Poling force analysis in diagonal stride at different grades in cross country skiers

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 589-597

  Pellegrini, B ^a   Bortolan, L ^a   Schena, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Kinematics; Kinetics; Roller skiing; Uphill

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARM; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMAN; MECHANICAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SKIING;

ADULT; ARM; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMANS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SKIING; STRESS, MECHANICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79960203919     PISSN: 09057188     EISSN: 16000838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01071.x     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Ainegren M, Carlsson P, Tinnsten M. Rolling resistance for treadmill roller skiing. Sports Eng 2008: 11: 23-29.
2. Bellizzi MJ, King KA, Cushman SK, Weyand PG. Does the application of ground force set the energetic cost of cross-country skiing? J Appl Physiol 1998: 85 (5): 1736-1743.
3. Bilodeau B, Boulay MR, Roy B. Propulsive and gliding phases in four cross-country skiing techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992: 24 (8): 917-925.
4. Bortolan L, Pellegrini B, Finizia G, Schena F. Assessment of the reliability of a custom built Nordic Ski Ergometer for cross-country skiing power test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008: 48 (2): 177-182.
5. Downing JJ, Wilcox AR. Effects of an eight-week training program on upper-body power in women cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 2003: 17 (4): 726-733.
6. Gaskill SE, Serfass RC, Rundell KW. Upper body power comparison between groups of cross-country skiers and runners. Int J Sports Med 1999: 20 (5): 290-294.
7. Hoff J, Helgerud J, Wisloff U. Maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999: 31 (6): 870-877.
8. Hoffman MD, Clifford PS, Watts PB, Drobish KM, Gibbons TP, Newbury VS, Sulentic JE, Mittelstadt SW, O'Hagan KP. Physiological comparison of uphill roller skiing: diagonal stride versus double pole. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994: 26 (10): 1284-1289.
9. Hoffman MD, Clifford PS, Watts PB, O'Hagan KP, Mittelstadt SW. Delta efficiency of uphill roller skiing with the double pole and diagonal stride techniques. Can J Appl Physiol 1995: 20 (4): 465-479.
10. Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stoggl T, Bjorklund G, Muller E. Contribution of the legs to double-poling performance in elite cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006: 38 (10): 1853-1860.
11. Holmberg HC, Lindinger S, Stoggl T, Eitzlmair E, Muller E. Biomechanical analysis of double poling in elite cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005: 37 (5): 807-818.
12. Iversen JR, McMahon TA. Running on an incline. J Biomech Eng 1992: 114 (4): 435-441.
13. Komi PV. Force measurement during cross-country skiing. Int J Sport Biomech 1987: 3: 370-381.
14. Kvamme B, Jakobsen V, Hetland S, Smith G. Ski skating technique and physiological responses across slopes and speeds. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005: 95 (2-3): 205-212.
15. Mahood NV, Kenefick RW, Kertzer R, Quinn TJ. Physiological determinants of cross-country ski racing performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001: 33 (8): 1379-1384.
16. Millet GY, Hoffman MD, Candau RB, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS. Cycle rate variations in roller ski skating: effects on oxygen uptake and poling forces. Int J Sports Med 1998a: 19 (8): 521-525.
17. Millet GY, Hoffman MD, Candau RB, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS. Effect of rolling resistance on poling forces and metabolic demands of roller skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998b: 30 (5): 755-762.
18. Millet GY, Hoffman MD, Candau RB, Clifford PS. Poling forces during roller skiing: effects of grade. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998c: 30 (11): 1637-1644.
19. Millet GY, Hoffman MD, Candau RB, Clifford PS. Poling forces during roller skiing: effects of technique and speed. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998d: 30 (11): 1645-1653.
20. Millet GY, Perrey S, Candau R, Rouillon JD. Relationships between aerobic energy cost, performance and kinematic parameters in roller ski skating. Int J Sports Med 2002: 23 (3): 191-195.
21. Nesser TW, Chen S, Serfass RC, Gaskill SE. Development of upper body power in junior cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 2004: 18 (1): 63-71.
22. Nilsson J, Jakobsen V, Tveit P, Eikrehagen O. Pole length and ground reaction forces during maximal double poling in skiing. Sports Biomech 2003: 2 (2): 227-236.
23. Pellegrini B, Bortolan L, Schena F. Poling forces response to the increase of elevation in roller skiing. In: Linnamo V, Komi PV, Muller E, eds. Science and nordic skiing. Oxford: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2007: 119-129.
24. Pierce JC, Pope MH, Renstrom P, Johnson RJ, Dufek J, Dillman C. Force measurement in cross-country skiing. Int J Sport Biomech 1987: 3: 382-391.
25. Rundell KW. Treadmill roller ski test predicts biathlon roller ski race results of elite U.S. biathlon women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995: 27 (12): 1677-1685.
26. Saibene F, Cortili G, Roi G, Colombini A. The energy cost of level cross-country skiing and the effect of the friction of the ski. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1989: 58 (7): 791-795.
27. Smith G, Kvamme B, Jakobsen V. Effectiveness of ski and pole forces in ski skating. Misc: In: Abstract book of the 4th International Congress on Science and Skiing, December 14-20, 2007, St. Christoph am Arlberg, Austria. 2007, 63.
28. Smith GA. Biomechanical analysis of cross-country skiing techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992: 24 (9): 1015-1022.
29. Stoggl T, Lindinger S, Muller E. Biomechanical validation of a specific upper body training and testing drill in cross-country skiing. Sports Biomech 2006: 5 (1): 23-46.
30. Swanson SC, Caldwell GE. An integrated biomechanical analysis of high speed incline and level treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000: 32 (6): 1146-1155.
31. Vahasoyrinki P, Komi PV, Seppala S, Ishikawa M, Kolehmainen V, Salmi JA, Linnamo V. Effect of skiing speed on ski and pole forces in cross-country skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008: 40 (6): 1111-1116.