Global inequality and athlete labour migration from Kenya

Leisure/ Loisir

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 443-461

  Njororai, Wycliffe W Simiyu ^a  

^a Wiley College   (United States)

Author keywords

Athlete migration; Globalization; Inequality; Kenya; Middle and distance running

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960338626     PISSN: 14927713     EISSN: 21512221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14927713.2010.543502     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Alvito, M. (2007). Our piece of the pie: Brazilian football and globalization. Soccer & Society, 8(4), 524-544.
2. Andreff, W. (2006). Sport in developing countries. In W. Andreff & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of sport (pp. 308-315). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
3. Apfeld, J. (2009). Train hard, win easy: Running on the periphery in rural Kenya: The last shall be first. ISP Collection. Paper No. 745. Retrieved from http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/745
4. Apparadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Theory, Culture and Society, 7, 295-310.
5. Bale, J. (1984). Sport and place: Geography of sport in England, Scotland and Wales. London: Hurst.
6. Bale, J. (1991). The brawn drain: Foreign student-athletes in American universities. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
7. Bale, J. (2004). Three geographies of African footballer migration: Patterns, problems and postcoloniality. In G. Armstrong & R. Giulianotti (Eds.), Football in Africa (pp. 229-246). London: Palgrave.
8. Bale, J., & Maguire, J. (1994). The global sports arena: Athletic talent migration in an interdependent world. London: Frank Cass.
9. Bale, J., & Sang, J. (1996). Kenyan running: Movement culture, geography and global change. London: Frank Cass.
10. Carlson, P. (2004, August 8). Flag relay: For Olympians in training, flexibility is everything especially when it comes to citizenship. The Washington Post, D01.
11. Chappell, R. (2007). Sport in developing countries. Surrey, UK: International Sports Publications.
12. Chiba, N. (2004). Pacific professional baseball leagues and migratory patterns and trends: 1995-1999. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 28(2), 193-211.
13. Connor, J.M., & Griffin, A.L. (n.d.). The muscle trade: International track and field athlete mobility, colonialism and development. Unpublished manuscript.
14. Cornelissen, S., & Solberg, E. (2007). Sport mobility and circuits of power: The dynamics of football migration in Africa and the 2010 World Cup. Politikon, 34(3), 295-314.
15. Cranby, S. (1996). International migration: A response to regional disparities. Geodate, 9, 4.
16. Darby, P. (2000a). Africa's place in FIFA's global order: A theoretical frame. Soccer and Society, 1(2), 36-61.
17. Darby, P. (2000b). The new scramble for Africa: African football labour migration to Europe. European Sports History Review, 3, 217-244.
18. Darby, P. (2001). Africa, football and FIFA. London: Frank Cass.
19. Darby, P. (2007a). Out of Africa: The exodus of elite African football talent to Europe. The Journal of Labour and Society, 10, 443-456.
20. Darby, P. (2007b). African football labour migration to Portugal: Colonial and neo-colonial resource. Soccer & Society, 8(4), 495-509.
21. Davids, K., & Baker, J. (2007). Genes, environment and sport performance: Why the nature-nurture dualism is no longer relevant. Sports Medicine, 37(11), 961-980.
22. Economist. (2005). Fruit that falls far from the tree: Might poor countries gain when their best and brightest leave? 377(86). Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/5108231
23. Eliasson, A. (2009). The European football market, globalization, and mobility among players. Soccer & Society, 10(3/4), 386-397.
24. Entine, J. (2000, May 16-18). Breaking the taboo: Why black athletes dominate sports and why we're no longer so afraid to talk about it. Race and Sports, 8(1), 29-35.
25. Gitau, F., Nganga, S., Chesire, I., Njoroge, G., & Sitati, N. (2007). Sports entrepreneurship and African identity, the case of Kenyan athletes migrating to foreign countries. Paper presented at the 7th Association of Third World Studies Conference: Kenya Chapter at Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
26. Government of Kenya. (2010). The constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: Attorney-General's Office.
27. Harvey, J., & Houle, F. (1994). Sport, world economy, global culture, and new social movements. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11, 337-355.
28. Heinemann, K. (1993). Sport in developing countries. In E.G. Dunning, J.A. Maguire, & R.E. Pearton (Eds.), The sports process: A competitive and developmental approach (pp. 139-150). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
29. Hoberman, J. (2007). Race and athletics in the twenty-first century. In J. Hargreaves & P. Vertinsky (Eds.), Physical culture, power, and the body (pp. 208-231). Oxon: Routledge.
30. Horne, J. (2005). Athletic talent migration. Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport, 1, 116.
31. Horton, P.A. (1996). 'Scapes' and 'phases': An overview of two approaches to sport and globalisation. Social Alternatives, 15(1), 6-10.
32. IAAF. (2006). IAAF world junior championships: Beijing 2006. Retrieved from http://www.iaaf.org/WJC06/results/medals.html.
33. IAAF. (2007). Osaka 2007: 11th IAAF world championships in athletics-medal table. Retrieved from http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/results/medals/index.html.
34. IAAF. (2010a). Transfers of allegiance. Retrieved from http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/transfer/index.html
35. IAAF. (2010b). The XXIX Olympic Games medal table. Retrieved at http://www.iaaf.org/oly08/results/eventcode=3659/medals/index.html
36. Jarvie, G. (2007). Running in and out of East Africa. In Y. Pitsiladis, J. Bale, C. Sharp, & T. Noakes (Eds.), East African running: Towards a cross-disciplinary perspective (pp. 24-39). London: Routledge.
37. Lanfranchi, P., & Taylor, M. (2001). Moving with the ball: The migration of professional footballers. Oxford, UK: Berg.
38. Lee, P.-C., & Lin, C.-Y. (2007). The global flows of international professional baseball system. The Sport Journal, 10(4). Retrieved from http://www.thesportjournal.org/article/global-flowsinternational-professional-baseball-system.
39. Longley, N., Crosset, T., & Jefferson, S. (2008). The migration of African-Americans to the Canadian Football League during the 1950s: An escape from racism? International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(10), 1374-1397.
40. Lukalo, F.K. (2005, December). Rethinking African development: Beyond impasse, toward alternatives. Paper presented for the 11th General Assembly Council for the Development of Social Sciences Research in Africa, Maputo, Mozambique.
41. Maguire, J. (1999). Global sport: Individuals, societies, civilizations. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
42. Maguire, J. (2008). 'Real politic' or 'ethically based': Sport, globalization, migration and nation-state policies. Sport in Society, 11(4), 443-458.
43. Maguire, J., Jarvie, G., Masfield, L., & Bradely, J. (2002). Sport worlds: A sociological perspective. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
44. Maguire, J., & Pearton, R. (2000). The impact of elite labour migration on the identification, selection and development of European soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 759-769.
45. Mählmann, P. (1988). Sport as a weapon of colonialism in Kenya: A review of the literature. Transafrican Journal of History, 17, 152-171.
46. Mählmann, P. (1992). The role of sport in the process of modernisation: The Kenyan case. Journal of Eastern African Research and Development, 22, 120-131.
47. Manners, J. (1997a). Kenya's running tribe. The Sports Historian, 117(2), 14-27.
48. Manners, J. (1997b). Authoritative information on the world's greatest runners: Kenya's runners topics. Retrieved from www.kenyarunners.com/pages/167372/index.htm
49. Mazrui, A.A. (1986). The Africans: A triple heritage. London: BBC Publications.
50. Miller, T., Rowe, D., McKay, J., & Lawrence, G. (2003). The over-production of US sport and the new international division of cultural labour. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(4), 427-440.
51. Mitra, S. (2003). Corporate interest in sports: Minting money out of people's passion. International Development Economics Associates. Retrieved from http://www.networkideas.org/news/jun2003/news05_Corporate_Interest_Sports.htm
52. Molnar, G. (2006). Mapping migrations: Hungary related migrations of professional footballers after the collapse of communism. Soccer & Society, 7(4), 463-485.
53. Molnar, G., & Maguire, J. (2008). Hungarian footballers on the move: Issues of and observations on the first migratory phase. Sport in Society, 11(1), 74-89.
54. Murphy, J. (2006). Representing the economic geographies of 'others': Reconsidering the global south. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 30(3), 439-448.
55. New York Times. (2008). A map of Olympic medals. Retrieved January 27, 2010 from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html
56. Njororai, W.W.S. (2003). The diversity of sport in Kenya. In L. Amusa & A.L. Toriola (Eds.), Sport in contemporary African society: An anthology (pp. 199-229). Mokopane, South Africa: AFAHPER-S.D.
57. Njororai, W.W.S. (2007). In pursuit of performance excellence in middle and distance running in Kenya. The Sport Supplement. The United States Sports Academy.
58. Njororai, W.W.S. (2008). Motivation behind athlete labour migration from Kenya. Iowa Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 41(2), 22-25.
59. Njororai, W.W.S. (2009). Colonial legacy, minorities, and association football in Kenya. Soccer & Society, 10(6), 866-882.
60. Njororai, W.W.S. (2010). Individual and institutional challenges facing student athletes on U.S. college campuses. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 1(2), 16-24.
61. Noakes, T. (1998). Why do Africans run so swiftly? A research challenge for African scientists. South African Journal of Science, 94, 531-535.
62. Onywera, V.O., Scott, R.A., Boit M.K., & Pitsiladis, Y.P. (2006). Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Journal of Sports Science, 24(4), 415-422.
63. Parry, J. (2006). Sport and Olympism: Universals and multiculturalism. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 33, 188-204.
64. Phillips, E., Davids, K., Renshaw, I., & Portus, M. (2010). Expert performance in sport and the dynamics of talent development. Sports Medicine, 40(4), 271-283.
65. Pierce, C.P. (2006). Moving the chains: Tom Brady and the pursuit of everything. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
66. Pitsiladis Y.P., Onywera, V.O., Geogiades, E., O'Connell, W., & Boit, M.K. (2004). The dominance of Kenyans in distance running. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology, 1, 285-291.
67. Poli, R. (2007). The denationalization of sport: De-ethnicization of the nation and identity deterritorialization. Sport in Society, 10(4), 646-661.
68. Roberts, A. (2005, March 9). Slave trade, short cuts, or just good business? The Trinidad Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-03-10/index.html
69. Runner's World. (2007, August). Legat! Retrieved from http://osaka.runnersworld.com/2007/08/lagat.html.
70. Scott, R.A., & Pitsiladis Y.P. (2006). Genetics and the success of East African distance runners. International Sportmed Journal, 7(3), 172-186.
71. Scott, R.A., & Pitsiladis Y.P. (2007). Genotypes and distance running: Clues from Africa. Sports Medicine, 37(4-6), 424-427.
72. Sharrock, D. (2007, January 9). How an Arab who used to be Kenyan made history running in Israel-and ended up in a hell of a state. Times Online. Retrieved from http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1290764.ece
73. Simms, A., & Rendel, M. (2004, August 9). The global trade in muscle. New Statesman, 24-25.
74. Singh, H. (1982). Sports performance and its structure. SNIPES Journal, 5(1), 3-10.
75. Stokvis, R. (2000). Globalization, commercialization and individualization: Conflicts and changes in elite athletics. Culture, Sport, Society, 3(1), 22-34.
76. Wetzel, D., & Yaeger, D. (2000). Sole influence: Basketball, corporate greed, and the corruption of America's youth. New York: Warner Books.
77. Woodward, R. (2004, August 10). Athens 2004: nationality, a confused issue. Reuters, 1-3.