Mediators of the relationship between socioeconomic status and allostatic load in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study (CHASRS)

Psychophysiology

Volumn 48, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1134-1145

  Hawkley, Louise C ^a   Lavelle, Leah A ^a   Berntson, Gary G ^b   Cacioppo, John T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Allostatic load; Hostility; Sleep quality; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959985844     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01185.x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health. The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49, 15-24. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.49.1.15
2. Adler, N. E., & Ostrove, J. M. (1999). Socioeconomic status and health: What we know and what we don't. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 3-15. doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x
3. Berkman, L. F., & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109, 186-204.
4. Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2000). From homeostasis to allodynamic regulation. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp. 459-481). New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213. doi: DOI: 0165-1781(89)90047-4
6. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2007). The brain, homeostasis, and health: Balancing demands of the internal and external milieu. In H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 73-91). New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Carroll, D., Davey, S. G., Sheffield, D., Shipley, M. J., & Marmot, M. G. (1997). The relationship between socioeconomic status, hostility, and blood pressure reactions to mental stress in men: Data from the Whitehall II study. Health Psychology, 16, 131-136. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.16.2.131
8. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
9. Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987). A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40, 373-383. doi: DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8
10. Chen, E., & Matthews, K. A. (2001). Cognitive appraisal biases: An approach to understanding the relation between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity in children. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 101-111. doi: DOI: 10.1207/S15324796ABM2302-4
11. Clark, M. S., Bond, M. J., & Hecker, J. R. (2007). Environmental stress, psychological stress and allostatic load. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12, 18-30. doi: DOI: 10.1080/13548500500429338
12. Cohen, S. (2008). Basic psychometrics for the ISEL 12-item scale. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from
13. Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
14. Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and Pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Applied Psychology, 38, 414-418. doi: DOI: 10.1037/h0060667
15. Cosway, R., Endler, N. S., Sadler, A. J., & Deary, I. J. (2000). The coping inventory for stressful situations: Factorial structure and associations with personality traits and psychological health. Journal of Applied Behavioural Research, 5, 121-143. doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2000tb00069.x
16. Crimmins, E. M., Johnston, M., Hayward, M., & Seeman, T. (2003). Age differences in allostatic load: An index of physiological dysregulation. Experimental Gerontology, 38, 731-734. doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0531-5565(03)00099-8
17. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. doi: DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901-13
18. Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., Kortteinen, M., & Tuomikoski, H. (2001). Socioeconomic status, hostility and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 303-315. doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00137-9
19. Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 6545-6549. doi: DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811910106
20. Fredrickson, B. L., Maynard, K. E., Helms, M. J., Haney, T. L., Siegler, I. C., & Barefoot, J. C. (2000). Hostility predicts magnitude and duration of blood pressure response to anger. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 229-243. doi: DOI: 10.1023/A:1005596208324
21. Friedman, E. M. P., Love, G. D. P., Rosenkranz, M. A., Urry, H. L. P., Davidson, R. J. P., Singer, B. H. P., & Ryff, C. D. (2007). Socioeconomic status predicts objective and subjective sleep quality in aging women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 682-691. doi: DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31814ceada
22. Gallo, L. C., Smith, T. W., & Cox, C. M. (2006). Socioeconomic status, psychosocial processes, and perceived health: An interpersonal perspective. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 109-119. doi: DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm3102-2
23. Glei, D. A., Goldman, N., Chuang, Y. L., & Weinstein, M. (2007). Do chronic stressors lead to physiological dysregulation? Testing the theory of allostatic load. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 769-776. doi: DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318157cba6
24. Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the big-five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42. doi: DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
25. Govil, S. R., Weidner, G., Merritt-Worden, T., & Ornish, D. (2009). Socioeconomic status and improvements in lifestyle, coronary risk factors, and quality of life: The Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1263-1270. doi: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132852
26. Gruenewald, T. L., Seeman, T. E., Ryff, C. D., Karlamangla, A. S., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality. PNAS, 103, 14158-14163. doi: DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606215103.
27. Gump, B. B., Matthews, K. A., & Räikkönen, K. (1999). Modeling relationships among socioeconomic status, hostility, cardiovascular reactivity, and left ventricular mass in African American and White children. Health Psychology, 18, 140-150. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.18.2.140
28. Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychology and Aging, 21, 152-164. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152
29. Hobson, C. J., Kamen, J., Szostek, J., Nethercut, C. M., Tiedmann, J. W., & Wojnarowicz, S. (1998). Stressful life events: A revision and update of the social readjustment rating scale. International Journal of Stress Management, 5, 1-23. doi: DOI: 10.1023/A:1022978019315
30. Hornung, R. W., & Reed, L. D. (1990). Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 5, 46-51.
31. Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys-Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26, 655-672. doi: DOI: 10.1177/0164027504268574
32. Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Ross, R. (2002). Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: Evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health Guidelines. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 2074-2079. doi: DOI: 10.1001/archinte.162.18.2074
33. Karlamangla, A. S., Singer, B. H., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Allostatic load as a predictor of functional decline MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 696-710. doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00399-2
34. Katz, J. N., Chang, L. C., Sangha, O., Fossel, A. H., & Bates, D. W. (1996). Can comorbidity be measured by questionnaire rather than medical record review? Medical Care, 34, 73-84. doi: DOI: 10.1097/00005650-199601000-00006
35. Kinnunen, M.-L., Kaprio, J., & Pulkkinen, L. (2005). Allostatic load of men and women in early middle age. Journal of Individual Differences, 26, 20-28. doi: DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.26.1.20
36. Kubzansky, L. D., Kawachi, I., & Sparrow, D. (1999). Socioeconomic status, hostility, and risk factor clustering in the Normative Aging Study: Any help from the concept of allostatic load? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 330-338. doi: DOI: 10.1007/BF02895966
37. Kumar, B., Tilea, A., Gillespie, B. W., Zhang, X., Kiser, M., Eisele, G., Saran, R. (2010). Significance of self-reported sleep quality (SQ) in chronic kidney disease (CKD): The Renal Research Institute (RRI)-CKD study. Clinical Nephrology, 73, 104-114.
38. Langsted, A., Freiberg, J. J., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2008). Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: Influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation, 118, 2047-2056. doi: DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804146
39. Little, R. R. (2003). Glycated hemoglobin standardization-National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) perspective. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 41, 1191-1198. doi: DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2003.183
40. Marler, M. R., Jacob, R. G., Lehoczky, J. P., & Shapiro, A. P. (1988). The statistical analysis of treatment effects in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Statistics in Medicine, 7, 697-716. doi: DOI: 10.1002/sim.4780070608
41. Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet, 365, 1099-1104. doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71146-6
42. Maselko, J. S., Kubzansky, L. P., Kawachi, I. M. D. P., Seeman, T. P., & Berkman, L. P. (2007). Religious service attendance and allostatic load among high-functioning elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 464-472. doi: DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31806c7c57
43. Masi, C. M., Rickett, E. M., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Gender and ethnic differences in urinary stress hormones: The population-based Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 97, 941-947. doi: DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00256.2004
44. Matthews, K. A., Gallo, L. C., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections?: A progress report and blueprint for the future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 146-173. doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05332.x
45. McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093-2101. doi: DOI: 10.1001/archinte.153.18.2093
46. McPhillips, J. B., Pellettera, K. M., Barrett-Connor, E., Wingard, D. L., & Criqui, M. H. (1989). Exercise patterns in a population of older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5, 65-72.
47. Merjonen, P., Pulkki-Rêaback, L., Puttonen, S., Keskivaara, P., Juonala, M., Telama, R., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2008). Anger is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in low SES but not in higher SES men and women. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 35-44. doi: DOI: 10.1007/s10865-007-9131-6
48. Mora, S., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2008). Fasting compared with nonfasting lipids and apolipoproteins for predicting incident cardiovascular events. Circulation, 118, 993-1001. doi: DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.777334
49. Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual wellbeing and quality of life. In L. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 224-237). New York: Wiley.
50. Pouliot, M. C., Despres, J. P., Lemieux, S., Moorjani, S., Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J. (1994). Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: Best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. American Journal of Cardiology, 73, 460-468. doi: DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90676-9
51. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731.
52. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. doi: DOI: 10.1177/014662167700100306
53. Räikkönen, K., Matthews, K. A., & Salomon, K. (2003). Hostility predicts metabolic syndrome risk factors in children and adolescents. Health Psychology, 22, 279-286. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.22.3.279
54. Reuben, D. B., Talvi, S. L. A., Rowe, J. W., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). High urinary catecholamine excretion predicts mortality and functional decline in high-functioning community-dwelling older persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55, M618-M624.
55. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
56. Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2004). Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of "broken windows." Social Psychology Quarterly, 67, 319-342. doi: DOI: 10.1177/019027250406700401
57. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (2004). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924. doi: DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918
58. Santee, J. (2002). Accuracy and precision of the Cholestech LDX System in monitoring blood lipid levels. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59, 1774-1779.
59. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078. doi: DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
60. Schnorpfeil, P., Noll, A., Schulze, R., Ehlert, U., Frey, K., & Fischer, J. E. (2003). Allostatic load and work conditions. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 647-656. doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00407-0
61. Seeman, T. E., Crimmins, E., Huang, M. H., Singer, B., Bucur, A., Gruenewald, T., Reuben, D. B. (2004). Cumulative biological risk and socio-economic differences in mortality: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1985-1997. doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00402-7
62. Seeman, T., Merkin, S. S., Crimmins, E., Koretz, B., Charette, S., & Karlamangla, A. (2008). Education, income and ethnic differences in cumulative biological risk profiles in a national sample of U.S. adults: NHANES III (1988-1994). Social Science and Medicine, 66, 72-87. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.08.027
63. Seeman, T. E., Singer, B. H., Rowe, J. W., Horwitz, R. I., & McEwen, B. S. (1997). Price of adaptation-Allostatic load and its health consequences. MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 2259-2268. doi: DOI: 10.1001/archinte.157.19.2259
64. Seeman, T. E., Singer, B. H., Ryff, C. D., Dienberg Love, G., & Levy-Storms, L. (2002). Social relationships, gender, and allostatic load across two age cohorts. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 395-406.
65. Shen, B.-J., Countryman, A. J., Spiro, III, A., & Niaura, R. (2008). The prospective contribution of hostility characteristics to high fasting glucose levels. The moderating role of marital status. Diabetes Care, 31, 1293-1298. doi: DOI: 10.2337/dc07-1945
66. Singer, B., & Ryff, C. D. (1999). Hierarchies of life histories and associated health risks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 96-115. doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08108.x
67. Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629-649). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
68. Sun, J., Wang, S., Zhang, J.-Q., & Li, W. (2007). Assessing the cumulative effects of stress: The association between job stress and allostatic load in a large sample of Chinese employees. Work & Stress, 21, 333-347. doi: DOI: 10.1080/02678370701742748
69. Szanton, S., Gill, J., & Allen, J. (2005). Allostatic load: A mechanism of socioeconomic health disparities? Biological Research for Nursing, 7, 7-15. doi: DOI: 10.1177/1099800405278216
70. Taylor, R. W., Jones, I. E., Williams, S. M., & Goulding, A. (2000). Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 490-495.
71. Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995). The epidemiology of social stress. American Sociological Review, 60, 104-125. doi: DOI: 10.2307/2096348
72. Van, C. E., & Spiegel, K. (1999). Sleep as a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and health: A hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 254-61. doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08120.x
73. Visscher, T. L., Seidell, J. C., Molarius, A., van der Kuip, D., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J. C. (2001). A comparison of body mass index, waist-hip ratio and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality among the elderly: The Rotterdam Study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 1730-1735. doi: DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801787
74. Weidner, G., Connor, S. L., & Hollis, J. F. (1992). Improvements in hostility and depression in relation to dietary change and cholesterol lowering: The Family Heart Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 820-823.
75. Weidner, J., Sexton, G., McLellarn, R., Connor, S. L., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1987). The role of type A behavior and hostility in an elevation of plasma lipids in adult women and men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 136-145.
76. Weinstein, M., Goldman, N., Hedley, A., Yu-Hsuan, L., & Seeman, T. (2003). Social linkages to biological markers of health among the elderly. Journal of Biosocial Science, 35, 433-453. doi: DOI: 10.1017/S0021932003004334