Reference ranges and sources of variability of CD4 counts in HIV-seronegative women and men

Genitourinary Medicine

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 27-31

  Maini, M K ^a   Gilson, R J C ^b   Chavda, N ^c   Gill, S ^b   Fakoya, A ^a   Ross, E J ^b   Phillips, A N ^b   Weller, I V D ^b  

^a MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CD4 count; HIV seronegative; Reference range

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; ORAL CONTRACEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SERODIAGNOSIS;

EID: 79960463380     PISSN: 02664348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/sti.72.1.27     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Fahey JL, Taylor JMG, Detels R, et al. The prognostic value of cellular and serological markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990;322:166-72.
2. Stites DP, Moss AR, Bacchetti P, et al. Lymphocyte subset analysis to predict progression to AIDS in a cohort of homosexual men in San Francisco. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989;52:96-103.
3. Phillips AN, Lee CA, Elford J, et al. Serial CD4 lymphocyte counts and development of AIDS. Lancet 1991;337: 389-92.
4. Phair J, Muňoz A, Detels R, Kaslow R, Rinaldo C, Saah A and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990;322:161-5.
5. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS. The immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993;328:327-35.
6. Bird AG. Monitoring of lymphocyte subpopulation changes in the assessment of HIV infection. Genitourin Med 1990;66:133-7.
7. Lawrence J. T-cell subsets in health, infectious disease and idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:55-62.
8. Bofill M, Janossy G, Lee CA, et al. Laboratory control values for CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Implications for HIV-I diagnosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1992;88:243-52.
9. Tollerud DJ, Clark JW, Morris Brown L, et al. The influence of age, race and gender on peripheral blood mononuclear-cell subsets in healthy non-smokers. J Clin Immunol 1989;9:214-22.
10. Parker JW, Adelsberg B, Azen SP, et al. Leukocyte immunophenotyping by flow cytometry in a multisite study: standardisation, quality control and normal values in the Transfusion Safety Study. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990;55:187-220.
11. Reichert T, DeBruyère M, Deneys V, et al. Lymphocyte subset reference ranges in adult Caucasians. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991;60:190-208.
12. Goto M, Nishioka K. Age and sex-related changes of the lymphocyte subsets in healthy individuals: an analysis by two-dimensional flow cytometry. J Gerontol 1989;44: 51-6.
13. Ohta Y, Fujiwara K, Nishi T, Oka H. Normal values of peripheral lymphocyte populations and T cell subsets at a fixed time of day: a flow cytometric analysis with monoclonal antibodies in 210 healthy adults. Clin Exp Immunol 1986;64:146-9.
14. Tollerud DJ, Ildstad ST, Morris Brown L, et al. T-cell subsets in healthy teenagers: transition to the adult phenotype. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990;56:88-96.
15. Levi FA, Canon C, Blum JP, Mechkouri M, Reinberg A, Mathe G. Circadian and/or circahemidian rhythms in nine lymphocyte-related variables from peripheral blood of healthy subjects. J Immunol 1985;134:217-22.
16. Levi FA, Canon C, Touitou Y, et al. Circadian rhythms in circulating T-lymphocyte subtypes and plasma testosterone, total and free cortisol in five healthy men. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;71:329-35.
17. Tollerud DJ, Clark JW, Morris Brown L, et al. The effects of cigarette smoking on T cell subsets. A population-based survey of healthy Caucasians. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:1446-51.
18. Ritchie AWS, Oswald I, Spedding Micklem H, et al. Circadian variation of lymphocyte subpopulations: a study with monoclonal antibodies. BMJ 1983;286: 1773-5.
19. Levi FA, Canon C, Touitou Y, Reinberg A, Mathé G. Seasonal modulation of the circadian time structure of circulating T and Natural Killer lymphocyte subsets from healthy subjects. J Clin Invest 1988;81:407-13.
20. Van Rood Y, Goulmy E, Blokland E, Pool J, Van Rood J, Van Houwelingen H. Month-related variability in immunological test results; implications for immunological follow-up studies. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;86:349-54.
21. Gorter RW, Vranizan KM, Osmond DH, Moss AR. Differences in laboratory values in HIV infection by sex, race and risk group. AIDS 1992;6:1341-7.
22. Hughes DA, Haslam PL, Townsend PJ, Turner-Warwick M. Numerical and functional alterations in circulating lymphocytes in cigarette smokers. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;61:459-66.
23. Royce R, Winkelstein W. HIV infection, cigarette smoking and CD4 T-lymphocyte counts: preliminary results from the San Francisco Men's Health Study. AIDS 1990;4: 327-33.
24. Beck JS, Potts RC, Kardjito T, Grange JM. T4 lymphopenia in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;60:49-54.
25. Williams RC, Koster FT, Kilpatrick KA. Alterations in lymphocyte cell surface markers during various human infections. Am J Med 1983;75:807-16.
26. Syrjälä H, Surcel HM, Ilonen J. Low CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte ratio in acute myocardial infarction. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;83:326-8.
27. Lewis DE, Gilbert BE, Knight V. Influenza virus infection induces functional alterations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Immunol 1986;137:3777-81.
28. Bast RC, Reinherz EL, Maver C, Lavin P, Schlossman SF. Contrasting effects of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone on the phenotype of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1983;28: 101-14.
29. Grossman CJ. Interactions between the gonadal steroids and the immune system. Science 1985;227:257-60.
30. Reinberg A, Lagoguey M, Cesselin F, et al. Circadian and circannual rhythms in plasma hormones and other variables of five healthy young human males. Acta Endocrinologica 1978;88:417-27.
31. Manyonda IT, Pereira RS, Makinde V, Brincat M, Varma RT. Effect of 17 beta-oestradiol on lymphocyte subpopulations, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses and mixed lymphocyte reactions in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 1992;14:201-10.
32. Biggar RJ, Pahwa S, Minkoff H, et al. Immunosuppression in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;161: 1239-44.
33. Coulam CB, Silverfield JC, Kazmar RE, Garrison Fathman C. T-lymphocyte subsets during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle. Am J Reprod Immunol 1983;4:88-90.
34. Malone JL, Simms TE, Gray GC, Wagner KF, Burge JR, Burke DS. Sources of variability in repeated T-helper lymphocyte counts from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: total lymphocyte count fluctuations and diurnal cycle are important. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:144-51.
35. Burcham J, Marmor M, Dubin N, et al. CD4% is the best predictor of development of AIDS in a cohort of HIV-infected homosexual men. AIDS 1991;5:365-72.
36. Taylor JMG, Fahey JL, Detels R, Giorgi JV. CD4 percentage, CD4 number and CD4:CD8 ratio in HIV infection: which to choose and how to use. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:114-24.
37. Burns DN, Kramer A, Yellin F, et al. Cigarette smoking: a modifier of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4:76-83.
38. Martini E, Muller JY, Doinel C, et al. Disappearance of CD4-lymphocyte circadian cycles in HIV-infected patients: early event during asymptomatic infection. AIDS 1988;2:133-4.
39. Levin LI, Chung RC, Milazzo M, Brundage JF and the Military Medical Consortium for Applied Antiretroviral Research. Preliminary analysis: comparison of HIV-I disease progression between men and women who are clinically evaluated in US Army medical centers. IXth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin, June 1993 (Abstract WS-C03-5).
40. Phillips A, Lee CA, Elford J, Janossy G, Kernoff PBA. Monitoring CD4 counts in HIV infection (letter). Lancet 1991;337:1108-9.