution, 1988, 176, 266; cf. 178.
354. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen, 284-6.
355. William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution, 1980, 167.
356. George Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution, 1959
357. Georges Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France, 1932, 1973 Eng. edn.
358. Jones, 87; cf. 81-5.
359. McPhee, 77; cf. 58.
360. Isser Woloch, The New Regime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789-1820s, 1994.
361. Charles de Rémusat, Politique libérale ou fragments pour server à la défense de la Révolution française, 1860, 439.
362. On the Napoleonic nobility see Christophe Charle, Les hauts fonctionnaires en France au XIXe siècle, 1980, 56.
363. François Furet, La Révolution, 1770-1880, 1988, 341.
364. Sherman Kent, Electoral Procedure under Louis-Philippe, 1937, 7; cf. 8.
365. Christophe Charle, A Social History of France in the Nineteenth Century, 1991, 1994 edn, 18-19.
366. For an interesting comparison, see Adolphe Jollivet, Examen du système électoral anglais depuis l'acte de réforme, comparé au système electoral français, 1835.
367. J. S. G. Wilson, French Banking Structure and Credit Policy, 1957, 271-3.
368. Jean Bouvier, Les Rothschild, 1967, especially Chapter 6.
369. André-Jean Tudesq, Les Grands Notables en France (1840-1848): Etude historique d'une psychologie sociale, I, 1964, 124; cf. 121-5.
370. Alfred Cobban, 'The "Middle Class" in France, 1815-48' in French Historical Studies, V/I, Spring 1967, 49; cf. 44-51.
371. Patrick and Trevor Higonnet, 'Class, corruption and politics in the French Chamber of Deputies, 1846-48' in French Historical Studies, V/2, Autumn 1967, 207; cf. 209.
372. William H. Sewell, J., Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848, 1980, 35; cf. 119-38, 145.
373. Saint-Marc Girardin, article in the Journal des débats of 8 December 1831
374. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen, 334 from Souvenirs et réflexions d'un journaliste, 2nd edn, 1873, 144-7.
375. Louis Sebastien Mercier, Néologie ou Vocabulaire des mots nouveaux, II, 1801, 380
376. Rosanvallon, Le sacre du citoyen, 337.
377. Bernard H. Moss, The Origins of the French Labor Movement, 1830-1914: The Socialism of Skilled Workers, 1976, 19; cf. 14-18.
378. Robert Casanova, Montlosier et le Parti Prêtre, 1970, an extended introductory essay and selection of texts.
379. Stanley Mellon, The Political Uses of History: A Study of Historians in the French Restoration, 1958, 153-88.
380. This paragraph is largely borrowed from Jack Hayward, After the French Revolution: Six Critics of Democracy and Nationalism. 1991, 39-40.
381. Marcel Gauchet 'La Droite et la Gauche' in Les lieux de Mémoire, III/1, 401; cf. 395- 402.
382. G. G. Van Deusen, Sieyès: His Life and His Nationalism, 1932, 85-6, 95.
383. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Régime and the French Revolution, 1856, 1955 edn, 168; cf. Part 2, Chapters 2-6; 158-63, 167-9.
384. See the early chapters of Origines et Histoire des Cabinets des Ministres en France, 1975, 5-34.
385. Clive H. Church, Revolution and Red Tape: The French Ministerial Bureaucracy, 1770-1850, 1981, 20-21.
386. Vincent Wright, 'L'Ecole d'Administration de 1848: un échec révélateur' in Revue Historique, January 1976, CCLV/1, 21-42
387. Howard Machin and Vincent Wright, 'Les élèves de l'Ecole d'Administration de 1848-1849' in Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, October 1989, XXXVI, 605-39.
388. Paul Carnot, Hippolyte Carnot et le ministère de l'Instruction Publique de la IIe République, 1948, especially Chapter 14.
389. Lamartine and Ledru-Rollin from the Provisional Government were appointed to Chairs at the Ecole but never lectured. William Fortescue, Alphonse de Lamartine: A Political Biography, 1983, 159-60.
390. Dominique Chagnollaud, Le Premier des Ordres: Les hauts fonctionnaires (XVIIIe- XXe siècle), 1991, 137-40; cf. 107, 127-32.
391. Christophe Charle, Les Hauts Fonctionnaires en France au XIXe siècle, 1980, 28-9, 33-51.
392. Brian Chapman, The Prefects and Provincial France, 1955, 16; cf. 12-19.
393. Quoted in Amable de Barante, La vie politique de Royer-Collard, II, 1861, 131.
394. Charles Dupont-White, La centralisation, 1860, 347
395. Sudhir Hazareesingh, From Subject to Citizen: The Second Empire and the Emergence of Modern French Democracy, 1988, 204.
396. Sudhir Hazareesingh, Intellectual Founders of the Republic, 104-7.
397. Edouard Boinvilliers, Paris souverain de la France, 1868, 19
398. Hazareesingh, From Subject to Citizen, 38.
399. Vincent Wright, 'Administration et politique sous le Second Empire' in Procès- Verbaux de l'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques: Institut de France, May 1973, 295; cf. 289-96.
400. Nicholas Richardson, The French Prefectoral Corps, 1814-1830, 1966, 4; cf. 6-9.
401. Charle, Les Hauts Fonctionnaires, 135; cf. 121-5, 132-4 and McPhee, 83.
402. Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes, 149-50.
403. On Jury trial during the Revolution and First Empire, see Woloch, The New Regime, Chapter 12.
404. Michael Rapport, Nationality and Citizenship in Revolutionary France: The Treatment of Foreigners 1789-99, 2000, 29; cf. 32-3, 78, 85-7, 329-34
405. Patrick Weil, La France et ses étrangers, 1991, 458-62.
406. C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, 1938, 1980 edn.
407. Serge Daget, 'The Abolition of the Slave Trade by France: the decisive years 1826- 1831' in David Richardson (ed.), Abolition and Its Aftermath: The Historical Context, 1790-1916, 1985, 141-62.
408. Tudesq, Les Grands Notables en France II, 834-46.
409. L. C. F. de Montbron in Préservatif contre l'anglomanie, 1757.
410. Josephine Grieder, Anglomania in France 1740-1789: Fact, Fiction and Discourse, 1985
411. F. Acomb, Anglophobia in France 1763-1789, 1950
412. Tudesq, Les Grands Notables en France, II, 762-80. See also Introduction.
413. Pierre Rosanvallon, La Monarchie Impossible: Les Chartes de 1814 et de 1830, 1994, 7; cf. 8.
414. Robert Gibson, Best of Enemies, 150-1, 172-4.
415. Jean-Hérold Paquis, L'Angleterre comme Carthage, 1944.
416. Rosanvallon, Le Moment Guizot, 321.
417. See also François Furet, La Révolution, 1770-1880, 308
418. Furet, 'L'Ancien Régime et a Révolution in Les lieux de mémoire, III/1, 126, 130.
419. Quoted in B. de Sauvigny, La Restauration, 269; cf. 270.
420. Baron Prosper de Barante, Des communes et de l'aristocratie, 1821
421. Lucien Jaume, L'Individu effacé ou le paradoxe du libéralisme français, 1997, 293 cf. 291-5, 302-5.
422. David Pinkney, Decisive Years in France, 1840-1847, 1986, 128-38.
423. Rémusat's L'Angleterre au XVIIe siècle, I, 10