Our work here is done: European union peacekeeping in Africa

African Security Review

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 17-28

  Norheim Martinsen, Per Martin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Comprehensive approach; European union; Lessons learned; Peacekeeping; United nations

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960152906     PISSN: 10246029     EISSN: 21540128     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2011.594299     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the EUSA Biennial Conference, Boston, 3-5 March 2011. The author would like to thank colleagues, and the anonymous peer reviewers, for helpful comments on previous drafts.
2. For an up-to-date analysis of international peacebuilding efforts in the DRC, see among others Séverine Autesserre, The trouble with the Congo: local violence and the failure of international peacebuilding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
3. Ståle Ulriksen, Catriona Gourlay and Catriona Mace, Operation Artemis: the shape of things to come?, International Peacekeeping 11(3) (2004), 508-525.
4. The EU's fi rst military operation, Operation Concordia in Macedonia, was launched on 31 January 2003 and was carried out from NATO-SHAPE.
5. See for example International Crisis Group, Congo crisis: military intervention in Ituri, ICG Africa Report 64 (2003), http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/064-congo-crisismilitary-intervention-in-ituri.aspx (accessed 4 May 2011).
6. Ulriksen, Gourlay and Mace, Operation Artemis, 516-517.
7. Ibid, 519.
8. Jolyon Howorth, Security and defence policy in the European Union, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007, 234.
9. UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Operation Artemis: the lessons of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force, New York: UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Best Practices Unit, October 2004, 12.
10. Ibid, 14.
11. Richard Gowan, Good intentions, bad outcomes, E!Sharp (January-February 2009), 57-59.
12. European Council, European defence: NATO/EU consultation, planning, and operations, 12-13 December 2003, www.consilium.europa.eu/78414%20-%20EU-NATO%20Consultation,%20Planning%20and%20Operations.pdf (accessed 4 May 2011).
13. Cf Per M Norheim-Martinsen, Managing the civil-military interface in the EU: creating an organization fit for purpose, European Integration online Papers 14, special issue 1, 2010, http://eiop.or.at/eiop/index.php/eiop/article/view/2010_010a (accessed 4 May 2011).
14. Pierre Antoine Braud, Implementing ESDP operations in Africa, in A Deighton and V Mauer (eds), Securing Europe? Implementing the European Security Strategy, Zürich: ETH Center for Security Studies, 2006.
15. The Battlegroups concept: UK/France/Germany food for thought paper, 10 February 2004, EU security and defence: core documents 2004, volume V, Chaillot Paper 75, Paris: EUISS, February 2005, http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/cp075e.pdf (accessed 20 May 2011).
16. Cited in Ulriksen, Gourlay and Mace, Operation Artemis, 515.
17. Howorth, Security and defence policy in the European Union, 238.
18. Marta Martinelli, Implementing the ESDP in Africa: the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo, in M Merlingen and R Ostrauskaite (eds), European security and defence policy: an implementation perspective, London: Routledge, 2008, 125.
19. Interviews with German MoD offi cials in Brussels, June 2009.
20. Javier Solana, The Democratic Republic of Congo/EUFOR, Presentation to the United Nations Security Council in New York, 9 January 2007.
21. Bastian Giegerich and Jean-Yves Haine, Congo, a cosmetic EU operation, International Herald Tribune, 13 June 2006, and Howorth, Security and defence policy in the European Union, 239.
22. EUPOL Kinshasa was replaced by a nationwide police operation, EUPOL RD Congo, in July 2007.
23. Catherine Gegout, Causes and consequences of the EU's military intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a realist explanation, European Foreign Affairs Review 10(3) (2005), 427-443.
24. Braud, Implementing ESDP Operations in Africa, 77.
25. Gowan, Good intentions, bad outcomes, 58.
26. Alexander Mattelaer, The strategic planning of EU military operations: the case of EUFOR Tchad/RCA, IES working paper 5/2008, Brussels: Institute for European Studies, 10.
27. Bjoern Seibert, African adventure? Assessing the European Union's military intervention in Chad and the Central African Republic, Working paper, Massachusetts: MIT Security Studies Program, November 2007, 9.
28. Interview with offi cer on the EU military staff in Brussels, June 2009.
29. Mattelaer, The strategic planning of EU military operations, 24.
30. Interview with offi cer on the EU military staff in Brussels, June 2009.
31. The EU has also been running a small security sector reform operation in Guinea-Bissau, EU SSR Guinea-Bissau, since February 2008.
32. Xymena Kurowska, The role of ESDP operations, in M Merlingen and R Ostrauskaite (eds), European security and defence policy: an implementation perspective, London: Routledge, 2009, 39.