The secret world of liver transplant candidate assessment

Medical Law International

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 23-44

  Cherkassky, Lisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ILLICIT DRUG;

ALCOHOLISM; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DRUG DEPENDENCE; HUMAN; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MEDICAL ETHICS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION;

EID: 79960245775     PISSN: 09685332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/096853321101100102     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. See www.organdonation.nhs.uk (date last accessed 3rd November 2010). This is the official website for up-to-date policies, current practices, self-help guides, statistics, and transplantation and donation information.
2. rd November 2010);
3. NHS Blood and Transplant and the Liver Advisory Group: Protocols and Guidelines for Adults Undergoing Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation in the UK. Protocols and Guidelines. September 2009;
4. rd November 2010).
5. NHS Blood and Transplant 2009 Protocols. See note 2 above.; Liver Advisory Group Alcohol Guidelines: UK Liver Transplant Group Recommendations for Liver Transplant Assessment in the Context of Alcohol-related Liver Disease. November 2005;
6. and Liver Advisory Group Drug Guidelines: Version 1: UK Liver Transplant Group Recommendations for Liver Transplant Assessment in the Context of Illicit Drug Use. May 2007. All available at: http://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/ukt/about- transplants/organ-allocation/liver/liver.jsp (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
7. The Department of Health: National Liver Transplant Standards. See note 2 above, introduction.
8. See note above.
9. See note 2 above, topic 2: The Specialist Multidisciplinary Team, national standard 2.1.
10. See note above, national standards 2.8.4, 2.8.5 and 2.8.6.
11. See note 2 above, national standard 2.8.17
12. See note above, national standards 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 3.10 and 3.13.
13. See note 2 above, introduction.
14. See note above, introduction, outcome (d), and national standard 1.11.
15. See note 2 above, national standard 1.10.
16. NHS Blood and Transplant and the Liver Advisory Group: Protocols and Guidelines for Adults Undergoing Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation in the UK. Protocols and Guidelines. September 2009;
17. Liver Advisory Group Alcohol Guidelines: UK Liver Transplant Group Recommendations for Liver Transplant Assessment in the Context of Alcohol-related Liver Disease. November 2005;
18. and Liver Advisory Group Drug Guidelines: Version 1: UK Liver Transplant Group Recommendations for Liver Transplant Assessment in the Context of Illicit Drug Use. May 2007. All available at: http://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/ukt/about- transplants/organ-allocation/liver/liver.jsp (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
19. NHS Blood and Transplant 2009 Protocols. See note 13 above. Summary, at page 1.
20. See note above.
21. The Department of Health: National Liver Transplant Standards. See note 2 above, introduction.
22. See Alan Williams, 'The Value of QALY's', (1985), Health and Social Service Journal 94;
23. Souzy Dracopoulou (ed), 'Economics, QALY's and Medical Ethics: A Health Economist's Perspective', Ethics and Values in Health Care Management, (1998), Routledge, London;
24. John Harris, 'QALYfying The Value of Life', (1987), 13 Journal of Medical Ethics 117;
25. and Peter Singer, 'Double Jeopardy and the Use of QALY's in Health Care Allocation' (1995), 21 Journal of Medical Ethics 144.
26. NHS Blood and Transplant 2009 Protocols. See note 13 above, paragraph 3.2, at page 4.
27. For further academic discussion about alcoholic and smoking transplant candidates, see: Jonathan Glover, Causing Death and Saving Lives, Penguin London, (1977);
28. Tom Beauchamp and James Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, (2001);
29. Tony Hope, David Sprigings, and Roger Crisp, '"Not clinically indicated": patients' interests or resource allocation?' British Medical Journal, (2003), 6 Feb., Vol. 306;
30. Martin Benjamin, 'Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver Disease: the ethical issues', Liver Transplantation and Surgery, (1997), vol. 3, No. 3, May;
31. J.L. Nelson, Hippocrates' Maze: Ethical Explorations of the Medical Labyrinth, Rowman & Littlefield NY, (2003);
32. John Harris, 'Could we hold people responsible for their own adverse health?' (1995), 12 Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 147
33. and 'Organ Procurement: dead interests, living needs', (2003), Journal of Medical Ethics 130;
34. Robert Blank, Rationing Medicine, Columbia University Press New York, (1988);
35. Roger Higgs, 'Human frailty should not be penalized', British Medical Journal, Vol. 306, 17 Apr. 1993;
36. and Peter A. Ubel, 'Transplantation in Alcoholics: separating prognosis and responsibility from social biases', Liver Transplantation and Surgery, Vol. 3, No. 3, May 1997;
37. Ranaan Gillon, 'On giving preference to prior volunteers when allocating organs for transplantation', (1995), 21 Journal of Medical Ethics, 195;
38. Stephanie Eaton, 'The subtle politics of organ donation: a proposal', (1998), 24 Journal of Medical Ethics 166;
39. Hugh McLachlan, 'Smokers, virgins, equity and health care costs', (1995), 21 Journal of Medical Ethics 209;
40. Burra and Lucey, 'Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients' (2005) 18 Transplant International 491;
41. Oniscu et al., 'Equity of access to renal transplant waiting list and renal transplantation in Scotland' (2003) 327 British Medical Journal 1261;
42. Cohen, 'Alcoholics and liver transplantation' (1991) 265 Journal of the American Medical Association 1299;
43. and Neuberger and James, 'Guidelines for selection of patients for liver transplantation in the era of donor-organ shortage' (1999) 354 The Lancet 1636.
44. The Department of Health: National Liver Transplant Standards. See note 2 above, national standards 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 3.10 and 3.13.
45. NHS Blood and Transplant 2009 Protocols. See note 13 above, paragraph 3.2.1., page 4.
46. Liver Advisory Group Alcohol Guidelines: UK Liver Transplant Group Recommendations for Liver Transplant Assessment in the Context of Alcohol-related Liver Disease. November 2005. Available at: http://www. organdonation.nhs.uk/ukt/about-transplants/organ-allocation/liver/liver.jsp (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
47. See NHS Blood and Transplant's official website under 'about transplants' and 'organ allocation': www.organdonation.nhs.uk/ukt/about-transplants/organ- allocation/liver (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
48. Liver Advisory Group 2005 Alcohol Guidelines. See note 22 above, 'Assessment', page 1.
49. See note above, 'Contraindications to listing', pages 1-2.
50. As above.
51. See note 24 above.
52. See note 22 above, 'Contraindications to listing', page 1.
53. As above.
54. See note 28 above, bracketed text included in policy.
55. As above.
56. See www.talktofrank.com - the UK Government's drugs website belonging to www.drugs.gov.uk (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
57. The Department of Health do make provisions for additional guidelines to be developed by other agencies. The Department of Health: National Liver Transplant Standards. See note 2 above, national standard 2.8.17.
58. Liver Advisory Group 2005 Alcohol Guidelines. See note 22 above. 'Second opinion', page 3.
59. Liver Advisory Group Drug Guidelines: Version 1: UK Liver Transplant Group Recommendations for Liver Transplant Assessment in the Context of Illicit Drug Use. May 2007. Available at: http://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/ukt/about- transplants/organ-allocation/liver/liver.jsp (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
60. See note above, paragraph 2, 'Assessment', page 1.
61. See note 35 above, paragraph 2.1, 'Contraindications', point I, page 2.
62. NHS Blood and Transplant 2009 Protocols. See note 13 above, paragraph 3.2.2., page 4.
63. Liver Advisory Group 2007 Drug Guidelines. See note 35 above, paragraph 2.1, 'Contraindications', point II, page 2.
64. See note above, points III and IV, page 2.
65. See note 35 above, paragraph 2.1, 'Contraindications', point V, page 2.
66. See note above, paragraph 2.2, 'Potential contraindications', pages 2-3.
67. See www.organdonation.nhs.uk/ukt/about-us (date last accessed 3rd November 2010).
68. A psychiatric liaison nurse could help with this.