Hepatic and biliary damage after transarterial chemoembolization for malignant hepatic tumors: Incidence, diagnosis, treatment, outcome and mechanism

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 164-174

  Sun, Zhengang ^a   Li, Gaopeng ^b   Ai, Xi ^c   Luo, Baoming ^b   Wen, Yanling ^b   Zhao, Zizhuo ^b   Dong, Shengli ^d   Guan, Jian ^b  

^a JINGZHOU CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (China)

^b SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^d SHANXI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Hepatic and biliary damage; Malignant hepatic tumors; Transarterial chemoembolization

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILIRUBIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ARTERY SPASM; BILE DUCT DISEASE; BILE DUCT NECROSIS; BILIARY TRACT DISEASE; BILOMA; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION; CHOLANGIOGRAPHY; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CHOLECYSTITIS; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; GALLBLADDER DISEASE; GALLBLADDER INFARCTION; HEPATIC ARTERY SPASM; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTRAHEPATIC BILOMA; LIVER ABSCESS; LIVER CANCER; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER INFARCTION; LIVER INJURY; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TUMOR; NONHUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS DRAINAGE; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BILIARY TRACT; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC; CHOLECYSTITIS; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; DRAINAGE; ETHIODIZED OIL; GELATIN SPONGE, ABSORBABLE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIVER; LIVER ABSCESS; LIVER FUNCTION TESTS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MALE; NECROSIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SEX FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79960160324     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: 18790461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.07.019     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Lo C.M., Ngan H., Tso W.K., et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002, 35:1164-1171.
2. Llovet J.M., Real M.I., Montana X., et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 359:1734-1739.
3. Ryder S.D., Rizzi P.M., Metivier E., Karani J., Williams R. Chemoembolisation with lipiodol and doxorubicin: applicability in British patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 1996, 38:125-128.
4. Okada S. Transcatheter arterial embolization for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the controversy continues. Hepatology 1998, 27:1743-1744.
5. Miyoshi S., Minami Y., Kawata S., et al. Changes in hepatic functional reserve after transcatheter embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Assessment by maximal removal rate of indocyanine green. J Hepatol 1988, 6:332-336.
6. Khan K.N., Nakata K., Kusumoto Y., et al. Evaluation of nontumorous tissue damage by transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1991, 51:5667-5671.
7. Chung J.W., Park J.H., Han J.K., et al. Hepatic tumors: predisposing factors for complications of transcatheter oily chemoembolization. Radiology 1996, 198:33-40.
8. A comparison of lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1256-1261.
9. Buijs M., Vossen J.A., Frangakis C., et al. Nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term toxicity in patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization-single-center experience. Radiology 2008, 249:346-354.
10. Lu W., Li Y.H., Yu Z.J., et al. A comparative study of damage to liver function after TACE with use of low-dose versus conventional-dose of anticancer drugs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2007, 54:1499-1502.
11. Xia J., Ren Z., Ye S., et al. Study of severe and rare complications of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for liver cancer. Eur J Radiol 2006, 59:407-412.
12. Llovet J.M., Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 2003, 37:429-442.
13. Bruix J., Castells A., Montanya X., et al. Phase II study of transarterial embolization in European patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: need for controlled trials. Hepatology 1994, 20:643-650.
14. Sakamoto I., Aso N., Nagaoki K., et al. Complications associated with transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic tumors. Radiographics 1998, 18:605-619.
15. Malagari K., Alexopoulou E., Chatzimichail K., et al. Transcatheter chemoembolization in the treatment of HCC in patients not eligible for curative treatments: midterm results of doxorubicin-loaded DC bead. Abdom Imaging 2008, 33:512-519.
16. Farinati F., De Maria N., Marafin C., et al. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: survival, prognostic factors, and unexpected side effects after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Dig Dis Sci 1996, 41:2332-2339.
17. Malagari K., Chatzimichael K., Alexopoulou E., et al. Transarterial chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: results of an open-label study of 62 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008, 31:269-280.
18. Breedis C., Young G. The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver. Am J Pathol 1954, 30:969-977.
19. Geschwind J.F., Artemov D., Abraham S., et al. Chemoembolization of liver tumor in a rabbit model: assessment of tumor cell death with diffusion-weighted MR imaging and histologic analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000, 11:1245-1255.
20. Kan Z., Sato M., Ivancev K., et al. Distribution and effect of iodized poppyseed oil in the liver after hepatic artery embolization: experimental study in several animal species. Radiology 1993, 186:861-866.
21. Matsui O., Kadoya M., Kameyama T., et al. Benign and malignant nodules in cirrhotic livers: distinction based on blood supply. Radiology 1991, 178:493-497.
22. Schenk W.G., McDonald J.C., McDonald K., Drapanas T. Direct measurement of hepatic blood flow in surgical patients: with related observations on hepatic flow dynamics in experimental animals. Ann Surg 1962, 156:463-471.
23. Popper H.L., Jefferson N.C., Necheles H. Interruption of all arterial blood supply to the liver not compatible with life; experimental study. Am J Surg 1952, 84:429-431.
24. Kirchner J., Laufer U., Kickuth R., Schilling E.M., Scherf C., Liermann D. First experiences in percutaneous arterial chemoembolization of malignant liver lesions by means of real-time CT fluoroscopy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1999, 22:526-528.
25. Lu W., Li Y., He X., Chen Y. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: evaluation of two kinds of dosages of anticancer drugs and analysis of prognostic factors. Hepatogastroenterology 2003, 50:2079-2083.
26. Kwok P.C., Lam T.W., Chan S.C., et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing autologous blood clot and gelfoam in transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2000, 32:955-964.
27. Doyon D., Mouzon A., Jourde A.M., Regensberg C., Frileux C. L'embolisation arterielle hepatique dans les tumeurs malignes du foie. Ann Radiol (Paris) 1974, 17:593-603.
28. Goldstein H.M., Wallace S., Anderson J.H., Bree R.L., Gianturco C. Transcatheter occlusion of abdominal tumors. Radiology 1976, 120:539-545.
29. Lin D.Y., Liaw Y.F., Lee T.Y., Lai C.M. Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma-a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1988, 94:453-456.
30. Allison D.J., Modlin I.M., Jenkins W.J. Treatment of carcinoid liver metastases by hepatic-artery embolisation. Lancet 1977, 2:1323-1325.
31. Doppman J.L., Dunnick N.R., Girton M., Fauci A.S., Popovsky M.A. Bile duct cysts secondary to liver infarcts: report of a case and experimental production by small vessel hepatic artery occlusion. Radiology 1979, 130:1-5.
32. Makuuchi M., Sukigara M., Mori T., et al. Bile duct necrosis: complication of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization. Radiology 1985, 156:331-334.
33. Nakamura H., Tanaka T., Hori S., et al. Transcatheter embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of efficacy in cases of resection following embolization. Radiology 1983, 147:401-405.
34. Nakakuma K., Tashiro S., Hiraoka T., et al. Studies on anticancer treatment with an oily anticancer drug injected into the ligated feeding hepatic artery for liver cancer. Cancer 1983, 52:2193-2200.
35. Takayasu K., Shima Y., Muramatsu Y., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with intraarterial iodized oil with and without chemotherapeutic agents. Radiology 1987, 163:345-351.
36. Suou T., Yamada S., Kobayashi J., Hoshino U., Nishimuki E., Kawasaki H. Changes of serum 7S fragment of type IV collagen and N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen after transcatheter arterial embolization as a model of acute liver injury. Hepatology 1993, 18:809-815.
37. Alcolado R., Arthur M.J., Iredale J.P. Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997, 92:103-112.
38. Hatanaka Y., Yamashita Y., Takahashi M., et al. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors in transcatheter management. Radiology 1995, 195:747-752.
39. Bronowicki J.P., Boudjema K., Chone L., et al. Comparison of resection, liver transplantation and transcatheter oily chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1996, 24:293-300.
40. Yamada R., Sato M., Kawabata M., Nakatsuka H., Nakamura K., Takashima S. Hepatic artery embolization in 120 patients with unresectable hepatoma. Radiology 1983, 148:397-401.
41. Yamashita Y., Torashima M., Oguni T., et al. Liver parenchymal changes after transcatheter arterial embolization therapy for hepatoma: CT evaluation. Abdom Imaging 1993, 18:352-356.
42. Lok A.S., Liang R.H., Chiu E.K., Wong K.L., Chan T.K., Todd D. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1991, 100:182-188.
43. Liao C.A., Lee C.M., Wu H.C., Wang M.C., Lu S.N., Eng H.L. Lamivudine for the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation following chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2002, 116:166-169.
44. Hoofnagle J.H., Dusheiko G.M., Schafer D.F., et al. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med 1982, 96:447-449.
45. Yeo W., Chan P.K., Zhong S., et al. Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors. J Med Virol 2000, 62:299-307.
46. Vizzini G.B., Luca A., Marino I.R. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after a single session of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 2003, 138:691-692.
47. Tamori A., Nishiguchi S., Tanaka M., et al. Lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B virus reactivation in a patient receiving intra-arterial chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2003, 26:77-80.
48. von Weizsacker F., Blum H.E. Out of control: hepatitis B reactivation by transarterial treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2004, 41:482-484.
49. Jang J.W., Choi J.Y., Bae S.H., et al. Transarterial chemo-lipiodolization can reactivate hepatitis B virus replication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2004, 41:427-435.
50. Park J.W., Park K.W., Cho S.H., et al. Risk of hepatitis B exacerbation is low after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: report of a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100:2194-2200.
51. Huo T.I., Lee S.D., Wu J.C. Hepatitis after arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: viral reactivation or ischemia?. Hepatology 2006, 43:1400-1401.
52. Nakamura Y., Motokura T., Fujita A., Yamashita T., Ogata E. Severe hepatitis related to chemotherapy in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematologic malignancies. Survey in Japan, 1987-1991. Cancer 1996, 78:2210-2215.
53. Thung S.N., Gerber M.A., Klion F., Gilbert H. Massive hepatic necrosis after chemotherapy withdrawal in a hepatitis B virus carrier. Arch Intern Med 1985, 145:1313-1314.
54. Dai M.S., Lu J.J., Chen Y.C., Perng C.L., Chao T.Y. Reactivation of precore mutant hepatitis B virus in chemotherapy-treated patients. Cancer 2001, 92:2927-2932.
55. Yeo W., Zee B., Zhong S., et al. Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2004, 90:1306-1311.
56. Zhong S., Yeo W., Schroder C., et al. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load is an important risk factor for HBV reactivation in breast cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Viral Hepat 2004, 11:55-59.
57. Steinberg J.L., Yeo W., Zhong S., et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy for solid tumours: precore/core mutations may play an important role. J Med Virol 2000, 60:249-255.
58. Bronowicki J.P., Vetter D., Dumas F., et al. Transcatheter oily chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. A 4-year study of 127 French patients. Cancer 1994, 74:16-24.
59. Yoshikawa C., Shimojo N., Naka K., et al. Changes in serum enzyme activity after transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic neoplasm. Clin Biochem 1987, 20(6):435-440.
60. Caturelli E., Siena D.A., Fusilli S., et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: evaluation of damage to nontumorous liver tissue-long-term prospective study. Radiology 2000, 215:123-128.
61. Wigmore S.J., Redhead D.N., Thomson B.N., et al. Postchemoembolisation syndrome-tumour necrosis or hepatocyte injury?. Br J Cancer 2003, 89:1423-1427.
62. Hemingway A.P., Allison D.J. Complications of embolization: analysis of 410 procedures. Radiology 1988, 166:669-672.
63. Gerson L.B., Pont A., Cummins R.T. Clostridial bacteremia and death following chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994, 5:167-170.
64. Inoue H., Hori A., Satake M., et al. Liver abscess formation after treatment of liver cancer by arterial injection using adriamycin/mitomycin C oil suspension (ADMOS). Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1992, 52:155-163.
65. Hashimoto T., Mitani T., Nakamura H., et al. Fatal septic complication of transcatheter chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993, 16:325-327.
66. Varela M., Real M.I., Burrel M., et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. J Hepatol 2007, 46:474-481.
67. Kim M.H., Choi M.S., Choi Y.S., et al. Clinical features of liver abscess developed after radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Hepatol 2006, 12:55-64.
68. Tarazov P.G., Polysalov V.N., Prozorovskij K.V., Grishchenkova I.V., Rozengauz E.V. Ischemic complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in liver malignancies. Acta Radiol 2000, 41:156-160.
69. Aliberti C., Benea G., Tilli M., Fiorentini G. Chemoembolization (TACE) of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with slow-release doxorubicin-eluting beads: preliminary results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008, 31:883-888.
70. Hirasawa T., Asahara S., Fujisaki S., et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using degradable starch microspheres (DSM) for metastatic liver tumors in patients with gastric cancer. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2008, 105:367-372.
71. Kim W., Clark T.W., Baum R.A., Soulen M.C. Risk factors for liver abscess formation after hepatic chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001, 12:965-968.
72. Reed R.A., Teitelbaum G.P., Daniels J.R., Pentecost M.J., Katz M.D. Prevalence of infection following hepatic chemoembolization with cross-linked collagen with administration of prophylactic antibiotics. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994, 5:367-371.
73. Williams S.T., Heiba S.I., Whooley B.P., Ciavarra G.A., Abdel-Dayem H.M. Postchemoembolization liver abscess: findings on hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 2002, 27:179-182.
74. Bavisotto L.M., Patel N.H., Althaus S.J., et al. Hepatic transcatheter arterial chemoembolization alternating with systemic protracted continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil for gastrointestinal malignancies metastatic to liver: a phase II trial of the Puget Sound Oncology Consortium (PSOC 1104). Clin Cancer Res 1999, 5:95-109.
75. Kuroda C., Iwasaki M., Tanaka T., et al. Gallbladder infarction following hepatic transcatheter arterial embolization. Angiographic study. Radiology 1983, 149:85-89.
76. Kobayashi S., Nakanuma Y., Terada T., Matsui O. Postmortem survey of bile duct necrosis and biloma in hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy: relevance to microvascular damages of peribiliary capillary plexus. Am J Gastroenterol 1993, 88:1410-1415.
77. Jeng K.S., Chiang H.J. Delayed formation of gallstone after transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Is elective cholecystectomy advisable during hepatectomy?. Arch Surg 1989, 124:1319-1322.
78. Berger D.H., Carrasco C.H., Hohn D.C., Curley S.A. Hepatic artery chemoembolization or embolization for primary and metastatic liver tumors: post-treatment management and complications. J Surg Oncol 1995, 60:116-121.
79. Komatsu M., Fujii T., Goto T., et al. Giant hepatic biloma following transcatheter oily chemoembolization in a patient with hepatic metastases from malignant pheochromocytoma. Intern Med 1998, 37:1034-1038.
80. Park W.K., Chang J.C., Lee H.Z., Kim H.J., Choi J.H., Gu M.J. A case of resection of biloma with hepatocellular carcinoma after embolization. Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi 2002, 8:331-335.
81. Sakamoto I., Iwanaga S., Nagaoki K., et al. Intrahepatic biloma formation (bile duct necrosis) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003, 181:79-87.
82. Akazawa S., Omagari K., Amenomori M., Nishiyama H., Mizuta Y., Kohno S. Bronchobiliary fistula associated with intrahepatic biloma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2004, 40:1045-1046.
83. Fujiwara H., Kanazawa S., Hiraki T., et al. Hepatic infarction following abdominal interventional procedures. Acta Med Okayama 2004, 58:97-106.
84. Tejirian T., Heaney A., Colquhoun S., Nissen N. Laparoscopic debridement of hepatic necrosis after hepatic artery chemoembolization. JSLS 2007, 11:493-495.
85. Sato M., Yamada R., Uchida B., Hedgepeth P., Rosch J. Effects of hepatic artery embolization with Lipiodol and gelatin sponge particles on normal swine liver. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993, 16:348-354.
86. Georgiades C.S., Hong K., D'Angelo M., Geschwind J.F. Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005, 16:1653-1659.
87. Kamada K., Kitamoto M., Aikata H., et al. Combination of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using cisplatin-lipiodol suspension and percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of advanced small hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 2002, 184:284-290.
88. Reichman T.W., Anthony T., Millis J.M., Testa G. Uncharacteristically early fatal intraperitoneal rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma following transarterial chemoembolization. Dig Liver Dis 2009, 41:175-176.
89. Battula N., Srinivasan P., Madanur M., et al. Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolization: a western experience. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2007, 6:49-51.
90. Liu C.L., Ngan H., Lo C.M., Fan S.T. Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma as a complication of transarterial oily chemoembolization. Br J Surg 1998, 85:512-514.
91. Sakamoto Y., Kita Y., Takayama T., Kawauchi N., Minagawa M., Makuuchi M. Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial embolization: an unusual case. Hepatogastroenterology 1999, 46:453-456.
92. Li W.H., Cheuk E.C., Kowk P.C., Cheung M.T. Survival after transarterial embolization for spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2009, 16:508-512.
93. Dai H., Ding H., Liu F., et al. Complications of chemoembolization for hepatic neoplasms. Saudi Med J 2007, 28:1208-1212.
94. Kanematsu M., Imaeda T., Yamawaki Y., et al. Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: predictive value of CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992, 158:1247-1250.
95. Belli L., Magistretti G., Puricelli G.P., Damiani G., Colombo E., Cornalba G.P. Arteritis following intra-arterial chemotherapy for liver tumors. Eur Radiol 1997, 7:323-326.