Evolution of a polymineralic mantle shear zone and the role of second phases in the localization of deformation

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 116, Issue 6, 2011, Pages

  Linckens, Jolien ^a   Herwegh, Marco ^a   Mntener, Othmar ^b   Mercolli, Ivan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CREEP; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; GRAIN SIZE; MANTLE STRUCTURE; MICROSTRUCTURE; MINERALIZATION; MYLONITE; OLIVINE; OPHIOLITE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RECRYSTALLIZATION; SHEAR ZONE; STRAIN RATE;

EID: 79960085467     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JB008119     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Abercrombie, R. E., and G. Ekström (2001), Earthquake slip on oceanic transform faults, Nature, 410, 74-77. (Pubitemid 32225837)
2. Austin, N., and B. Evans (2007), Paleowattmeters: A scaling relation for dynamically recrystallized grain size, Geology, 35(4), 343-346, doi:10.1130/G23244A.1. (Pubitemid 46554703)
3. Austin, N., B. Evans, M. Herwegh, and A. Ebert (2008), Strain localization in the Morcles nappe (Helvetic Alps, Switzerland), Swiss J. Geosci., 101(2), 341-360, doi:10.1007/s00015-008-1264-2.
4. Bai, Q., S. J. Mackwell, and D. L. Kohlstedt (1991), High-temperature creep ofolivine single-crystals: 1. Mechanical results for buffered samples,J. Geophys. Res., 96(B2), 2441-2463, doi:10.1029/90JB01723.
5. Berger, A., and M. Herwegh (2004), Grain coarsening in contact metamorphic carbonates: Effects ofsecond-phase particles, fluid flow andthermal perturbations,J. Metamorph. Geol., 22(5), 459-474, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004. 00526.x. (Pubitemid 39000810)
6. Berger, A., S. Brodhag, and M. Herwegh (2010), Reaction-induced nucleation and growth versus grain coarsening in contact metamorphic, impure carbonates, J. Metamorph. Geol., 28, 809-824, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010. 00894.x.
7. Boudier, F., and A. Nicolas (1988), Special issue: The ophiolites of Oman, Tectonophysics, 151(1-4), 275-296.
8. Boudier, F., J. L. Bouchez, A. Nicolas, M. Cannat, G. Ceuleneer, M. Misseri, and R. Montigny (1985), Kinematics ofoceanic thrusting in the Oman ophiolite: Model ofplate convergence, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75(2-3), 215-222, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(85)90103-7.
9. Boudier, F., G. Ceuleneer, and A. Nicolas (1988), Shear zones, thrusts and related magmatism in the Oman ophiolite: Initiation of thrusting on an oceanic ridge, Tectonophysics, 151(1-4), 275-296, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(88) 90249-1.
10. Boudier, F., A. Nicolas, B. Ildefonse, and D. Jousselin (1997), EPR microplates, a model for the Oman ophiolite, Terra Nova, 9(2), 79-82, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00007.x.
11. Braun, J., J. Chéry, A. Poliakov, D. Mainprice, A. Vauchez, A. Tommasi, and M. Daignières (1999), A simple parameterization of strain localization in the ductile regime due to grain size reduction: A case study for olivine, J. Geophys. Res., 104(B11), 25,167-25,181, doi:10.1029/1999JB900214.
12. Brodhag, S. H., and M. Herwegh (2010), The effect of different second-phase particle regimes on grain growth in two-phase aggregates: Insights from in situ rock analogue experiments, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 160(2), 219-238, doi:10.1007/s00410-009-0474-6.
13. Bystricky, M., and S. Mackwell (2001), Creep of dry clinopyroxene aggregates,J. Geophys. Res., 106(B7), 13,443-13,454, doi:10.1029/2001JB000333.
14. Carter, N. L., and H. G. Ave'Lallement (1970), High temperature flow of dunite and peridotite, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81(8), 2181-2202, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2181:HTFODA]2.0.CO;2.
15. Ceuleneer, G., A. Nicolas, and F. Boudier (1988), Mantle flow patterns at an oceanic spreading center: The Oman peridotites record, Tectonophysics, 151(1-4), 1-26, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(88)90238-7.
16. De Bresser, J. H. P., C. J. Peach, J. P. J. Reijs, and C. J. Spiers (1998), On dynamic recrystallization during solid state flow: Effects of stress and temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(18), 3457-3460, doi:10.1029/98GL02690. (Pubitemid 29055482)
17. De Bresser, J. H. P., J. H. Ter Heege, and C. J. Spiers (2001), Grain size reduction by dynamic recrystallization: Can it result in major rheological weakening?, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90(1), 28-45, doi:10.1007/s005310000149. (Pubitemid 32644117)
18. De Ronde, A. A., H. Stünitz, J. Tullis, and R. Heilbronner (2005), Reactioninduced weakening of plagioclase-olivine composites, Tectonophysics, 409(1-4), 85-106, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.08.008. (Pubitemid 41722546)
19. Dijkstra, A. H. (2001), Deformation and melt in natural mantle rocks: The Hilti massif (Oman) and the Othris Massif (Greece), Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, Netherlands.
20. Dijkstra, A. H., M. R. Drury, and R. M. Frijhoff (2002a), Microstructures and lattice fabrics in the Hilti mantle section (Oman ophiolite): Evidence for shear localization and melt weakening in the crust-mantle transition zone?,J. Geophys. Res., 107(B11), 2270, doi:10.1029/2001JB000458.
21. Dijkstra, A. H., M. R. Drury, R. L. M. Vissers, and J. Newman (2002b), On the role of melt-rock reaction in mantle shear zone formation in the Othris peridotite massif(Greece), J. Struct. Geol., 24(9), 1431-1450, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00142-0. (Pubitemid 34735863)
22. Dijkstra, A. H., M. R. Drury, R. L. M. Vissers, J. Newman, and H. L. M. Roermund (2004), Shear zones in the upper mantle: Evidence from alpine- and ophiolite-type peridotite massifs, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. London, 224, 11-24, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.224.01.02.
23. Dimanov, A., and G. Dresen (2005), Rheology of synthetic anorthite-diopside aggregates: Implications for ductile shear zones, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B07203, doi:10.1029/2004JB003431. (Pubitemid 41358544)
24. Drury, M. R. (2005), Dynamic recrystallization and strain softening of olivine aggregates in the laboratory and the lithosphere, in Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: From Minerals to the Lithosphere, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., vol. 243, edited by D. Gapais, J. P. Brun, and P. R. Cobbold, pp. 143-158, Geol. Soc., London.
25. Drury, M. R., and J. L. Urai (1990), Deformation-related recrystallization processes, Tectonophysics, 172(3-4), 235-253, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90033-5.
26. Drury, M. R., R. L. M. Vissers, D. Van der Wal, and E. H. H. Strating (1991), Shear localization in upper mantle peridotites, Pure Appl. Geophys., 137(4), 439-460, doi:10.1007/BF00879044.
27. Ebert, A., M. Herwegh, B. Evans, A. Pfiffner, N. Austin, and T. Vennemann (2007), Microfabrics in carbonate mylonites along a large-scale shear zone (Helvetic Alps), Tectonophysics, 444(1-4), 1-26, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07. 004. (Pubitemid 47532937)
28. Ebert, A., M. Herwegh, A. Berger, and A. Pfiffner (2008), Grain coarsening maps for polymineralic carbonate mylonites: A calibration based on data from different Helvetic nappes (Switzerland), Tectonophysics, 457(3-4), 128-142, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.05.007.
29. Evans, B., J. Renner, and G. Hirth (2001), A few remarks on the kinetics of static grain growth in rocks, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90(1), 88-103, doi:10.1007/s005310000150. (Pubitemid 32644120)
30. Exner, H. E. (1972), Analysis ofgrain- and particle-size distributions in metallic materials, Int. Mater. Rev., 17(18), 25-42.
31. Faul, U. H., and I. Jackson (2007), Diffusion creep of dry, melt-free olivine, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B04204, doi:10.1029/2006JB004586. (Pubitemid 46930522)
32. Faul, U. H., J. D. Fitz Gerald, R. J. M. Farla, R. Ahlefeldt, and I. Jackson (2011), Dislocation creep offine-grained olivine, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B01203, doi:10.1029/2009JB007174.
33. Fusseis, F., K. Regenauer-Lieb, J. Liu, R. M. Hough, and F. De Carlo (2009), Creep cavitation can establish a dynamic granular fluid pump in ductile shear zones, Nature, 459, 974-977, doi:10.1038/nature08051.
34. Gnos, E., and A. Nicolas (1996), Structural evolution of the northern end of the Oman Ophiolite and enclosed granulites, Tectonophysics, 254(1-2), 111-137, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00079-8.
35. Goetze, C. (1978), Mechanisms ofcreep in olivine, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 288(1350), 99-119, doi:10.1098/rsta.1978.0008.
36. Hacker, B. R., and E. Gnos (1997), The conundrum of Samail: Explaining the metamorphic history, Tectonophysics, 279(1-4), 215-226, doi:10.1016/S0040- 1951(97)00114-5.
37. Hacker, B. R., and J. L. Mosenfelder (1996), Metamorphism and deformation along the emplacement thrust of the Samail ophiolite, Oman, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144(3-4), 435-451, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00186-0.
38. Hacker, B. R., J. L. Mosenfelder, and E. Gnos (1996), Rapid emplacement of the Oman ophiolite: Thermal and geochronologic constraints, Tectonics, 15(6), 1230-1247, doi:10.1029/96TC01973. (Pubitemid 126592288)
39. Handy, M. R. (1994), Flow laws for rocks containing two nonlinear viscous phases: A phenomenological approach, J. Struct. Geol., 16(3), 287-301, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(94)90035-3. (Pubitemid 24425143)
40. Herwegh, M., and A. Berger (2004), Deformation mechanisms in second-phase affected microstructures and their energy balance, J. Struct. Geol., 26(8), 1483-1498, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.10.006. (Pubitemid 38825747)
41. Herwegh, M., and A. Jenni (2001), Granular flow in polymineralic rocks bearing sheet silicates: New evidence from natural examples, Tectonophysics, 332(3), 309-320, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00288-2. (Pubitemid 32464281)
42. Herwegh, M., A. Berger, and A. Ebert (2005), Grain coarsening maps: A newtoolto predictmicrofabric evolution ofpolymineralicrocks, Geology, 33(10), 801-804, doi:10.1130/G21789.1. (Pubitemid 41471976)
43. Hiraga, T., T. Miyazaki, M. Tasaka, and H. Yoshida (2010a), Mantle superplasticity and its self-made demise, Nature, 468, doi:10.1038/nature09685.
44. Hiraga, T., C. Tachibana, N. Ohashi, and S. Sano (2010b), Grain growth systematics for forsterite ± enstatite aggregates: Effect of lithology on grain size in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 291, 10-20, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.026.
45. Hirth, G., and D. L. Kohlstedt (1995), Experimental constraints on the dynamics of the partially molten upper-mantle: 2. Deformation in the dislocation creep regime, J. Geophys. Res., 100(B8), 15,441-15,449,doi:10.1029/95JB01292.
46. Hirth, G., and D. L. Kohlstedt (2003), Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge: A view from the experimentalists, in Inside the Subduction Factory, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 138, edited by J. E. Eiler, pp. 83-105, AGU, Washington, D. C.
47. Ismail, W. B., and D. Mainprice (1998), An olivine fabric database: An overview of upper mantle fabrics and seismic anisotropy, Tectonophysics, 296(1-2), 145-157, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00141-3. (Pubitemid 29092252)
48. Jaroslow, G. E., G. Hirth, and H. J. B. Dick (1996), Abyssal peridotite mylonites: Implications for grain-size sensitive flow and strain localization in the oceanic lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 256(1-4), 17-37, doi:10.1016/0040- 1951(95)00163-8.
49. Ji, S. C., and P. L. Zhao (1993), Flow laws ofmultiphase rocks calculated from experimental-data on the constituent phases, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117(1-2), 181-187, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90125-S.
50. Ji, S. C., Z. C. Wang, and R. Wirth (2001), Bulk flow strength offorsterite-enstatite composites as a function of forsterite content, Tectonophysics, 341(1-4), 69-93, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00191-3. (Pubitemid 34034488)
51. Ji, S. C., P. L. Zhao, and B. Xia (2003), Flow laws ofmultiphase materials and rocks from end-member flow laws, Tectonophysics, 370(1-4), 129-145, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00182-3. (Pubitemid 37008098)
52. Jin, D. H., S. Karato, and M. Obata (1998), Mechanisms of shear localization in the continental lithosphere: Inference from the deformation micro-structures ofperidotites from the Ivrea zone, northwestern Italy, J. Struct. Geol., 20(2-3), 195-209, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00059-X. (Pubitemid 28295894)
53. Jung, H., and S. Karato (2001a), Water-induced fabric transitions in olivine, Science, 293(5534), 1460-1463, doi:10.1126/science.1062235. (Pubitemid 32801544)
54. Jung, H., and S. Karato (2001b), Effects ofwater on dynamically recrystal-lized grain-size ofolivine, J. Struct. Geol., 23(9), 1337-1344, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00005-0. (Pubitemid 32693142)
55. Jung, H., I. Katayama, Z. Jiang, I. Hiraga, and S. Karato (2006), Effect of water and stress on the lattice-preferred orientation of olivine, Tectono-physics, 421(1-2), 1-22, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.011. (Pubitemid 43986291)
56. Kaczmarek, M. A., and O. Müntener (2008), Juxtaposition of melt impreg-nation and high-temperature shear zones in the upper mantle; Field and petrological constraints from the Lanzo peridotite (Northern Italy), J. Petrol., 49(12), 2187-2220, doi:10.1093/petrology/egn065.
57. Kamei, A., M. Obata, K. Michibayashi, T. Hirajima, and M. Svojtka (2010), Two contrasting fabric patterns ofolivine observed in garnet and spinel peridotite from a mantle-derived ultramafic mass enclosed in felsic granulite, the Moldanubian Zone, Czech Republic, J. Petrol., 51(1-2), 101-123, doi:10.1093/petrology/egp092.
58. Karato, S., and P. Wu (1993), Rheology of the upper mantle: A synthesis, Science, 260(5109), 771-778, doi:10.1126/science.260.5109.771. (Pubitemid 23392291)
59. Katayama, I., and S. Karato (2006), Effect of temperature on the B-to C-type olivine fabric transition and implication for flow pattern in subduction zones, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 157(1-2), 33-45, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2006.03. 005. (Pubitemid 44028655)
60. Katayama, I., H. Jung, and S. Karato (2004), New type of olivine fabric from deformation experiments at modest water content and low stress, Geology, 32(12), 1045-1048, doi:10.1130/G20805.1. (Pubitemid 40047019)
61. Kenkmann, T., and G. Dresen (2002), Dislocation microstructure and phase distribution in a lower crustal shear zone-An example from the Ivrea-Zone, Italy, Int. J. Earth Sci., 91(3), 445-458, doi:10.1007/s00531-001-0236-9. (Pubitemid 34657781)
62. Kneller, E. A., P. E. van Keken, S. Karato, and J. Park (2005), B-type olivine fabric in the mantle wedge: Insights from high-resolution non-Newtonian subduction zone models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237(3-4), 781-797, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.049. (Pubitemid 41235871)
63. Krabbendam, M., J. L. Urai, and L. J. van Vliet (2003), Grain size stabili-zation by dispersed graphite in a high-grade quartz mylonite: An example from Naxos (Greece), J. Struct. Geol., 25(6), 855-866, doi:10.1016/S0191- 8141(02)00086-X. (Pubitemid 36257699)
64. Kruse, R., and H. Stünitz (1999), Deformation mechanisms and phase distribution in mafic high-temperature mylonites from the Jotun Nappe, southern Norway, Tectonophysics, 303(1-4), 223-249, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00255-8. (Pubitemid 29263566)
65. Linckens, J. (2010), Microfabric evolution and strain localization in naturally deformed mantle rocks, Ph.D. thesis, 166 pp., Bern Univ., Bern, Switzerland.
66. Lippard, S. J., A. W. Shelton, and I. G. Gass (1986), The Ophiolite of Northern Oman, Blackwell Sci., Oxford, U. K.
67. Mackwell, S. J. (1991), High-temperature rheology ofenstatite: Implications for creep in the mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18(11), 2027-2030, doi:10.1029/91GL02492.
68. Mackwell, S. J., D. L. Kohlstedt, and M. S. Paterson (1985), The role of water in the deformation of olivine single-crystals, J. Geophys. Res., 90(B13), 11,319-11,333, doi:10.1029/JB090iB13p11319.
69. Manohar, P. A., M. Ferry, and T. Chandra (1998), Five decades of the Zener equation, ISIJInt., 38(9), 913-924, doi:10.2355/isijinternational.38.913. (Pubitemid 128553413)
70. Mas, D. L., and P. D. Crowley (1996), The effect ofsecond-phase particles on stable grain size in regionally metamorphosed polyphase calcite marbles, J. Metamorph. Geol., 14(2), 155-162, doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.1996.05805.x.
71. McDonnell, R. D., C. J. Peach, H. L. M. van Roermund, and C. J. Spiers (2000), Effect ofvarying enstatite content on the deformation behavior of fine-grained synthetic peridotite under wet conditions, J. Geophys. Res. 105(B6), 13,535-13,553, doi:10.1029/1999JB900412.
72. Mercier, J. C. C., and A. Nicolas (1975), Textures and fabrics ofuppermantle peridotites as illustrated by xenoliths from basalts, J. Petrol. 16(2), 454-487.
73. Michibayashi, K., and D. Mainprice (2004), The role of pre-existing mechanical anisotropy on shear zone development within oceanic mantle lithosphere: An example from the Oman ophiolite, J. Petrol., 45(2) 405-414, doi:10.1093/petrology/egg099.
74. Michibayashi, K., L. Gerbert-Gaillard, and A. Nicolas (2000), Shear sense inversion in the Hilti mantle section (Oman ophiolite) and active mantle uprise, Mar. Geophys. Res., 21(3-4), 259-268, doi:10.1023/A:1026713909204. (Pubitemid 32175018)
75. Michibayashi, K., I. Toshiki, and K. Kanagawa (2006), The effect of dynamic recrystallization on olivine fabric and seismic anisotropy: Insight from a ductile shear zone, Oman ophiolite, Earth Planet. Sci Lett., 244, 695-708, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.019.
76. Newman, J., W. M. Lamb, M. R. Drury, and R. L. M. Vissers (1999) Deformation processes in a peridotite shear zone: Reaction-softening by an H2O-deficient, continuous net transfer reaction, Tectonophysics 303(1-4), 193-222, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00259-5. (Pubitemid 29263565)
77. Nicolas, A., and J. P. Poirier (1976), Crystalline Plasticity and Solid State Flow in Metamorphic Rocks, John Wiley, London.
78. Nicolas, A., F. Boudier, and A. M. Boullier (1973), Mechanisms offlow in naturally and experimentally deformed peridotites, Am. J. Sci., 273(10) 853-876, doi:10.2475/ajs.273.10.853.
79. Nicolas, A., F. Boudier, and G. Ceuleneer (1988), Mantle flow patterns and magma chambers at ocean ridges: Evidence from the Oman ophiolite Mar. Geophys. Res., 9(4), 293-310, doi:10.1007/BF00315002.
80. Nicolas, A., E. Boudier, B. Ildefonse, and E. Ball (2000a), Accretion of Oman and United Arab Emirates ophiolite-Discussion of a new structural map, Mar. Geophys. Res., 21(3-4), 147-180, doi:10.1023/A:1026769727917. (Pubitemid 32177194)
81. Nicolas, A., B. Ildefonse, F. Boudier, X. Lenoir, and W. Ben Ismail (2000b), Dike distribution in the Oman-United Arab Emirates ophiolite Mar. Geophys. Res., 21(3-4), 269-287, doi:10.1023/A:1026718026951 (Pubitemid 32175019)
82. Olgaard, D. L. (1990), The role of second phase in localizing deformation Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 54, 175-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.17
83. Precigout, J., F. Gueydan, D. Gapais, C. J. Garrido, and A. Essaifi (2007) Strain localisation in the subcontinental mantle-A ductile alternative to the brittle mantle, Tectonophysics, 445(3-4), 318-336, doi:10.1016/j.tecto. 2007.09.002. (Pubitemid 350182221)
84. Raleigh, C. B., S. H. Kirby, N. L. Carter, and H. G. Avé Lallemant (1971) Slip and clinoenstatite transformation as competing rate processes in enstatite, J. Geophys. Res., 76(17), 4011-4022, doi:10.1029/JB076i017p04011.
85. Ramsay, J. G. (1980), Shear zone geometry: A review, J. Struct. Geol. 2(1-2), 83-99, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(80)90038-3.
86. Ramsay, J. G., and M. I. Huber (1983), The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, vol. 1, Strain Analysis, Academic, London.
87. Ree, J.-H. (1994), Grain boundary sliding and development of grain boundary openings in experimentally deformed octachloropropane, J. Struct Geol., 16(3), 403-418, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(94)90044-2. (Pubitemid 24425128)
88. Rioux, M., S. A. Bowring, and P. B. Kelemen (2008), Timescales of crustal accretion at a medium to fast spreading ridge: High precision U-Pb Zircon dating of the intrusive crust of the cretaceous Oman ophiolite, Eos Trans AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V44B-02.
89. Ross, J. V., and K. C. Nielsen (1978), High-temperature flow of wet poly-crystalline enstatite, Tectonophysics, 44(1-4), 233-261, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(78)90072-0.
90. Rutter, E. H., M. Casey, and L. Burlini (1994), Preferred crystallographic orientation development during the plastc and superplastic flow of calcite rocks,J. Struct. Geol., 16(10), 1431-1446, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(94) 90007-8.
91. Searle, M., and J. Cox (1999), Tectonic setting, origin, and obduction of the Oman ophiolite, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111(1), 104-122, doi:10.1130/0016- 7606(1999)1112.3.CO;2. (Pubitemid 29212540)
92. Searle, R. C., and J. Escartin (2004), The rheology and morphology of oceanic lithosphere and mid-ocean ridges, in Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydro-thermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans, Geophys Monogr. Ser.,vol. 148, editedby C. R. German, J. Lin, andL. M. Parson pp. 63-93, AGU, Washington, D. C.
93. Skemer, P., I. Katayama, Z. Jiang, and S. Karato (2005), The misorientation index: Development of a new method for calculating the strength of lattice-preferred orientation, Tectonophysics, 411(1-4), 157-167, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.08.023. (Pubitemid 43024593)
94. Skemer, P., J. M. Warren, P. B. Kelemen, and G. Hirth (2010), Microstruc-tural and rheological evolution of a mantle shear zone, J. Petrol. ,51(1-2), 43-53, doi:10.1093/petrology/egp057.
95. Smith, C. S. (1948), Grains, phases and interphases: An interpretation of microstructure, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., 175, 15-51.
96. Song, W. J., and J. H. Ree (2007), Effect of mica on the grain size of dynamically recrystallized quartz in a quartz-muscovite mylonite, J. Struct. Geol., 29(12), 1872-1881, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2007.09.011. (Pubitemid 350193981)
97. Tommasi, A., D. Mainprice, G. Canova, and Y. Chastel (2000), Viscoplastic self-consistent and equilibrium-based modeling of olivine lattice pre-ferred orientations: Implications for the upper mantle seismic anisotropy, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B4), 7893-7908, doi:10.1029/1999JB900411.
98. Toy, V. G., J. Newman, W. Lamb, and B. Tikoff(2010), The role ofpyr-oxenites in formation of shear instabilities in the mantle: Evidence from an ultramafic ultramylonite, Twin Sisters massif, Washington, J. Petrol., 51(1-2), 55-80, doi:10.1093/petrology/egp059.
99. Tullis, T. E., F. G. Horowitz, and J. Tullis (1991), Flow laws ofpolyphase aggregates from end-member flow laws, J. Geophys. Res., 96(B5), 8081-8096, doi:10.1029/90JB02491.
100. Twiss, R. J. (1977), Theory and applicability of a recrystallized grain-size paleopiezometer, Pure Appl. Geophys., 115(1-2), 227-244, doi:10.1007/BF01637105.
101. Van der Wal, D., P. Chopra, M. R. Drury, and J. D. Fitz Gerald (1993), Relationships between dynamically recrystallized grain-size and deformation conditions in experimentally deformed olivine rocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(14), 1479-1482, doi:10.1029/93GL01382. (Pubitemid 24418730)
102. Vissers, R. L. M., M. R. Drury, E. H. H. Strating, C. J. Spiers, and D. Van der Wal (1995), Mantle shear zones and their effect on lithosphere strength during continental breakup, Tectonophysics, 249(3-4), 155-171, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00033-J. (Pubitemid 26460408)
103. Vissers, R. L. M., M. R. Drury, J. Newman, and T. F. Fliervoet (1997), Mylonitic deformation in upper mantle peridotites of the North Pyrenean Zone (France): Implications for strength and strain localization in the lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 279(1-4), 303-325, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00128-5.
104. Warren, J. M., and G. Hirth (2006), Grain size sensitive deformation mechanisms in naturally deformed peridotites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248(1-2), 423-435, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.006. (Pubitemid 44138534)
105. Warren, J. M., G. Hirth, and P. B. Kelemen (2008), Evolution ofolivine lattice preferred orientation during simple shear in the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 272(3-4), 501-512, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.063.
106. White, S. (1977), Geological significance ofrecovery and recrysrallization processes in quartz, Tectonophysics, 39(1-3), 143-170, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(77)90093-2.
107. Wiens, D. A., and S. Stein (1983), Age dependence ofoceanic intraplate seismicity and implications for lithospheric evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 88(B8), 6455-6468, doi:10.1029/JB088iB08p06455. (Pubitemid 14454199)
108. Zhang, S. Q., and S. Karato (1995), Lattice preferred orientation ofolivine aggregates deformed in simple shear, Nature, 375(6534), 774-777, doi:10.1038/375774a0.