Immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 793-812

  Rosenblatt, Jacalyn ^a   McDermott, David F ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunotherapy; PD 1 blockade; Renal cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

AGS 003; ALPHA INTERFERON; BEVACIZUMAB; BMS 513; BMS 663; BMS 936558; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE IX; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; FRESOLIMUMAB; GAMMA INTERFERON; HYB 2055; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 21; IPILIMUMAB; MODIFIED VACCINIA VIRUS ANKARA 5T4 VACCINE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TICILIMUMAB; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR AGONIST; TRABEDERSEN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA ANTIBODY; TUMOR VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIANGIOGENIC THERAPY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER REGRESSION; CHROMOSOME LOSS; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG MEGADOSE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR IMMUNITY; VACCINATION;

CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTERFERON-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-2; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79960345429     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: 15581977     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2011.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Gleave M.E., Elhilali M., Fradet Y., et al. Interferon gamma-1b compared with placebo in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Canadian Urologic Oncology Group. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1265-1271.
2. Vogelzang N.J., Priest E.R., Borden L. Spontaneous regression of histologically proved pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma: a case with 5-year followup. J Urol 1992, 148:1247-1248.
3. Chang A.E., Li Q., Jiang G., et al. Phase II trial of autologous tumor vaccination, anti-CD3-activated vaccine-primed lymphocytes, and interleukin-2 in stage IV renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:884-890.
4. Lesimple T., Moisan A., Guille F., et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with activated autologous macrophages and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunother 2000, 23:675-679.
5. Schwaab T., Heaney J.A., Schned A.R., et al. A randomized phase II trial comparing two different sequence combinations of autologous vaccine and human recombinant interferon gamma and human recombinant interferon alpha2B therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical outcome and analysis of immunological parameters. J Urol 2000, 163:1322-1327.
6. Childs R., Chernoff A., Contentin N., et al. Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:750-758.
7. Rosenberg S.A., Mule J.J., Spiess P.J., et al. Regression of established pulmonary metastases and subcutaneous tumor mediated by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant interleukin 2. J Exp Med 1985, 161:1169-1188.
8. Fisher R.I., Rosenberg S.A., Fyfe G. Long-term survival update for high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 2000, 6(Suppl 1):S55-S57.
9. Margolin K.A., Rayner A.A., Hawkins M.J., et al. Interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy of solid tumors: analysis of toxicity and management guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1989, 7:486-498.
10. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:125-134.
11. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:115-124.
12. Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P., et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2271-2281.
13. Escudier B., Pluzanska A., Koralewski P., et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 2007, 370:2103-2111.
14. Fyfe G., Fisher R.I., Rosenberg S.A., et al. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13:688-696.
15. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., White D.E., et al. Durability of complete responses in patients with metastatic cancer treated with high-dose interleukin-2: identification of the antigens mediating response. Ann Surg 1998, 228:307-319.
16. Belldegrun A., Webb D.E., Austin H.A., et al. Renal toxicity of interleukin-2 administration in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer: effect of pre-therapy nephrectomy. J Urol 1989, 141:499-503.
17. Neidhart J.A. Interferon therapy for the treatment of renal cancer. Cancer 1986, 57:1696-1699.
18. Muss H.B. Interferon therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol 1987, 14:36-42.
19. Muss H.B., Costanzi J.J., Leavitt R., et al. Recombinant alfa interferon in renal cell carcinoma: a randomized trial of two routes of administration. J Clin Oncol 1987, 5:286-291.
20. Negrier S., Caty A., Lesimple T., et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic renal carcinoma with a combination of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon alfa with or without fluorouracil. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie, Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:4009-4015.
21. Interferon-alpha and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma: early results of a randomised controlled trial. Medical Research Council Renal Cancer Collaborators. Lancet 1999, 353:14-17.
22. Pyrhonen S., Salminen E., Ruutu M., et al. Prospective randomized trial of interferon alfa-2a plus vinblastine versus vinblastine alone in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2859-2867.
23. Coppin C., Porzsolt F., Awa A., et al. Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 1. CD001425.
24. Negrier S., Escudier B., Lasset C., et al. Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1272-1278.
25. Yang J.C., Sherry R.M., Steinberg S.M., et al. Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:3127-3132.
26. McDermott D.F., Regan M.M., Clark J.I., et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:133-141.
27. Negrier S., Perol D., Ravaud A., et al. Medroxyprogesterone, interferon alfa-2a, interleukin 2, or combination of both cytokines in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma of intermediate prognosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2007, 110:2468-2477.
28. Cangiano T., Liao J., Naitoh J., et al. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: biologic behavior, prognosis, and response to combined surgical resection and immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:523-528.
29. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Mariani T., et al. Treatment outcome and survival associated with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of non-clear-cell histology. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:2376-2381.
30. Upton M.P., Parker R.A., Youmans A., et al. Histologic predictors of renal cell carcinoma response to interleukin-2-based therapy. J Immunother 2005, 28:488-495.
31. Bui M.H., Seligson D., Han K.R., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is an independent predictor of survival in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9:802-811.
32. Atkins M., Regan M., McDermott D., et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:3714-3721.
33. Pantuck A.J., Fang Z., Liu X., et al. Gene expression and tissue microarray analysis of interleukin-2 complete responders in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005, 4:535.
34. Jones J., Otu H.H., Grall F., et al. Proteomic identification of interleukin-2 therapy response in metastatic renal cell cancer. J Urol 2008, 179:730-736.
35. McDermott The high-dose Aldesleukin (HD IL-2) " SELECT" trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:15s. [abstract: 4514].
36. Yang J.C., Haworth L., Sherry R.M., et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:427-434.
37. Rini B.I., Halabi S., Rosenberg J.E., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa versus interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results of CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2137-2143.
38. Escudier B., Bellmunt J., Negrier S., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (AVOREN): final analysis of overall survival. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2144-2150.
39. Dandamudi A. Phase II study of bevacizumab and high dose bolus aldesleukin (IL-2) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients: a Cytokine Working Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:15s. [abstract: 5044].
40. Gollob J.A., Rathmell W.K., Richmond T.M., et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib plus interferon alfa-2b as first- or second-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:3288-3295.
41. Ryan C.W., Goldman B.H., Lara P.N., et al. Sorafenib with interferon alfa-2b as first-line treatment of advanced renal carcinoma: a phase II study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:3296-3301.
42. Childs R., Srinivasan R. Advances in allogeneic stem cell transplantation: directing graft-versus-leukemia at solid tumors. Cancer J 2002, 8:2-11.
43. Rini B.I., Zimmerman T., Stadler W.M., et al. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation of renal cell cancer after nonmyeloablative chemotherapy: feasibility, engraftment, and clinical results. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:2017-2024.
44. Asemissen A.M., Brossart P. Vaccination strategies in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009, 58:1169-1174.
45. Gouttefangeas C., Stenzl A., Stevanovic S., et al. Immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007, 56:117-128.
46. Avigan D. Dendritic cell-tumor fusion vaccines for renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:6347S-6352S.
47. Brossart P., Stuhler G., Flad T., et al. Her-2/neu-derived peptides are tumor-associated antigens expressed by human renal cell and colon carcinoma lines and are recognized by in vitro induced specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1998, 58:732-736.
48. Flad T., Spengler B., Kalbacher H., et al. Direct identification of major histocompatibility complex class I-bound tumor-associated peptide antigens of a renal carcinoma cell line by a novel mass spectrometric method. Cancer Res 1998, 58:5803-5811.
49. Neumann E., Engelsberg A., Decker J., et al. Heterogeneous expression of the tumor-associated antigens RAGE-1, PRAME, and glycoprotein 75 in human renal cell carcinoma: candidates for T-cell-based immunotherapies?. Cancer Res 1998, 58:4090-4095.
50. Vissers J.L., De Vries I.J., Schreurs M.W., et al. The renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250 encodes a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1-restricted epitope recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1999, 59:5554-5559.
51. Tso C.L., Zisman A., Pantuck A., et al. Induction of G250-targeted and T-cell-mediated antitumor activity against renal cell carcinoma using a chimeric fusion protein consisting of G250 and granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor. Cancer Res 2001, 61:7925-7933.
52. Itsumi M., Tatsugami K. Immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma. Clin Dev Immunol 2010, 2010:284581.
53. Galligioni E., Quaia M., Merlo A., et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer 1996, 77:2560-2566.
54. Jocham D., Richter A., Hoffmann L., et al. Adjuvant autologous renal tumour cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 363:594-599.
55. Dudek A.Z., Mescher M.F., Okazaki I., et al. Autologous large multivalent immunogen vaccine in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2008, 31:173-181.
56. Dillman R., Barth N., Vandermolen L., et al. Autologous tumor cell line-derived vaccine for patient-specific treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2004, 19:570-580.
57. Van Poppel H., Joniau S., Van Gool S.W. Vaccine therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2009, 55:1333-1342.
58. May M., Brookman-May S., Hoschke B., et al. Ten-year survival analysis for renal carcinoma patients treated with an autologous tumour lysate vaccine in an adjuvant setting. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010, 59:687-695.
59. Simons J.W., Jaffee E.M., Weber C.E., et al. Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer. Cancer Res 1997, 57:1537-1546.
60. Wittig B., Marten A., Dorbic T., et al. Therapeutic vaccination against metastatic carcinoma by expression-modulated and immunomodified autologous tumor cells: a first clinical phase I/II trial. Hum Gene Ther 2001, 12:267-278.
61. Antonia S.J., Seigne J., Diaz J., et al. Phase I trial of a B7-1 (CD80) gene modified autologous tumor cell vaccine in combination with systemic interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2002, 167:1995-2000.
62. Tani K., Azuma M., Nakazaki Y., et al. Phase I study of autologous tumor vaccines transduced with the GM-CSF gene in four patients with stage IV renal cell cancer in Japan: clinical and immunological findings. Mol Ther 2004, 10:799-816.
63. Pizza G., De Vinci C., Lo Conte G., et al. Allogeneic gene-modified tumour cells in metastatic kidney cancer. Report II. Folia Biol (Praha) 2004, 50:175-183.
64. Moiseyenko V.M., Danilov A.O., Baldueva I.A., et al. Phase I/II trial of gene therapy with autologous tumor cells modified with tag7/PGRP-S gene in patients with disseminated solid tumors: miscellaneous tumors. Ann Oncol 2005, 16:162-168.
65. Fishman M., Hunter T.B., Soliman H., et al. Phase II trial of B7-1 (CD-86) transduced, cultured autologous tumor cell vaccine plus subcutaneous interleukin-2 for treatment of stage IV renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother 2008, 31:72-80.
66. Hawkins R.E., Macdermott C., Shablak A., et al. Vaccination of patients with metastatic renal cancer with modified vaccinia Ankara encoding the tumor antigen 5T4 (TroVax) given alongside interferon-alpha. J Immunother 2009, 32:424-429.
67. Amato R.J., Shingler W., Goonewardena M., et al. Vaccination of renal cell cancer patients with modified vaccinia Ankara delivering the tumor antigen 5T4 (TroVax) alone or administered in combination with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha): a phase 2 trial. J Immunother 2009, 32:765-772.
68. Kaufman H.L., Taback B., Sherman W., et al. Phase II trial of Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing 5T4 and high dose Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2009, 7:2.
69. Amato R.J., Hawkins R.E., Kaufman H.L., et al. Vaccination of metastatic renal cancer patients with MVA-5T4: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. Clin Cancer Res 2010, 16:5539-5547.
70. Avigan D. Dendritic cells: development, function and potential use for cancer immunotherapy. Blood Rev 1999, 13:51-64.
71. Oosterwijk-Wakka J.C., Tiemessen D.M., Bleumer I., et al. Vaccination of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor antigens in combination with interleukin-2: a phase 1 study. J Immunother 2002, 25:500-508.
72. Marten A., Flieger D., Renoth S., et al. Therapeutic vaccination against metastatic renal cell carcinoma by autologous dendritic cells: preclinical results and outcome of a first clinical phase I/II trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2002, 51:637-644.
73. Holtl L., Zelle-Rieser C., Gander H., et al. Immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cells. Clin Cancer Res 2002, 8:3369-3376.
74. Azuma T., Horie S., Tomita K., et al. Dendritic cell immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: University of Tokyo experience. Int J Urol 2002, 9:340-346.
75. Marten A., Renoth S., Heinicke T., et al. Allogeneic dendritic cells fused with tumor cells: preclinical results and outcome of a clinical phase I/II trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 2003, 14:483-494.
76. Su Z., Dannull J., Heiser A., et al. Immunological and clinical responses in metastatic renal cancer patients vaccinated with tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Cancer Res 2003, 63:2127-2133.
77. Gitlitz B.J., Belldegrun A.S., Zisman A., et al. A pilot trial of tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cells for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother 2003, 26:412-419.
78. Barbuto J.A., Ensina L.F., Neves A.R., et al. Dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrid vaccination for metastatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004, 53:1111-1118.
79. Avigan D., Vasir B., Gong J., et al. Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:4699-4708.
80. Pandha H.S., John R.J., Hutchinson J., et al. Dendritic cell immunotherapy for urological cancers using cryopreserved allogeneic tumour lysate-pulsed cells: a phase I/II study. BJU Int 2004, 94:412-418.
81. Arroyo J.C., Gabilondo F., Llorente L., et al. Immune response induced in vitro by CD16- and CD16+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with dendritic cell vaccines. J Clin Immunol 2004, 24:86-96.
82. Holtl L., Ramoner R., Zelle-Rieser C., et al. Allogeneic dendritic cell vaccination against metastatic renal cell carcinoma with or without cyclophosphamide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005, 54:663-670.
83. Wierecky J., Muller M.R., Wirths S., et al. Immunologic and clinical responses after vaccinations with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells in metastatic renal cancer patients. Cancer Res 2006, 66:5910-5918.
84. Bleumer I., Tiemessen D.M., Oosterwijk-Wakka J.C., et al. Preliminary analysis of patients with progressive renal cell carcinoma vaccinated with CA9-peptide-pulsed mature dendritic cells. J Immunother 2007, 30:116-122.
85. Wei Y.C., Sticca R.P., Li J., et al. Combined treatment of dendritoma vaccine and low-dose interleukin-2 in stage IV renal cell carcinoma patients induced clinical response: a pilot study. Oncol Rep 2007, 18:665-671.
86. Matsumoto A., Haraguchi K., Takahashi T., et al. Immunotherapy against metastatic renal cell carcinoma with mature dendritic cells. Int J Urol 2007, 14:277-283.
87. Kim J.H., Lee Y., Bae Y.S., et al. Phase I/II study of immunotherapy using autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Immunol 2007, 125:257-267.
88. Berntsen A., Trepiakas R., Wenandy L., et al. Therapeutic dendritic cell vaccination of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a clinical phase 1/2 trial. J Immunother 2008, 31:771-780.
89. Tatsugami K., Eto M., Harano M., et al. Dendritic-cell therapy after non-myeloablative stem-cell transplantation for renal-cell carcinoma. Lancet Oncol 2004, 5:750-752.
90. Zhou J., Weng D., Zhou F., et al. Patient-derived renal cell carcinoma cells fused with allogeneic dendritic cells elicit anti-tumor activity: in vitro results and clinical responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009, 58:1587-1597.
91. Schwaab T., Schwarzer A., Wolf B., et al. Clinical and immunologic effects of intranodal autologous tumor lysate-dendritic cell vaccine with Aldesleukin (Interleukin 2) and IFN-{alpha}2a therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:4986-4992.
92. Avigan D.E., Vasir B., George D.J., et al. Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother 2007, 30:749-761.
93. Berntsen A., Brimnes M.K., thor Straten P., et al. Increase of circulating CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during treatment with dendritic cell vaccination and low-dose interleukin-2. J Immunother 2010, 33:425-434.
94. Thompson C.B., Allison J.P. The emerging role of CTLA-4 as an immune attenuator. Immunity 1997, 7:445-450.
95. Walunas T.L., Lenschow D.J., Bakker C.Y., et al. CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity 1994, 1:405-413.
96. Krummel M.F., Allison J.P. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J Exp Med 1995, 182:459-465.
97. Chambers C.A., Sullivan T.J., Allison J.P. Lymphoproliferation in CTLA-4-deficient mice is mediated by costimulation-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells. Immunity 1997, 7:885-895.
98. Cesana G.C., DeRaffele G., Cohen S., et al. Characterization of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2 for metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:1169-1177.
99. Gabrilovich D.I., Ishida T., Nadaf S., et al. Antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by improving endogenous dendritic cell function. Clin Cancer Res 1999, 5:2963-2970.
100. Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat Rev Immunol 2004, 4:941-952.
101. Zea A.H., Rodriguez P.C., Atkins M.B., et al. Arginase-producing myeloid suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma patients: a mechanism of tumor evasion. Cancer Res 2005, 65:3044-3048.
102. Ko J.S., Zea A.H., Rini B.I., et al. Sunitinib mediates reversal of myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation in renal cell carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:2148-2157.
103. Brahmer J.R., Topalian S., Wollner I., et al. Safety and activity of MDX-1106 (ONO-4538), an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, in patients with selected refractory or relapsed malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(May 20 Suppl). [abstract: 3006].
104. Yang J.C., Hughes M., Kammula U., et al. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody) causes regression of metastatic renal cell cancer associated with enteritis and hypophysitis. J Immunother 2007, 30:825-830.
105. Morris J., Shapiro G., Tan A., et al. Phase I/II study of GC1008: a human anti-transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) monoclonal antibody (MAb) in patients with advanced malignant melanoma (MM) or renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(May 20 Suppl). [abstract: 9028].
106. Sznol M., Hodi F., Margolin K., et al. Phase I study of BMS-663513, a fully human anti-CD137 agonist monoclonal antibody, in patients (pts) with advanced cancer (CA). J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(May 20 Suppl). [abstract: 3007].
107. Schmidt H., Selby P., Mouritzen U., et al. Subcutaneous (SC) dosing of recombinant human interleukin-21 (rIL-21) is safe and has clinical activity: results from a dose-escalation study in stage 4 melanoma (MM) or renal cell cancer (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(May 20 Suppl). [abstract: 3041].
108. Moore D.J., Hwang J., McGreivy J., et al. Phase I trial of escalating doses of the TLR9 agonist HYB2055 in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(Suppl):2503. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings.
109. Amin A., Dudek T., Logan R.S., et al. A phase II study testing the safety and activity of AGS-003 as an immunotherapeutic in subjects with newly diagnosed advanced stage renal cell carcinoma in combination with sunitinib. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:4588.
110. Prieto P.A., Yang J.C., Sherry R.M., et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade with ipilimumab: long-term follow-up of 179 patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:15s. [abstract: 8544].
111. Rini B.I., Stein M., Shannon P., et al. Phase 1 dose-escalation trial of tremelimumab plus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2011, 117:758-767.
112. Thompson R.H., Gillett M.D., Cheville J.C., et al. Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:17174-17179.
113. Keir M.E., Francisco L.M., Sharpe A.H. PD-1 and its ligands in T-cell immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2007, 19:309-314.
114. Keir M.E., Butte M.J., Freeman G.J., et al. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2008, 26:677-704.
115. Okazaki T., Honjo T. The PD-1-PD-L pathway in immunological tolerance. Trends Immunol 2006, 27:195-201.
116. Nishimura H., Nose M., Hiai H., et al. Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity 1999, 11:141-151.
117. Nishimura H., Okazaki T., Tanaka Y., et al. Autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1 receptor-deficient mice. Science 2001, 291:319-322.
118. Blank C., Kuball J., Voelkl S., et al. Blockade of PD-L1 (B7-H1) augments human tumor-specific T cell responses in vitro. Int J Cancer 2006, 119:317-327.
119. Grabie N., Gotsman I., DaCosta R., et al. Endothelial programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) regulates CD8+ T-cell mediated injury in the heart. Circulation 2007, 116:2062-2071.
120. Keir M.E., Freeman G.J., Sharpe A.H. PD-1 regulates self-reactive CD8+ T cell responses to antigen in lymph nodes and tissues. J Immunol 2007, 179:5064-5070.
121. Keir M.E., Liang S.C., Guleria I., et al. Tissue expression of PD-L1 mediates peripheral T cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2006, 203:883-895.
122. Barber D.L., Wherry E.J., Masopust D., et al. Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. Nature 2006, 439:682-687.
123. Brown J.A., Dorfman D.M., Ma F.R., et al. Blockade of programmed death-1 ligands on dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and cytokine production. J Immunol 2003, 170:1257-1266.
124. Oflazoglu E., Swart D.A., Anders-Bartholo P., et al. Paradoxical role of programmed death-1 ligand 2 in Th2 immune responses in vitro and in a mouse asthma model in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2004, 34:3326-3336.
125. Fukushima A., Yamaguchi T., Azuma M., et al. Involvement of programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) in the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. Br J Ophthalmol 2006, 90:1040-1045.
126. Dong H., Strome S.E., Salomao D.R., et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med 2002, 8:793-800.
127. Hamanishi J., Mandai M., Iwasaki M., et al. Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are prognostic factors of human ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:3360-3365.
128. Strome S.E., Dong H., Tamura H., et al. B7-H1 blockade augments adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003, 63:6501-6505.
129. Inman B.A., Sebo T.J., Frigola X., et al. PD-L1 (B7-H1) expression by urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and BCG-induced granulomata: associations with localized stage progression. Cancer 2007, 109:1499-1505.
130. Konishi J., Yamazaki K., Azuma M., et al. B7-H1 expression on non-small cell lung cancer cells and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their PD-1 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:5094-5100.
131. Nakanishi J., Wada Y., Matsumoto K., et al. Overexpression of B7-H1 (PD-L1) significantly associates with tumor grade and postoperative prognosis in human urothelial cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007, 56:1173-1182.
132. Nomi T., Sho M., Akahori T., et al. Clinical significance and therapeutic potential of the programmed death-1 ligand/programmed death-1 pathway in human pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:2151-2157.
133. Wu C., Zhu Y., Jiang J., et al. Immunohistochemical localization of programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) in gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance. Acta Histochem 2006, 108:19-24.
134. Ahmadzadeh M., Johnson L.A., Heemskerk B., et al. Tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells infiltrating the tumor express high levels of PD-1 and are functionally impaired. Blood 2009, 114:1537-1544.
135. Mumprecht S., Schurch C., Schwaller J., et al. Programmed death 1 signaling on chronic myeloid leukemia-specific T cells results in T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Blood 2009, 114:1528-1536.
136. Sznol Safety and antitumor activity of bi-weekly MDX1106 in patients with advanced or refractory malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(Suppl):15s. [abstract 2506].
137. Rosenblatt J., Glotzbecker B., Mills H., et al. CT-011, anti-PD-1 antibody, enhances ex-vivo T cell responses to autologous dendritic/myeloma fusion vaccine developed for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood 2009, 114:781. (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts).
138. Ko J.S., Rayman P., Ireland J., et al. Direct and differential suppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cell subsets by sunitinib is compartmentally constrained. Cancer Res 2010, 70:3526-3536.
139. Busse A., Asemissen A.M., Nonnenmacher A., et al. Immunomodulatory effects of sorafenib on peripheral immune effector cells in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2011, 47:690-696.
140. Hipp M.M., Hilf N., Walter S., et al. Sorafenib, but not sunitinib, affects function of dendritic cells and induction of primary immune responses. Blood 2008, 111:5610-5620.