The rise and fall of Japan's grand strategy: The "Arc of Freedom and Prosperity" and the future asian order

Asia-Pacific Review

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 13-24

  Hosoya, Yuichi ^a  

^a KEIO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960457160     PISSN: 13439006     EISSN: 14692937     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13439006.2011.582677     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. On "normalization" of Japan's foreign policy.
2. see Shinichi Kitaoka, 'Futsu no Kuni' he [Towards a "Normal State"], Tokyo: Chuokokonshinsya, 2000.
3. Kitaoka, Professor of Japan's political and diplomatic history at the University of Tokyo, is generally assumed as a main figure who contends for the "Normal State." On the political side, Ichiro Ozawa is seen as a central figure who started using this words.
4. See his Nihon Kaizo Keikaku, Tokyo: Kodansha, 1993.
5. This process of "normalization" is best described in Christopher W. Hughes, Japan's Re-emergence as a 'Normal' Military Power, Adelphi Paper 368-9, London: Routledge, 2005.
6. See, The Cabinet Secretariat, National Defense Program Guidelines for FY 2011 and beyond, approved by the Security Council and the Cabinet on December 17, 2010 (Tokyo: The Cabinet Secretariat, 2010).
7. Richard J. Samuels, Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.
8. Kenneth B. Pyle, Japan Rising: the Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose, New York: Century Foundation, 2007.
9. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Strategy Survey 2006: the Annual Survey of World Affairs, London: Routledge/IISS, 2006.
10. and International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Strategy Survey 2007: the Annual Survey of World Affairs, London: Routledge/IISS, 2007.
11. Shigeru Yoshida, Kaiso Junen, vol.1, Tokyo: Chuokoronshinsha, 1998, pp.33-34.
12. Also see, Yuichi Hosoya, Gaiko: Tabunmei Jidai no Taiwa to Kousyou [Diplomacy: the Dialogue and Negotiations across Civilizations], Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 2007.
13. Edited one volume translation of Yoshida Memoirs.
14. see Shigeru Yoshida, Yoshida Shigeru: Last Meiji Man, edited by Hiroshi Nara, Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield, 2007.
15. Samuels, Securing Japan, p.29.
16. Yoshihide Soeya, Nihon no "Midoru Pawaa" Gaiko: Sengo Nihon no Sentaku to Koso [Japan's "Middle Power" Diplomacy: Postwar Japan's Choices and Conceptions], Tokyo: Chikuma Shinsho, 2005, p.98.
17. It is widely accepted that Masataka Kosaka, Professor of International Politics at Kyoto University, first positively reappraised the diplomatic doctrine of Shigeru Yoshida, though the original word was first used by Masashi Nishihara, Professor at National Defense Academy, Japan.
18. See Masataka Kosaka, Saisyo Yoshida Shigeru, Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 1968.
19. Shinichi Kitaoka, Nichibei Kankei no Riarizumu [Realism in the US-Japan Relationship], Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 1991.
20. Institute for National Strategic Studies, The United States and Japan: Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership, INSS Special Report, National Defense University, October 2000.
21. Junichiro Koizumi, "Japan and ASEAN in East Asia: A Sincere and Open Partnership", Singapore, January 14, 2002.
22. See also Akihiko Tanaka, Ajia no nakano Nihon [Japan in Asia] (Tokyo: NTT Shuppan, 2007) pp.308-11.
23. Makoto Iokibe, "Reisengo no Nihon Gaiko", in Makoto Iokibe ed., Sengo Nihon Gaiko [The Diplomatic History of Postwar Japan], 2nd edition, Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 2006, pp.235-240.
24. William J. Clinton, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, Washington, D.C., February 1995.
25. Also see, Douglas Brinkley, "Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine", Foreign Policy (Spring 1997).
26. Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. Brinkley, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, 8th edition (New York: Penguin, 1997) chapter 18.
27. Anthony Lake, "From Containment to Enlargement: Current Foreign Policy Debates in Perspective, Vital Speeches of the Day, vol.60, no.1 (October 15, 1993).
28. Anthony Lake was then the National Security Advisor to President Clinton.
29. See, for example, on the importance of values and ethics in foreign policy.
30. Karen E. Smith and Margot Light, "Introduction" in Smith and Light, eds., Ethics and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp.1-11.
31. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, "Japan-U.S. Summit Meeting: The Japan U.S. Alliance of the New Century", June 29, 2006., http:www.mofa.go.jp/region/n~america/us/summit0606.html. accessed on September 25, 2008.
32. Nobukatsu Kanehara, "Japan's Grand Strategy in the 21st Century," speech at JICC, Washington, D.C., January 27, 2005., http://us.emjapan.go.jp/english/html/embassy/otherstaff_Kanehara.htm. accessed on September 25, 2008.
33. The author would like to thank Minister Nobukatsu Kanehara for providing other draft papers which he wrote.
34. See also Nobukatsu Kanehara, "Niju Isseiki no Nihon Gaiko wo Ninau Kimitachi he [A Letter to Young People who lead Japanese Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Japan's National Strategy]," Gaiko Forum, November 2007.
35. Nobukatsu Kanehara and Kazuya Sakamoto, " "Utsukusiikuni" no "Syuchosuru Gaiko" ga Mezasumono: Siminken Kaifuku Gaiko no Jidai wa Owatta ["Beautiful Countiry" and "Proactive Diplomacy": the End of Diplomacy which make Japan as a Member of International Community]", Gaiko Forum, April 2007.
36. Kanehara, "Japan's Grand Strategy in the 21st Century."
37. Likewise, Gilbert Rozman draws two divergent views on Japan's strategy, by using phases "Internationalism" and "Asianism."
38. See his "Internationalism and Asianism in Japanese Strategic Thought from Meiji to Heisei," Japanese Journal of Social Science, 9(2), pp. 202-232.
39. In this essay, more concrete policy terms such as "arc of freedom and prosperity" or the "East Asian Community" are used to describe these contrasting strategic thoughts.
40. Hitoshi Tanaka was among them.
41. See Hitoshi Tanaka, Gaiko no chikara [The Power of Diplomacy] (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 2009) pp. 162-9.
42. Junichiro Koizumi, "Japan and ASEAN in East Asia: A Sincere and Open Partnership," speech by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, January 14, 2002, Singapore.
43. See also Akihiko Tanaka, Ajia No Naka No Nihon [Japan in Asia], Tokyo: NTT Shuppan, 2007, pp. 308-311, for its background.
44. There are several good accounts in which we can see the development of the "East Asia Community" concept.
45. See, for example, Masahiro Kohara, Higashi Ajia Kyoudoutai: Kyoudaikasuru Chugoku to Nihon no Senryaku [The East Asian Community: Rising China and Japan's Strategy], Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsya, 2005.
46. Makoto Taniguchi, Higashi Ajia Kyoudoutai: Keizai Tougou no Yukuhe to Nihon [The East Asian Community: the Development of Economic Integration and Japan], Tokyo: Iwanami Syoten, 2004.
47. Kohara was former official of MOFA, and Taniguchi is currently a MOFA official. Both accounts are strongly sympathetic towards this development.
48. The New York Times, September 21, 2006.
49. Speech by Taro Aso, Minister for Foreign Affairs, "Arc of Freedom and Prosperity: Japan's Expanding Diplomatic Horizons," November 30, 2006, the Japan Institute of International Affairs, Tokyo., http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/aso/speech0611.htm. accessed on September 25, 2008.
50. It is widely known that this concept was originally designed by the then Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Shotaro Yachi.
51. See, Shotaro Yachi, Gaiko no senryaku to shi [The Strategy and Aspiration of Diplomacy] (Tokyo: Sankei Shimbun, 2009), pp.142-6.
52. Speech by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer at the 42nd Munich Conference on Security Policy, February 2, 2006.
53. James Parder and Christopher Bennett, "NATO's Evolving Operations," NATO Review, Spring 2006.
54. See also, on NATO's "Global Partnership,"
55. Ivo Daalder and James Goldgeier, "Global NATO", Foreign Affairs, vol.85, no.5 (September/October 2006).
56. Michito Tsuruoka, "Asia, NATO and its partners: Complicated Relationships?", NATO Review, March 2010.
57. Rebecca R. Moore, "Partnership Goes Global: the Role of nonmember, non-European Union States in the Evolution of Nato," in Gulnur Aybet and Rebecca R. Moore (eds.), NATO in Search of a Vision (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010) pp. 219-242.
58. Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, "Japan and NATO: Toward Further Collaboration," January 12, 2007, the North Atlantic Council., http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/pmv0701/nato.html. accessed on September 26, 2008.
59. "Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation," Tokyo, March 13, 2007.
60. Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, "Confluence of Two Seas," at the Parliament of Republic of India, August 22, 2007., http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html. accessed on September 28, 2008.
61. Gaimusyo, Gaiko Seisyo 2007, Tokyo: Jijigahousya, 2007.
62. English translation can be seen at Diplomatic Bluebook 2007 (Summary) at, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/index.html. accessed September 28, 2008.
63. Since 2007, Japan's MOFA no longer publishes the complete English translation of Diplomatic Bluebook.
64. Taro Aso, Jiyuto Hanei no Ko [Arc of Freedom and Prosperity: Japan's Expanding Diplomatic Horizons], Tokyo: Gentosya, 2007.
65. The Cabinet Secretariat, National Defense Program Guidelines for FY 2011 and beyond (provisional translation) (Tokyo: The Cabinet Secretariat, December 2010) p. 8.