How do self-employed Sámi people perceive the impact of the EU and globalisation?

International Journal of Business and Globalisation

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-19

  Paul Dana, Leo ^a   Dana, Teresa E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

change; entrepreneurship; globalisation; modernisation; reindeer; self employment

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960319922     PISSN: 17533627     EISSN: 17533635     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/ijbg.2007.013716     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aikio, P. (1993) ‘Cultural sovereignty of northern aboriginal nations: the predicament of the Sámi’, in Dorais, L-J. and Müller-Wille, L. (Eds.): Social Sciences in the North: Keynotes Presented at the Eighth Inuit Studies Conference and First International Congress of Arctic Social Sciences, International Arctic Social Sciences Association, Ste-Foy, Quebec, pp.15–21.
2. Anderson, R.B. (1995) ‘The business economy of the first nations in Saskatchewan: a contingency perspective’, Canadian Journal of Native Studies, Vol. 2, pp.309–346.
3. Anderson, R.B., Camp II, R., Dana, L.P., Honig, B., Nkongolo-Bakenda, J-M. and Peredo, A.M. (2005) ‘Indigenous land rights in Canada: the foundation for development?’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.104–133.
4. Anderson, R.B., Dana, L.P. and Dana, T.E. (2006) ‘Indigenous land rights, entrepreneurship, and economic development in Canada: ‘opting-in’ to the global economy’, Journal of World Business, Vol. 41, pp.45–55.
5. Anderson, S. (1977) ‘Norway’s reindeer Lapps’, National Geographic, Vol. 152, No. 3, September, pp.364–379.
6. Barth, F. (Ed.) (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Organisation of Cultural Difference, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
7. Barth, F. (1973) ‘A general perspective on nomad-sedentary relations in the Middle East’, in Cynthia, N. (Ed.): The Desert and the Sown: Nomads in the Wider Society, University of California Institute of International Studies, Berkley, California, pp.11–21.
8. Beach, H. (1993) A Year in Lapland: Guest of the Reindeer Herders, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
9. Belshaw, C.S. (1955) ‘The cultural milieu of the entrepreneur: a critical essay’, Explorations of Entrepreneurial History, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp.146–163.
10. Berger, P.L., Berger, B. and Kellner, H. (1973) The Homeless Mind: Modernisation and Consciousness, Random House, New York.
11. Bjørklund, I. (1985) Fjordfolket i Kvaenangen: Fra Samisk Samfunn til Norsk Utkant 1550–1880, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
12. Bjørklund, I. (2004) ‘Saami pastoral society in Northern Norway: the national integration of an Indigenous management system’, in Anderson, D.G. and Nuttall, M. (Eds.): Cultivating Arctic Landscapes: Knowing and Managing Animals in the Circumpolar North, Berghahn, New York and Oxford, pp.124–135.
13. Bruyn, S. (1966) The Human Perspective in Sociology: The Methodology of Participant Observation, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
14. Buckingham, S. and Dana, L.P. (2005) ‘Focus on regulation theory’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.178–187.
15. Clarke, E.D. (1824a) Travels in Various Countries of Europe Asia and Africa: Scandinavia, T. Cadell, London, Vol. 9.
16. Clarke, E.D. (1824b) Travels in Various Countries of Europe Asia and Africa: Scandinavia, T. Cadell, London, Vol. 10.
17. Corbridge, S. (1990) ‘Post-marxism and development studies: beyond the impasse’, World Development, Vol. 18, No. 5, May, pp.623–639.
18. Daes, E-I. (2003) ‘Globalisation, intellectual property and Indigenous peoples’, in Jentoft, S., Minde, H. and Nilsen, R. (Eds.): Indigenous Peoples: Resource Management and Global Rights, Eburon Academic, Delft, The Netherlands, pp.67–73.
19. Dana, L.P. (1993) ‘An inquiry into culture and entrepreneurship: case studies of business creation among immigrants in Montreal’, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 10, No. 4, July-September, pp.16–31.
20. Degen, A.A. (2007) ‘Traditional livestock production among Bedouin in the Negev desert’, in Dana, L.P. and Anderson, R.B. (Eds.): International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp.115–136.
21. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2003) ‘The discipline and practice of qualitative research’, in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.): The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, California, pp.1–45.
22. Dicken, P. (1992) ‘International production in a volatile regulatory environment’, Geoforum, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp.303–316.
23. Dunkelberg, W.C. and Cooper, A.C. (1982) ‘Entrepreneurial typologies: an empirical study’, in Vesper, K.H. (Ed.): Frontiers of Entrepreneurial Research, Babson College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, pp.1–15.
24. Dunning, J.H. (2003) ‘An overview’, in Dunning, J.H. (Ed.): Making Globalisation Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.11–40.
25. Elbo, J.G. (1952) ‘Lapp reindeer movements across the frontiers of northern Scandinavia’, The Polar Record, Vol. 6, pp.348–358.
26. Eythórsson, E. (2003) ‘The coastal Sami: a ‘pariah caste’ of the norwegian fisheries? a reflection on ethnicity and power in Norwegian resource management’, in Jentoft, S., Minde, H. and Nilsen, R. (Eds.): Indigenous Peoples: Resource Management and Global Rights, Eburon Academic, Delft, The Netherlands, pp.149–162.
27. Fontana, A. and Frey, J.H. (2003) ‘The interview: from structured questions to negotiated text’, in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.): Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, California, pp.61–106.
28. Fraser, L.M. (1937) Economic Thought and Language, Black.
29. Goodman, L.A. (1961) ‘Snowball sampling’, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp.148–170.
30. Graburn, N.H.H. (1981) ‘1, 2, 3, 4 … anthropology and the fourth world’, Culture, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.66–70.
31. Hukkinen, J., Müller-Wille, L., Aikio, P., Heikkinen, H., Jääskö, O., Lakkso, A., Magga, H., Nevalainen, S., Pokuri, O., Raitio, K. and West, N. (2006) ‘Development of participatory institutions for reindeer management in Finland: a diagnosis of deliberation, knowledge integration and sustainability’, Ecological Studies, Vol. 184, pp.47–71.
32. Hukkinen, J., Müller-Wille, L. and Heikkinen, H. (2003) Development of Participatory Institutions for Reindeer Management in Northern Finland: Preliminary Synthesis and Report, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
33. Huntington, S.P. (1993) ‘The clash of civilisation’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp.22–49.
34. Huntington, S.P. (1996) The Clash of Civilisation and the Remaking of World Order, Simon and Schuster, New York.
35. Ingold, T. (1980) Hunters, Pastoralists and Ranchers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
36. Jääskö, O. (1999) ‘Women’s position in reindeer herding economy: an environmental factor’, in Müller-Wille, L. (Ed.): Human Environmental Interactions: Issues and Concerns in Upper Lapland, Finland, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, pp.35–40.
37. Jorgensen, D.L. (1993) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Applied Social Research Methods, Vol. 15, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.
38. Levy, M.J. (1966) Modernisation and the Structure of Societies: A Setting for International Affairs, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
39. Manker, E. (1953) The Nomadism of the Swedish Mountain Lapps: The Siidas and Their Migratory Routes in 1945, Translated by Pehrson, R.N., Hugo Gebers Förlag, Stockholm.
40. Moore, W.E. (1963) Social Change, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
41. Moore, W.E. (1979) World Modernisation: The Limits of Convergence, Elsevier, New York.
42. Müller-Wille, L. (1978) ‘Cost analysis of modern hunting among the Inuit of the Canadian central Arctic’, Polar Geography, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.104–114.
43. Müller-Wille, L. (2001) ‘From reindeer stew to pizza: the displacement of local food resources in Sápmi, Northernmost Europe’, Fennia, Vol. 179, No. 1, pp.89–96.
44. Müller-Wille, L. (2007) ‘Peoples, livelihoods, and change in Europe’s far and Atlantic North’, in Dana, L.P. and Anderson, R.B. (Eds.): International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, pp.195–200.
45. Müller-Wille, L., Heinrich, D., Lehtola, V-P., Aikio, P., Konstantinov, Y. and Vladimorova, V. (2006) ‘Dynamics in human-reindeer relations: reflections on prehistoric, historic and contemporary practices in Northernmost Europe’, Ecological Studies, Vol. 184, pp.27–45.
46. Müller-Wille, L. and Hukkinen, J. (1999) ‘Human environmental interactions in upper Lapland, Finland: development of participatory research strategies’, Acta Borealia, Vol. 2, pp.43–61.
47. Müller-Wille, L. and Pelto, P.J. (1971) ‘Technological change and its impact in Arctic regions: Lapps introduce snowmobiles into reindeer herding’, Polarforschung, Vol. 41, pp.142–148.
48. Ohlson, B. (1960) ‘Settlement and economic life in Enotekiö – a parish in the extreme North of Finland’, Fennia, Vol. 84, pp.21–46.
49. Olson, A.L. (1938) ‘The farthest-north republic: Olympic games and Arctic flying bring sequestered Finland into new focus of world attention’, National Geographic, Vol. 74, No. 4, October, pp.499–534.
50. Paine, R. (1958) ‘Changes in the ecological and economic bases in a coast Lappish district’, Southwestern Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 14, pp.168–188.
51. Patton, M.Q. (1982) ‘Qualitative methods and approaches: what are they?’, in Kuhns, E. and Martorana, S.V. (Eds.): Qualitative Methods for Institutional Research, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp.3–16.
52. Patton, M.Q. (1987) How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation, Sage, Newbury Park, California.
53. Patton, M.Q. (1990) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, Sage, Newbury Park, California.
54. Peck, J. and Tickell, A. (1992) ‘Local modes of social regulation’, Geoforum, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp.347–363.
55. Pelto, P.J. and Müller-Wille, L. (1972, 1973) ‘Reindeer herding and snowmobiles: aspects of a technological revolution’, Folk, Vols. 14–15, pp.119–144.
56. Peredo, A.M.P., Anderson, R.B., Galbraith, C., Honig, B. and Dana, L.P. (2004) ‘Toward a theory of Indigenous entrepreneurship’, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vol. 1, Nos. 1–2, pp.1–20.
57. Redpath, L. and Nielson, M.O. (1997) ‘A comparison of native culture, non-native culture and new management ideology’, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.327–339.
58. Richardson, L. (1997) Fields of Play: Constructing an Academic Life, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
59. Riseth, J.Å. (2003) ‘Sámi reindeer management in Norway: modernisation challenges and conflicting strategies. reflections upon the co-management alternative’, in Jentoft, S., Minde, H. and Nilsen, R. (Eds.): Indigenous Peoples: Resource Management and Global Rights, Eburon Academic, Delft, The Netherlands, pp.229–247.
60. Rostow, W.W. (1953) The Process of Economic Growth, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
61. Rostow, W.W. (1957) ‘The interrelation of theory and economic history’, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 17, December, pp.509–523.
62. Rostow, W.W. (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto, Cambridge University Press, London.
63. Ruong, I. (1937) Geographica: Fjällapparna I Jukkasjärvi Socken, Appelbergs Boktryckeriaktiebolag, Uppsala, Sweden.
64. Ruong, I. (1956) ‘Types of settlement and types of husbandry among the Lapps in Northern Sweden’, StudiaEthnographica Upsaliensia, Vol. 2, pp.105–132.
65. Ruotsala, H. (1999) ‘The reindeer herder’s environment’, in Müller-Wille, L. (Ed.): Human Environmental Interactions: Issues and Concerns in Upper Lapland, Finland, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, pp.41–47.
66. Sara, Á. (2000) Interreg Sápmi Subprogram: Interreg III A Nordkalotten, 2000–2006, Sámi Instituhtta, Kautokeino, Norway.
67. Scott, A.J. (1988) New Industrial Spaces: Flexible Production Organisation and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe, Pion, London.
68. Siuruainen, E. and Aikio, P. (1977) The Lapps in Finland: The Population, Their Livelihood and their Culture, Society for the Promotion of Lapp Culture, Helsinki, Finland.
69. So, A.Y. (1990) Social Change and Development: Modernisation, Dependency, and World-System Theories, Sage, Newbury Park, California.
70. Spradley, J.P. (1997) Participant Observation, Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York.
71. Storper, M. and Walker, R. (1989) The Capitalist Imperative: Territory, Technology and Industrial Growth, Basil Blackwell, New York.
72. Sutyrin, S.F. and Vorobieva, I.V. (2005) ‘Globalisation in the Arctic’, in Nuttall, M. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Arctic, Routledge, New York, Vol. 2, pp.754–759.
73. Thomas, K.C. (1994) ‘The emergence of aboriginal business in Canada’, Canadian Business Review, Vol. 21, June, pp.12–17.
74. Turi, J.M. (2002) ‘The world reindeer livelihood – current situation, threats and possibilities’, in Kankaanpää, S., Müller-Wille, L., Susiluoto, P. and Sutinen, M-L. (Eds.): Northern Timberline Forests: Environmental and Socio-economic Issues and Concerns, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kolari, Finland, pp.70–75.
75. von Düben, G. (1873) Om Lappland och Lapparne, Företrädesvis de Svenske, Stockholm.
76. Vorren, Ø. (1960) ‘Lapp settlement and population’, in Vorren, Ø. (Ed.): Norway North of 65, Oslo University Press, Oslo, pp.122–133.
77. Whitaker, I. (1955) Social Relations in a Nomadic Lappish Community, Utgitt av Norsk Folkemuseum, Oslo.
78. Youatt, W. (1866) Sheep, Their Breeds, Management, and Diseases, Simpkin, Marshall and Co., London.
79. During the 19th century, the term Scandinavia included Finland (Clarke, 1824a); today, the term refers to Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Our research was conducted in the homeland of the Sami people, a territory that transcends Finland, as well as Norway and Sweden, but not Denmark. Hence, we use the term Fenno-Scandia, which corresponds to areas with Finnish and Scandinavian heritage and languages, on and around the Fenno-Scandian Precambrian shield (Müller-Wille, 2007).
80. See also: Barth (1973), Degen (2007) and Manker (1953).
81. See also: Buckingham and Dana (2005).
82. Like many other owners, she has other people taking care of her reindeer.
83. For a discussion of the music of shepherds in the UK, see Youatt (1866).
84. This supports Beach’s view, “Money economy is no longer simply an attractive alternative affording luxuries and new comforts, it is a vital need.” (Beach, 1993, p.25)
85. For a discussion of the snowmobile revolution, see Müller-Wille (1978).