Detecting competition in the fossil record: Support for character displacement among Ordovician brachiopods

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 307, Issue 1-4, 2011, Pages 205-217

  Tyler, Carrie L ^a   Leighton, Lindsey R ^b  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Illinois basin; Invasion dynamics; Morphometrics; Rhynchonelliformea; Three dimensional landmark analysis

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOGRAPHY; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; BRACHIOPOD; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); DISPLACEMENT; ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE; FOSSIL RECORD; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRY; ORDOVICIAN; PALEOENVIRONMENT; TEMPORAL VARIATION; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING;

ILLINOIS BASIN; UNITED STATES;

BRACHIOPODA; RHYNCHONELLIFORMEA;

EID: 79960425060     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.020     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Aberhan M., Kiessling W., Fursich F.T. Testing the role of biological interactions in the evolution of mid-Mesozoic marine benthic ecosystems. Paleobiology 2006, 32:259-277.
2. Abrams P. The theory of limiting similarity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1983, 14:359-376.
3. Abrams P. Evolution and the consequences of species introductions and deletions. Ecology 1996, 77:1321-1328.
4. Adams D.C. Character displacement via agressive interference in appalachian salamanders. Ecology 2004, 85:2664-2670.
5. Adams D.C., Rohlf J.F. Ecological character displacement in Plethodon: biomechanical differences found from a geometric morphometric study. PNAS 2000, 97:4106-4111.
6. Ager D.V. The epifauna of a Devonian spiriferid. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1961, 117:1-10.
7. Alexander R.R. Intraspecific variability in Rhynchonellid Brachiopods: test of a competition hypothesis. Lethaia 1976, 9:235-244.
8. Alexander R.R. Comparative hydrodynamic stability of brachiopod shells on current-scoured arenaceous substrates. Lethaia 1984, 17:17-32.
9. Alexander R.R. Intraspecific selective survival within variably uniplicate late Devonian brachiopods. Lethaia 1987, 20:315-325.
10. Alexander R.R. Functional morphology of external characteristics of articulate brachiopods. Functional Morphology of the Invertebrate Skeleton 1999, 371-398. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. E. Savazzi (Ed.).
11. Anstey R.L. Bryozoan provinces and patterns of generic evolution and extinction in the Late Ordovician of North America. Lethaia 1986, 19:33-51.
12. Ausich W.I. A model for differentiation in Lower Mississippian crinoid communities. Journal of Paleontology 1980, 54:273-288.
13. Baker S.M., Hornbach D.J. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) attached to native mussels (Unionidae) or inanimate substrates: comparison of physiological rates and biochemical composition. American Midland Naturalist 2008, 160:20-28.
14. Baker S.M., Levinton J.S. Selective feeding by three native North American freshwater mussels implies food competition with zebra mussels. Hydrobiologia 2003, 505:97-105.
15. Best M.A., Thorpe J.P. Effects of food particle concentration on feeding current velocity in six species of marine bryozoa. Marine Biology 1986, 93:255-262.
16. Best M.A., Thorpe J.P. Feeding-current interactions and competition for food among the bryozoan epiphytes of fucus-serratus. Marine Biology 1986, 93:371-375.
17. Boag P.T., Grant P.R. Intense natural selection in a population of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae) in the Galápagos. Science 1981, 214:82-85.
18. Boag P.T., Grant P.R. The classical case of character release: Darwins finches (Geospiza) on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1984, 22:243-287.
19. Boag P.T., Grant P.R. Darwin's finches (Geospiza) on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos: breeding and feeding ecology in a climatically variable environment. Ecological Monographs 1984, 54:463-489.
20. Bookstein F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Bowers M.A., Brown J.H. Body size and coexistence in desert rodents: chance or community structure?. Ecology 1982, 63:391-400.
22. Brichette I., Reyero M.I., Garcia C. A genetic analysis of intraspecific competition for growth in mussel cultures. Aquaculture 2001, 192:155-169.
23. Brown W.L., Wilson E.O. Character displacement. Systematic Zoology 1956, 5:49-64.
24. Brunton C.H.C., Cocks L.R.M. The classification of the brachiopod order Strophomenida. Brachiopods: Proceedings of the Third International Brachiopod Congress 1996, 47-52. A.A. Balkema, Rottherdam, Netherlands. P. Copper, J. Jin (Eds.).
25. Buss L.W. Bryozoan overgrowth interactions - interdependence of competition for space and food. Nature 1979, 281:475-477.
26. Buss L.W. Competition within and between encrusting clonal invertebrates. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1990, 5:352-356.
27. Buss L.W., Jackson J.B.C. Planktonic food availability and suspension-feeder abundance - evidence of insitu depletion. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1981, 49:151-161.
28. Chase J.M., Leibold M.A. Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches 2003, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.
29. Chesson P., Huntley N. The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. The American Naturalist 1997, 150:519-553.
30. Connell J.H. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals in rain forest trees. Dynamics of Populations 1971, Centre for Agricultural Publication and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. P.J. Den Boer, G. Gradwell (Eds.).
31. Cote J., Himmelman J.H., Claereboudt M.R. Separating effects of limited food and space on growth of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus in suspended culture. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1994, 106:85-91.
32. Damgaard C., Riis-Nielsen T., Schmidt I.K. Estimating plant competition coefficients and predicting community dynamics from non-destructive pin-point data: a case study with Calluna vulgaris and Deschampsia flexuosa. Plant Ecology 2009, 201:687-697.
33. Dayan T., Simberloff D. Ecological and community-wide character displacement: the next generation. Ecology Letters 2005, 8:875-894.
34. Diamond J.M. Assembly of species communities. Ecology and Evolution of Communities 1975, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. M.L. Cody, J.M. Diamond (Eds.).
35. Diamond J.M., Pimm S.L., Gilpin M.E., LeCroy M. Rapid evolution of character displacement in myzomelid honeyeaters. The American Naturalist 1989, 134:675-708.
36. Doran, N.A., 1999. Morphological diversity of the brachiopod Platystrophia through changing paleoenvironments in the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician), Geosciences. MS Thesis, University of Cincinnati.
37. Dudei N.L., Stigall A.L. Using ecological niche modeling to assess biogeographic and niche response of brachiopod species to the Richmondian Invasion (Late Ordovician) in the Cincinnati Arch. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2010, 296:28-43.
38. Emig C.C. Functional disposition of the lophophore in living Brachiopoda. Lethaia 1992, 25:291-302.
39. Eshleman W.P., Wilkens J.L. Brachiopod orientation to current direction and substrate position (Terebratalia transversa). Canadian Journal of Zoology 1979, 57:2079-2082.
40. Fagerstrom J.A. Paleobiologic application of character displacement and limiting similarity. Systematic Zoology 1978, 27:463-468.
41. Fenchel T. Character displacement and coexistence in mud snails (Hydrobiidae). Oecologica 1975, 20:19-32.
42. Fjeldsa J. Ecological character displacement and character release in grebes Podicipedidae. Ibis 1983, 125:463-481.
43. Fox W.T. Stratigraphy and paleoecology of the Richmond Group in southeastern Indiana. GSA Bulletin 1962, 73:621-642.
44. Frechette M.A., Aitken A.E., Page L. Interdependence of food and space limitations of a benthic suspension feeder - consequences for self-thinning relationships. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1992, 83:55-62.
45. Fursich F.T., Hurst J.M. Environmental factors determining the distribution of brachiopods. Palaeontology 1974, 17:879-900.
46. Galassi D.M.P., Huys R., Reid J.W. Diversity, ecology and evolution of groundwater copepods. Freshwater Biology 2009, 54:691-708.
47. Gause G.F. Experimental demonstration of Volterra's periodic oscillatin in the numbers of animals. Journal of Experimental Biology 1935, 12:44-48.
48. Gehlbach F.R. Body size variation and evolutionary ecology of eastern and western screech owls. Southwestern Naturalist 2003, 48:70-80.
49. Gibbs H.L., Grant P.R. Adult survivorship in Darwin's ground finch (Geospiza) populations in a variable environment. J. Anim. Ecol. 1987, 56:797-813.
50. Gibbs H.L., Grant P.R. Oscillating selection on Darwin's finches. Nature 1987, 327:511-513.
51. Gili J.M., Coma R. Benthic suspension feeders: their paramount role in littoral marine food webs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1998, 13:316-321.
52. Grant P.R., Grant B.R. Evolution of character displacement in Darwin's finches. Science 2006, 313:224-226.
53. Grant R.E. The lophophore and feeding mechanism of the Productidina (Brachiopoda). Journal of Paleontology 1972, 46:213-248.
54. Hammer O., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. PAST: palaeontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologica Electronica 2001, 4:9.
55. Haney R.A., Mitchell C.E., Kim K. Geometric morphometric analysis of patterns of shape change in the Ordovician brachiopod Sowerbyella. Palaios 2001, 16:115-125.
56. Harvell D.C., Padilla D.K. Inducible morphology, heterochrony, and size hierarchies in a colonial invertebrate monoculture. PNAS 1990, 87:508-512.
57. Hermoyian C.S., Leighton L.R., Kaplan P. Testing the role of competition in fossil communities using limiting similarity. Geology 2002, 30:15-18.
58. Hertel F. Diversity in body-size and feeding morphology within past and present vulture assemblages. Ecology 1994, 75:1047-1084.
59. Holland S.M. Sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-clastic ramp: the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) in its type area. GSA Bulletin 1993, 105:306-322.
60. Holland S.M. Using time/environment analysis to recognize faunal events in the upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati arch. Paleontological Events, Stratigraphic, Ecological and Evolutionary Implications 1997, 309-334. B.E. Carlton, C.B. Gordon (Eds.).
61. Holland S.M., Patzkowsky M.E. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanogrpahic change in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the US. GSA Special Paper 1996, 306:117-129.
62. Holland S.M., Patzkowsky M.E. Ecosystem structure and stability: Middle Upper Ordovician of Central Kentucky, USA. Palaios 2004, 19:316-331.
63. Holland S.M., Patzkowsky M.E. Gradient ecology of a biotic invasion: biofacies of the type Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati, Ohio Region, USA. Palaios 2007, 22:392-407.
64. Holt R.D. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology 1977, 12:197-229.
65. Huisman J., Weissing F.J. Biodiversity of plankton by species oscillations and chaos. Nature 1999, 243:407-410.
66. Huntley J.W., Kowalewski M. Strong coupling of predation intensity and diversity in the Phanerozoic fossil record. PNAS 2007, 104:15006-15010.
67. Hutchinson G.E. Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why are there so many kinds of animals. The American Naturalist 1959, XCIII:145-159.
68. Jackson J.B.C. Competition on marine hard substrata - adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies. American Naturalist 1977, 111:743-767.
69. Kelt D., Taper M.L., Meserve P.L. Assessing the impact of competition on community assembly - a case study using small animals. Ecology 1995, 76:1283-1296.
70. Kieser J.A. Gnathomandibular morphology and character displacement in the bat-eared fox. Journal of Mammalogy 1995, 76:542-550.
71. Kitchell J.A., Carr T.R. Nonequilibrium model of diversification: faunal turnover dynamics. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution 1985, 277-310. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. J.W. Valentine (Ed.).
72. Kohler S.L. Competition and the structure of a benthic stream community. Ecological Monographs 1992, 62:165-188.
73. LaBarbera M. Brachiopod orientation to water movement. I Theory, laboratory behavior and field observations. Paleobiology 1977, 3:270-287.
74. LaBarbera M. Brachiopod orientations to water movement: functional morphology. Lethaia 1978, 11:67-79.
75. LaBarbera M. Water flow patterns in and around three species of Articulate brachiopods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1981, 55:185-206.
76. Lack D. Darwin's Finches 1947, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
77. Lawlor L.R. Overlap, similarity, and competition coefficients. Ecology 1980, 61:245-251.
78. Leighton L.R. Constraining functional hypotheses: controls on the morphology of the concavo-convex brachiopod Rafinesquina. Lethaia 1998, 31:293-307.
79. Leighton L.R. Predation on brachiopods. Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record 2003, 215-237. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. P.H. Kelley, M. Kowalewski, T.A. Hansen (Eds.).
80. Leighton L.R. Rotating Rhynchonellides revisited: functional insights into the morphology of biconvex brachiopods. GSA Abstracts with Programs 2007, 39:612.
81. Levin D.A. Reproductive character displacement in phlox. Evolution 1985, 39:1275-1281.
82. Lidgard S. Zooid and colony growth in encrusting Cheilostome bryozoans. Palaeontology 1985, 28:255-291.
83. Lockwood J.L., Moulton M.P. Ecomorphological pattern in Bermuda birds: the influence of competition and implications for nature preserves. Evolutionary Ecology 1994, 8:53-60.
84. Losos J.B., Marks J.C., Schoener T.W. Habitat use and ecological interactions of an introduced and a native species of Anolis lizard on Grand Cyaman, with a review of the outcomes of Anole introductions. Oecologia 1993, 95:525-532.
85. Lotka A.J. The growth of mixed populations. Washington Academy of Sciences Journal 1932, 22:461-469.
86. Loy A., Capanna E. A parapatric contact area between two species of moles: character displacement investigated through the geometric morphometrics of a skull. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1998, 44:151-164.
87. MacArthur R.H. Geographical Ecology 1972, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
88. MacArthur R.H., Levins R. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. The American Naturalist 1967, 101:377-385.
89. Madin J.S., Alroy J., Aberhan M., Furshich F., Kiessling W., Kosnik M.A., Wagner P. Statistical independence of escalatory ecological trends in Phanerozoic marine invertebrates. Science 2006, 312:897-900.
90. Malmquist M.G. Character displacement and biogeography of the pygmy shrew in northern Europe. Ecology 1985, 66:372-377.
91. Marcotte B.M. The imperatives of copepod diversity: perception, cognition, competition and predation. Crustacean Phylogeny 1983, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. F.R. Schram (Ed.).
92. May R.M. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems 1973, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
93. May R.M., MacArthur R.H. Niche overlap as a function of environmental variability. PNAS 1972, 69:1109-1113.
94. McDonald M.A., Smith M.H. Speciation, heterochrony, and genetic variation in Hispaniolan Palm-Tanagers. The Auk 1990, 107:707-717.
95. McKinney F.K. Competitive interactions between related clades - evolutionary implications of overgrowth interactions between encrusting Cyclostome and Cheilostome bryozoans. Marine Biology 1992, 114:645-652.
96. McKinney F.K. One hundred million years of competitive interactions between bryozoan clades: asymmetrical but not escalating. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1995, 56:465-481.
97. McNamara K.J. Heterochrony and phylogenetic trends. Paleobiology 1982, 8:130-142.
98. Meiri S., Dayan T., Simberloff D. Guild composition and mustelid morphology - character displacement but not character release. Journal of Biogeography 2007, 34:2148-2158.
99. Melnick, T.A., 2004. Morphology and Morphological Variation in Orthidine Brachiopods from the Richmond Group (Upper Ordovician) of the Cincinnati Arch. PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
100. Miller A.I., Holland S.M., Meyer D.L., Datillo B.F. The Use of Faunal Gradient Analysis for Intraregional Correlation and Assessment of Changes in Sea-Floor Topography in the Type Cincinnatian. The Journal of Geology 2001, 109:603-613.
101. Miller A.I., Sepkoski J.J. Modeling bivalve diversification: The effect of interaction on a macroevolutionary system. Paleobiology 1988, 14:364-369.
102. Montoya I., Burns K.C. Community-wide character displacement in New Zealand skinks. Journal of Biogeography 2007, 24:2139-2147.
103. Moulton M.P., Lockwood J.L. Morphological dispersion of introduced Hawaiian finches: evidence for competition and a Narcissus effect. Evolutionary Ecology 1992, 6:45-55.
104. Nandakumar K. Competitive interactions among sessile organisms in Tomioka Bay, South Japan - importance of light conditions on the panel surface. Marine Biology 1995, 121:713-719.
105. Novack-Gottshall P.M., Miller A.I. Comparative Taxonomic richness and abundance of Late Ordovician Gastropods and bivalves in Mollusc-rich strata of the Cincinnati arch. Palaios 2003, 18:559-571.
106. Paine R.T. Food web complexity and species diversity. The American Naturalist 1966, 100:65-75.
107. Patzkowsky M.E., Holland S.M. Biotic response to a middle Ordovician paleoceanographic event in eastern North-America. Geology 1993, 21:619-622.
108. Patzkowsky M.E., Holland S.M. Extinction, invasion and sequence stratigraphy: patterns of faunal change in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the Eastern US. GSA Special Paper 1996, 306:131-142.
109. Patzkowsky M.E., Holland S.M. Patterns of turnover in Middle and Upper Ordovician brachiopods of the eastern United States; a test of coordinated stasis. Paleobiology 1997, 23:420-443.
110. Patzkowsky M.E., Holland S.M. Biofacies replacement in a sequence stratigraphic framework: middle and upper ordovician of the Nashville Dome, Tennessee, USA. Palaios 1999, 14:301-323.
111. Patzkowsky M.E., Holland S.M. Lack of community saturation at the beginning of the Paleozoic Plateau: the dominance of regional over local processes. Paleobiology 2003, 29:545-560.
112. Patzkowsky M.E., Holland S.M. Diversity partitioning of a Late Ordovician marine biotic invasion: controls on diversity in regional ecosystems. Paleobiology 2007, 33:295-309.
113. Peck L.S. Body volumes and internal space constraints in articulate brachiopods. Lethaia 1992, 25:383-390.
114. Pianka E.R. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1973, 4:53-74.
115. Price T.D., Grant P.R., Gibbs H.L., Boag P.T. Recurrent patterns of natural selection in a population of Darwin's finches. Nature 1984, 309:787-789.
116. Racz G., Demeter A. Character displacement in mandible shape and size in two species of water shrews (Neomys, Mammalia: Insectivora). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1998, 44:165-175.
117. Riginos C. Grass competition suppresses savanna tree growth across multiple demographic stages. Ecology 2009, 90:335-340.
118. Rudwick M.J.S. The feeding mechanism of spire-bearing fossil brachiopods. Geological Magazine 1960, 96:1-24.
119. Rudwick M.J.S. Living and Fossil Brachiopods 1970, Hutchinson, London.
120. Satoh A., Ueda T., Enokido Y., Hori M. Patterns of species assemblages and geographical distributions associated with mandible size differences in coastal tiger beetles in Japan. Population Ecology 2003, 45:67-74.
121. Schluter D. Adaptive radiation in sticklebacks - size, shape, and habitat use efficiency. Ecology 1993, 74:699-709.
122. Schluter D. Adaptive radiation in sticklebacks - trade-offs in feeding performance and growth. Ecology 1995, 76:82-90.
123. Schoener T.W. Some methods for calculating competition coefficients from resource-utilization spectra. The American Naturalist 1974, 108:332-340.
124. Schoener T.W. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 1983, 122:240-285.
125. Schumacher G.A. A New look at the Cincinnatian Series from a mapping perspective. Sampling the Layer Cake that isn't: the Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the type-Cincinnatian 1998, 13:111-119.
126. Sepkoski J.J. Population biology models in macroevolution. Analytical Paleontology. Short Courses in Paleontology 4 1991, 136-156. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, TN. N.L. Gilinsky, P.W. Signor (Eds.).
127. Sepkoski J.J. Competition in macroevolution: the double wedge revisited. Evolutionary Paleobiology 1996, 211-255. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. D. Jablonski, D.H. Erwin, J.H. Lipps (Eds.).
128. Sepkoski J.J., Mckinney F.K., Lidgard S. Competitive displacement among Post-Paleozoic Cyclostome and Cheilostome bryozoans. Paleobiology 2000, 26:7-18.
129. Shiino Y. Passive feeding in spiriferide brachiopods: an experimental approach using models of Devonian Paraspirifer and Cyrtospirifer. Lethaia 2010, 43:223-231.
130. Sidorovich V., Kruuk H., Macdonald D.W. Body size, and interactions between European and American mink (Mustela lutreola and M. vison) in eastern Europe. Journal of Zoology, London 1999, 248:521-527.
131. Signor P.W., Brett C.E. The Mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology 1984, 10:229-245.
132. Stanley S.M. Predation defeats competition on the seafloor. Paleobiology 2008, 34:1-21.
133. Stigall A.L. Using GIS to assess the biogeographic impact of species invasions on native brachiopods during the Richmondian invasion in the type-Cincinnatian (Late Ordovician, Cincinnati region). Palaeontologica Electronica 2010, 13:1-19.
134. Strauss S.Y., Lau J.A., Carroll S.P. Evolutionary responses of natives to introduced species: what do introductions tell us about natural communities?. Ecology Letters 2006, 9:357-374.
135. Tobin, R.C., 1982. A model for cyclic deposition in the Cincinnatian series of southwestern Ohio, northeastern Kentucky, and southeastern Indiana, Department of Geology. PhD Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.
136. Tobin R.C. An assessment of the lithostratigraphic and interpretive value of the traditional "biostratigraphy" of the type Upper Ordovician of North America. American Journal of Science 1986, 286:673-701.
137. Vermeij G.J. The Mesozoic marine revolution: Evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 1977, 3:245-258.
138. Vermeij G.J. Evolution and Escalation: an Ecological History of Life 1987, Princeton University Press, Lawrenceville.
139. Violle C., Pu Z.C., Jiang L. Experimental demonstration of the importance of competition under disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:12925-12929.
140. Vogel K. Das filter-feeding-System bei Spiriferida. Lethaia 1975, 8:231-240.
141. Vogel S. Life in Moving Fluids: The Physical Biology of Flow 1994, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
142. Volterra V. Variations and fluctuations of the number of individuals in animal species living together. Animal Ecology 1926, 464. reprinted in, McGraw-Hill, New York. R.N. Chapman (Ed.).
143. Walker K.R. Trophic analysis: a method for studying the function of ancient communities. Journal of Paleontology 1972, 45:82-93.
144. Wallace P., Ager D.V. Demonstration: flume experiments to test the hydrodynamic properties of certain spiriferid brachiopods with reference to their supposed life orientation and mode of feeding. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 1966, 1635:160-163.
145. Wildish D.J., Kristmanson D.D. Importance to mussels of the benthic boundary-layer. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1984, 41:1618-1625.
146. Williams A. Feeding mechanisms of spire-bearing brachiopods. Geological Magazine 1960, 97:514-516.
147. Williams A., James M.A., Emig C.C., MacKay S., Rhodes M.C. Anatomy. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda Revised 1997, 7-188. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, CO and Lawrence, KA. A. Williams, C.H.C. Brunton, S.J. Carlson, F. Alvarez, A.D. Ansell, B.J. Baker, R.B. Bassett, R.B. Blodgett, A.J. Boucot, J.L. Carter, L.R.M. Cocks, B.L. Cohen, P. Copper, G.B. Curry, M. Cusack, A.S. Dagys (Eds.).
148. Yom-Tov Y. Character displacement in the psammophile Gerbillidae of Israel. Oikos 1991, 60:173-179.
149. Yom-Tov Y., Yom-Tov S., Moller H. Competition, coexistence, and adaption amongst rodent invaders to Pacific and New Zealand islands. Journal of Biogeography 1999, 26:947-958.
150. Zuykov M.A., Harper D.A.T. Platystrophia (Orthida) and new related Ordovician and Early Silurian brachiopod genera. Estonian Journal of Earth Science 2007, 56:11-34.