메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 258, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 728-739

Managing MS in a changing treatment landscape

Author keywords

Cladribine; Fingolimod; Glatiramer acetate; Interferon beta; Mitoxantrone; Multiple sclerosis; Natalizumab

Indexed keywords

BETA INTERFERON; BETA1A INTERFERON; CLADRIBINE; FINGOLIMOD; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MITOXANTRONE; MOVECTRO; NATALIZUMAB; PLACEBO; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 79959980415     PISSN: 03405354     EISSN: 14321459     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6009-x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (21)

References (123)
  • 1
    • 0029913882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
    • Lublin FD, Reingold SC (1996) Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 46:907-911
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 907-911
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Reingold, S.C.2
  • 2
    • 33947509525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: An overview
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x
    • Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF (2007) The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 17:210-218 (Pubitemid 46466140)
    • (2007) Brain Pathology , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 210-218
    • Lassmann, H.1    Bruck, W.2    Lucchinetti, C.F.3
  • 3
    • 0036788406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time
    • Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A et al (2002) Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 125:2202-2212
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 2202-2212
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Lingfeld, G.2    Bitsch, A.3
  • 5
    • 0024796845 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study. 2. Predictive value of the early clinical course
    • Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP et al (1989) The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 2. Predictive value of the early clinical course. Brain 112(Pt 6):1419-1428 (Pubitemid 20024212)
    • (1989) Brain , vol.112 , Issue.6 , pp. 1419-1428
    • Weinshenker, B.G.1    Bass, B.2    Rice, G.P.A.3    Noseworthy, J.4    Carriere, W.5    Baskerville, J.6    Ebers, G.C.7
  • 6
    • 17144473390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural History of multiple sclerosis
    • Ebers GC (2001) Natural History of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71: ii16-ii19
    • (2001) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.71
    • Ebers, G.C.1
  • 9
    • 33845537467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review
    • DOI 10.1001/archneur.63.12.1686
    • Langer-Gould A, Popat RA, Huang SM et al (2006) Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Arch Neurol 63:1686-1691 (Pubitemid 44925075)
    • (2006) Archives of Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.12 , pp. 1686-1691
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Popat, R.A.2    Huang, S.M.3    Cobb, K.4    Fontoura, P.5    Gould, M.K.6    Nelson, L.M.7
  • 10
    • 0034955141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
    • McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G et al (2001) Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 50:121-127
    • (2001) Ann Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 121-127
    • McDonald, W.I.1    Compston, A.2    Edan, G.3
  • 12
    • 74249112995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-beta mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis
    • Dhib-Jalbut S, Marks S (2010) Interferon-beta mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74(Suppl 1):S17-S24
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Dhib-Jalbut, S.1    Marks, S.2
  • 13
    • 74249111385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis
    • Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE, Karandikar NJ (2010) The mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74(Suppl 1):S25-S30
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Racke, M.K.1    Lovett-Racke, A.E.2    Karandikar, N.J.3
  • 14
    • 77957062260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuroprotective autoimmunity: Therapeutic implications in a model of multiple sclerosis
    • Linker RA, Lee D-H, Demir S et al (2010) Functional role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuroprotective autoimmunity: therapeutic implications in a model of multiple sclerosis. Brain 133:2248-2263
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 2248-2263
    • Linker, R.A.1    Lee, D.-H.2    Demir, S.3
  • 15
    • 0027521002 scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo - Controlled trial
    • Paty DW, Li DK (1993) Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI Study Group and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 43:662-667 (Pubitemid 23121952)
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 662-667
    • Paty, D.W.1    Li, D.K.B.2
  • 16
    • 0027418515 scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
    • IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
    • The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1993) Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 43:655-661
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 655-661
  • 17
    • 0029161628 scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group
    • IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
    • The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (1995) Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Neurology 45:1277-1285
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1277-1285
  • 18
    • 0037154192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American academy of neurology and the MS council for clinical practice guidelines
    • Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Garmany GP Jr et al (2002) Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Neurology 58:169-178 (Pubitemid 34086933)
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-178
    • Goodin, D.S.1    Frohman, E.M.2    Garmany Jr., G.P.3    Halper, J.4    Likosky, W.H.5    Lublin, F.D.6    Silberberg, D.H.7    Stuart, W.H.8    Van Den Noort, S.9
  • 19
    • 56349150992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis: Current therapeutic recommendations
    • Wiendl H, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P et al (2008) Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis: current therapeutic recommendations. J Neurol 255:1449-1463
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 1449-1463
    • Wiendl, H.1    Toyka, K.V.2    Rieckmann, P.3
  • 20
    • 0032494792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon β-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10039-9
    • Kappos L, European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary progressive MS (1998) Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Lancet 352:1491-1497 (Pubitemid 28512924)
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , Issue.9139 , pp. 1491-1497
    • Kappos, L.1    Polman, C.2    Pozzilli, C.3    Thompson, A.4    Dahlke, F.5
  • 21
    • 8844222623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: Results from a 3-year controlled study
    • Panitch H, Miller A, Paty D et al (2004) Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study. Neurology 63:1788-1795 (Pubitemid 39532370)
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.10 , pp. 1788-1795
    • Panitch, H.1
  • 23
    • 0345601517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group
    • PRISMS Study Group
    • PRISMS Study Group (1998) Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Lancet 352:1498-1504
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1498-1504
  • 24
    • 0032864616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-β1a in relapsing- remitting multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1002/1531-8249(199908)46:2<197::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-P
    • Li DK, Paty DW (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRISMS trial: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon-beta1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Prevention of relapses and disability by interferon-beta1a subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 46:197-206 (Pubitemid 29382876)
    • (1999) Annals of Neurology , vol.46 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-206
    • Li, D.K.B.1    Paty, D.W.2
  • 25
    • 0029082566 scopus 로고
    • Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicenter, doubleblind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
    • Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA et al (1995) Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, doubleblind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 45:1268-1276
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1268-1276
    • Johnson, K.P.1    Brooks, B.R.2    Cohen, J.A.3
  • 26
    • 0035091667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.64
    • Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS (2001) European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group. Ann Neurol 49:290-297 (Pubitemid 32202781)
    • (2001) Annals of Neurology , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-297
    • Comi, G.1    Filippi, M.2    Wolinsky, J.S.3
  • 27
    • 0037056364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefit of interferon beta-1a on MSFC progression in secondary progressive MS
    • Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Fischer JS et al (2002) Benefit of interferon beta-1a on MSFC progression in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 59:679-687
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 679-687
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Cutter, G.R.2    Fischer, J.S.3
  • 28
    • 0035849496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: Clinical results
    • SPECTRIMS Study Group
    • SPECTRIMS Study Group (2001) Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: clinical results. Neurology 56:1496-1504
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1496-1504
  • 29
    • 0035849494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: MRI results
    • Li DKB, Zhao GJ, Paty DW (2001) Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: MRI results. Neurology 56:1505-1513 (Pubitemid 32532262)
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , Issue.11 , pp. 1505-1513
    • Li, D.K.B.1    Zhao, G.J.2    Paty, D.W.3
  • 31
    • 0037181634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: Results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN)
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08430-1
    • Durelli L, Verdun E, Barbero P et al (2002) Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet 359:1453-1460 (Pubitemid 34457761)
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , Issue.9316 , pp. 1453-1460
    • Durelli, L.1    Verdun, E.2    Barbero, P.3    Bergui, M.4    Versino, E.5    Ghezzi, A.6    Montanari, E.7    Zaffaroni, M.8
  • 32
    • 69949098534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A prospective, randomised, multicentre study
    • O'Connor P, Filippi M, Arnason B et al (2009) 250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 8:889-897
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 889-897
    • O'Connor, P.1    Filippi, M.2    Arnason, B.3
  • 33
    • 67649476210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of treatment of MS with IFNbeta-1b or glatiramer acetate by monthly brain MRI in the BECOME study
    • Cadavid D, Wolansky LJ, Skurnick J et al (2009) Efficacy of treatment of MS with IFNbeta-1b or glatiramer acetate by monthly brain MRI in the BECOME study. Neurology 72:1976-1983
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1976-1983
    • Cadavid, D.1    Wolansky, L.J.2    Skurnick, J.3
  • 34
    • 51449101000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): A multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial
    • Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P et al (2008) Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 7:903-914
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 903-914
    • Mikol, D.D.1    Barkhof, F.2    Chang, P.3
  • 36
    • 0034727059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group
    • Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH et al (2000) Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med 343:898-904
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 898-904
    • Jacobs, L.D.1    Beck, R.W.2    Simon, J.H.3
  • 40
    • 70350786389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Comi G, Martinelli V, Rodegher M et al (2009) Effect of glatiramer acetate on conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (PreCISe study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 374:1503-1511
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 1503-1511
    • Comi, G.1    Martinelli, V.2    Rodegher, M.3
  • 41
    • 33645100122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IM interferon β-1a delays definite multiple sclerosis 5 years after a first demyelinating event
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000200778.65597.ae, PII 0000611420060314000014
    • Kinkel RP, Kollman C, O'Connor P et al (2006) IM interferon beta-1a delays definite multiple sclerosis 5 years after a first demyelinating event. Neurology 66:678-684 (Pubitemid 43739821)
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 678-684
    • Kinkel, R.P.1
  • 42
    • 72049130986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHAMPIONS extension study: 10 year follow-up after a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) in high risk patients
    • Kinkel RP, Tanner JP, Simon J, et al. (2009) CHAMPIONS extension study: 10 year follow-up after a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) in high risk patients. Neurology 72
    • (2009) Neurology , pp. 72
    • Kinkel, R.P.1    Tanner, J.P.2    Simon, J.3
  • 43
    • 70449713830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effect of early treatment with interferon beta-1b after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: 5-year active treatment extension of the phase 3 BENEFIT trial
    • Kappos L, Freedman MS, Polman CH et al (2009) Long-term effect of early treatment with interferon beta-1b after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: 5-year active treatment extension of the phase 3 BENEFIT trial. Lancet Neurol 8:987-997
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 987-997
    • Kappos, L.1    Freedman, M.S.2    Polman, C.H.3
  • 46
    • 70449418132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial
    • Hawker K, O'Connor P, Freedman MS et al (2009) Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 66:460-471
    • (2009) Ann Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 460-471
    • Hawker, K.1    O'Connor, P.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 47
    • 0022450390 scopus 로고
    • Selective immunomodulation by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. I. Suppression of B lymphocyte function
    • Fidler JM, DeJoy SQ, Gibbons JJ Jr (1986) Selective immunomodulation by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. I. Suppression of B lymphocyte function. J Immunol 137:727-732 (Pubitemid 16045109)
    • (1986) Journal of Immunology , vol.137 , Issue.2 , pp. 727-732
    • Fidler, J.M.1    DeJoy, S.Q.2    Gibbons Jr., J.J.3
  • 48
    • 0022635318 scopus 로고
    • Selective immunomodulation by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. II. Nonspecific adherent suppressor cells derived from mitoxantrone-treated mice
    • Fidler JM, DeJoy SQ, Smith FR 3rd et al (1986) Selective immunomodulation by the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. II. Nonspecific adherent suppressor cells derived from mitoxantrone-treated mice. J Immunol 136:2747-2754 (Pubitemid 16107173)
    • (1986) Journal of Immunology , vol.136 , Issue.8 , pp. 2747-2754
    • Fidler, J.M.1    DeJoy, S.Q.2    Smith III, F.R.3    Gibbons Jr., J.J.4
  • 49
    • 11244349904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone induces cell death in peripheral blood leucocytes of multiple sclerosis patients
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02653.x
    • Chan A, Weilbach FX, Toyka KV et al (2005) Mitoxantrone induces cell death in peripheral blood leucocytes of multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 139:152-158 (Pubitemid 40066141)
    • (2005) Clinical and Experimental Immunology , vol.139 , Issue.1 , pp. 152-158
    • Chan, A.1    Weilbach, F.X.2    Toyka, K.V.3    Gold, R.4
  • 55
    • 77951828930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence report: The efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Marriott JJ, Miyasaki JM, Gronseth G et al (2010) Evidence report: the efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 74:1463-1470
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 1463-1470
    • Marriott, J.J.1    Miyasaki, J.M.2    Gronseth, G.3
  • 56
    • 77953206986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiotoxicity and other adverse events associated with mitoxantrone treatment for MS
    • Kingwell E, Koch M, Leung B et al (2010) Cardiotoxicity and other adverse events associated with mitoxantrone treatment for MS. Neurology 74:1822-1826
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 1822-1826
    • Kingwell, E.1    Koch, M.2    Leung, B.3
  • 57
    • 79960015388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 20 January 2011
    • Novantrone Prescribing Information (2009). http://www.novantrone.com/ assets/pdf/novantrone-prescribing-info.pdf. Accessed 20 January 2011
    • (2009) Novantrone Prescribing Information
  • 59
    • 58249085252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and risk factors of mitoxantrone-induced amenorrhea in multiple sclerosis: The FEMIMS study
    • Cocco E, Sardu C, Gallo P et al (2008) Frequency and risk factors of mitoxantrone-induced amenorrhea in multiple sclerosis: the FEMIMS study. Mult Scler 14:1225-1233
    • (2008) Mult Scler , vol.14 , pp. 1225-1233
    • Cocco, E.1    Sardu, C.2    Gallo, P.3
  • 60
    • 71549134054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABC-transporter genepolymorphisms are potential pharmacogenetic markers for mitoxantrone response in multiple sclerosis
    • Cotte S, von Ahsen N, Kruse N et al (2009) ABC-transporter genepolymorphisms are potential pharmacogenetic markers for mitoxantrone response in multiple sclerosis. Brain 132:2517-2530
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 2517-2530
    • Cotte, S.1    Von Ahsen, N.2    Kruse, N.3
  • 61
    • 59249089860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of induction and escalation therapy in multiple sclerosis
    • Rieckmann P (2009) Concepts of induction and escalation therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 277(Suppl 1):S42-S45
    • (2009) J Neurol Sci , vol.277 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Rieckmann, P.1
  • 62
    • 79960030281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two therapeutic strategies in aggressive relapsing-remitting MS: Mitoxantrone as induction for 6 months followed by interferonb-1b versus interferon-b-1b. A 3-Year Randomized Trial
    • Chicago
    • Le Page E, Comi G, Filippi M et al (2008) Comparison of two therapeutic strategies in aggressive relapsing-remitting MS: mitoxantrone as induction for 6 months followed by interferonb-1b versus interferon-b-1b. A 3-Year Randomized Trial. American Academy of Neurology, 60th Annual Meeting, Chicago: S22.004
    • (2008) American Academy of Neurology, 60th Annual Meeting
    • Le Page, E.1    Comi, G.2    Filippi, M.3
  • 63
    • 56349112817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate after mitoxantrone induction improves MRI markers of lesion volume and permanent tissue injury in MS
    • Arnold DL, Campagnolo D, Panitch H et al (2008) Glatiramer acetate after mitoxantrone induction improves MRI markers of lesion volume and permanent tissue injury in MS. J Neurol 255:1473-1478
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Arnold, D.L.1    Campagnolo, D.2    Panitch, H.3
  • 65
    • 37749016994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone as induction treatment in aggressive relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: Treatment response factors in a 5 year follow-up observational study of 100 consecutive patients
    • Le Page E, Leray E, Taurin G et al (2008) Mitoxantrone as induction treatment in aggressive relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: treatment response factors in a 5 year follow-up observational study of 100 consecutive patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:52-56
    • (2008) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.79 , pp. 52-56
    • Le Page, E.1    Leray, E.2    Taurin, G.3
  • 66
    • 33749432012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential maintenance treatment with glatiramer acetate after mitoxantrone is safe and can limit exposure to immunosuppression in very active, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1007/s00415-006-0178-z
    • Ramtahal J, Jacob A, Das K et al (2006) Sequential maintenance treatment with glatiramer acetate after mitoxantrone is safe and can limit exposure to immunosuppression in very active, relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 253:1160-1164 (Pubitemid 44511472)
    • (2006) Journal of Neurology , vol.253 , Issue.9 , pp. 1160-1164
    • Ramtahal, J.1    Jacob, A.2    Das, K.3    Boggild, M.4
  • 67
    • 53649090647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction and add-on therapy with mitoxantrone and interferon beta in multiple sclerosis
    • Zaffaroni M, Rizzo A, Baldini SM et al (2008) Induction and add-on therapy with mitoxantrone and interferon beta in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 29(Suppl 2):S230-S232
    • (2008) Neurol Sci , vol.29 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Zaffaroni, M.1    Rizzo, A.2    Baldini, S.M.3
  • 68
    • 6944241969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase II trial of mitoxantrone in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Kita M, Cohen JA, Fox RJ et al (2004) A phase II trial of mitoxantrone in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62:A99
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.62
    • Kita, M.1    Cohen, J.A.2    Fox, R.J.3
  • 69
    • 3042739652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4-integrin antagonist selective adhesion molecule inhibitors for MS
    • DOI 10.1586/14737175.4.4.571
    • Rudick RA, Sandrock A (2004) Natalizumab: alpha 4-integrin antagonist selective adhesion molecule inhibitors for MS. Expert Rev Neurother 4:571-580 (Pubitemid 38890585)
    • (2004) Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 571-580
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Sandrock, A.2
  • 70
    • 0028987311 scopus 로고
    • A monoclonal antibody to alpha 4 integrin suppresses and reverses active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
    • Kent SJ, Karlik SJ, Cannon C et al (1995) A monoclonal antibody to alpha 4 integrin suppresses and reverses active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 58:1-10
    • (1995) J Neuroimmunol , vol.58 , pp. 1-10
    • Kent, S.J.1    Karlik, S.J.2    Cannon, C.3
  • 71
    • 33644584352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E et al (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354:899-910
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 899-910
    • Polman, C.H.1    O'Connor, P.W.2    Havrdova, E.3
  • 72
    • 67349250932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: Subgroup analyses of AFFIRM and SENTINEL
    • Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Calabresi PA et al (2009) The efficacy of natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of AFFIRM and SENTINEL. J Neurol 256:405-415
    • (2009) J Neurol , vol.256 , pp. 405-415
    • Hutchinson, M.1    Kappos, L.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 73
    • 33644608613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA et al (2006) Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 354:911-923
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 911-923
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Stuart, W.H.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 76
    • 60049089535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of natalizumab on clinical and radiological disease activity in multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis of the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) study
    • Havrdova E, Galetta S, Hutchinson M et al (2009) Effect of natalizumab on clinical and radiological disease activity in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) study. Lancet Neurol 8:254-260
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 254-260
    • Havrdova, E.1    Galetta, S.2    Hutchinson, M.3
  • 77
    • 79960014847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained improvement in physical disability with Natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Seattle, P06.131
    • Munschauer F, Giovannoni G, Lublin F et al (2009) Sustained improvement in physical disability with Natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. American Academy of Neurology, Seattle, P06.131
    • (2009) American Academy of Neurology
    • Munschauer, F.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Lublin, F.3
  • 79
    • 22844439662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa051782
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Tyler KL (2005) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 353:369-374 (Pubitemid 41132341)
    • (2005) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.353 , Issue.4 , pp. 369-374
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K.1    Tyler, K.L.2
  • 80
    • 70149100005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with natalizumab
    • Wenning W, Haghikia A, Laubenberger J et al (2009) Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 361:1075-1080
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.361 , pp. 1075-1080
    • Wenning, W.1    Haghikia, A.2    Laubenberger, J.3
  • 81
    • 79959936516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UPDATE on Tysabri and PML, Accessed 04 March 2011
    • (2011) UPDATE on Tysabri and PML. Sponsor and FDA provide information on cases and risks. http://www.nationalmssociety.org/news/news-detail/index.aspx? nid=2308. Accessed 04 March 2011
    • (2011) Sponsor and FDA Provide Information on Cases and Risks
  • 82
    • 70149089482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic reactivation of JC virus in patients treated with natalizumab
    • Chen Y, Bord E, Tompkins T et al (2009) Asymptomatic reactivation of JC virus in patients treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 361:1067-1074
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.361 , pp. 1067-1074
    • Chen, Y.1    Bord, E.2    Tompkins, T.3
  • 83
    • 76449101519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to JC virus in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study
    • Jilek S, Jaquiery E, Hirsch HH et al (2010) Immune responses to JC virus in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol 9:264-272
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 264-272
    • Jilek, S.1    Jaquiery, E.2    Hirsch, H.H.3
  • 84
    • 79951528852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD34+ progenitor cells mobilized by natalizumab are not a relevant reservoir for JC virus
    • Warnke C, Smolianov V, Dehmel T et al (2010) CD34+ progenitor cells mobilized by natalizumab are not a relevant reservoir for JC virus. Mult Scler 17(2):151-156
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-156
    • Warnke, C.1    Smolianov, V.2    Dehmel, T.3
  • 85
    • 61449227381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in the numbers of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells in cerebral perivascular spaces due to natalizumab
    • del Pilar Martin M, Cravens PD, Winger R et al (2008) Decrease in the numbers of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells in cerebral perivascular spaces due to natalizumab. Arch Neurol 65:1596-1603
    • (2008) Arch Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 1596-1603
    • Del Pilar Martin, M.1    Cravens, P.D.2    Winger, R.3
  • 86
    • 77949279537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: Lessons from 28 cases
    • Clifford DB, De Luca A, Simpson DM et al (2010) Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol 9:438-446
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 438-446
    • Clifford, D.B.1    De Luca, A.2    Simpson, D.M.3
  • 87
    • 77949297173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: Clinical features and pathogenesis
    • Tan CS, Koralnik IJ (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other disorders caused by JC virus: clinical features and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol 9:425-437
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 425-437
    • Tan, C.S.1    Koralnik, I.J.2
  • 88
    • 66249118663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A comparative study
    • Boster A, Hreha S, Berger JR et al (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. Arch Neurol 66:593-599
    • (2009) Arch Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 593-599
    • Boster, A.1    Hreha, S.2    Berger, J.R.3
  • 90
    • 61449209921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
    • Sunyaev SR, Lugovskoy A, Simon K et al (2009) Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PLoS Genet 5:e1000368
    • (2009) PLoS Genet , vol.5
    • Sunyaev, S.R.1    Lugovskoy, A.2    Simon, K.3
  • 91
    • 77952317127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrepant findings in immune responses to JC virus in patients receiving natalizumab
    • author reply 566-567
    • Tan CS, Chen Y, Viscidi RP et al (2010) Discrepant findings in immune responses to JC virus in patients receiving natalizumab. Lancet Neurol 9:565-566; author reply 566-567
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 565-566
    • Tan, C.S.1    Chen, Y.2    Viscidi, R.P.3
  • 92
    • 77954428012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JCV detection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab
    • Sadiq SA, Puccio LM, Brydon EW (2010) JCV detection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. J Neurol 257:954-958
    • (2010) J Neurol , vol.257 , pp. 954-958
    • Sadiq, S.A.1    Puccio, L.M.2    Brydon, E.W.3
  • 93
    • 77951773326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of a possible bioenergetic marker of cellular immunocompetence in MS-patients undergoing immunotherapy: Longitudinal analyses
    • Haghikia A, Pappas D, Pula B et al (2009) Assessment of a possible bioenergetic marker of cellular immunocompetence in MS-patients undergoing immunotherapy: longitudinal analyses. Neurology 72(Suppl 3):P09.102
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , Issue.3 SUPPL.
    • Haghikia, A.1    Pappas, D.2    Pula, B.3
  • 94
    • 77956387401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-JC virus antibodies: Implications for PML risk stratification
    • Gorelik L, Lerner M, Bixler S et al (2010) Anti-JC virus antibodies: implications for PML risk stratification. Ann Neurol 68:295-303
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.68 , pp. 295-303
    • Gorelik, L.1    Lerner, M.2    Bixler, S.3
  • 95
    • 79960018790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of disease activity within 6 months after natalizumab discontinuation: An observational study of 28 consecutive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients
    • Gothenburg, Sweden
    • Kerbrat Lecuyer A, Le Page E, Leray E et al (2010) Assessment of disease activity within 6 months after natalizumab discontinuation: an observational study of 28 consecutive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), Gothenburg, Sweden: P394
    • (2010) European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS)
    • Lecuyer, A.K.1    Le Page, E.2    Leray, E.3
  • 96
    • 61549130275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function
    • Khatri BO, Man S, Giovannoni G et al (2009) Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function. Neurology 72:402-409
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 402-409
    • Khatri, B.O.1    Man, S.2    Giovannoni, G.3
  • 97
    • 70149111495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab monotherapy
    • Linda H, von Heijne A, Major EO et al (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab monotherapy. N Engl J Med 361:1081-1087
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.361 , pp. 1081-1087
    • Linda, H.1    Von Heijne, A.2    Major, E.O.3
  • 99
    • 66149083981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of mefloquine efficacy against JC virus in vitro
    • Brickelmaier M, Lugovskoy A, Kartikeyan R et al (2009) Identification and characterization of mefloquine efficacy against JC virus in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1840-1849
    • (2009) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.53 , pp. 1840-1849
    • Brickelmaier, M.1    Lugovskoy, A.2    Kartikeyan, R.3
  • 102
    • 0042932742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrupted therapy: Stopping and switching of the β-interferons prescribed for MS
    • Tremlett HL, Oger J (2003) Interrupted therapy: stopping and switching of the beta-interferons prescribed for MS. Neurology 61:551-554 (Pubitemid 37025380)
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 551-554
    • Tremlett, H.L.1    Oger, J.2
  • 103
    • 78650128757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Global Adherence Project (GAP): A multicenter observational study on adherence to disease-modifying therapies in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Devonshire V, Lapierre Y, Macdonell R et al (2011) The Global Adherence Project (GAP): a multicenter observational study on adherence to disease-modifying therapies in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 18:69-77
    • (2011) Eur J Neurol , vol.18 , pp. 69-77
    • Devonshire, V.1    Lapierre, Y.2    Macdonell, R.3
  • 104
    • 77954595101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing the benefit of multiple sclerosis therapy: The importance of treatment adherence
    • Patti F (2010) Optimizing the benefit of multiple sclerosis therapy: the importance of treatment adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence 4:1-9
    • (2010) Patient Prefer Adherence , vol.4 , pp. 1-9
    • Patti, F.1
  • 105
    • 0028372227 scopus 로고
    • Fungal metabolites. Part 11. A potent immunosuppressive activity found in Isaria sinclairii metabolite
    • Fujita T, Inoue K, Yamamoto S et al (1994) Fungal metabolites. Part 11. A potent immunosuppressive activity found in Isaria sinclairii metabolite. J Antibiot Tokyo 47:208-215
    • (1994) J Antibiot Tokyo , vol.47 , pp. 208-215
    • Fujita, T.1    Inoue, K.2    Yamamoto, S.3
  • 106
    • 70849086174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 (fingolimod) in Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic effects in the immune and the central nervous system
    • Brinkmann V (2009) FTY720 (fingolimod) in Multiple Sclerosis: therapeutic effects in the immune and the central nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 158:1173-1182
    • (2009) Br J Pharmacol , vol.158 , pp. 1173-1182
    • Brinkmann, V.1
  • 108
    • 63849147004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: Two-year results of a phase II extension study
    • O'Connor P, Comi G, Montalban X et al (2009) Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology 72:73-79
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 73-79
    • O'Connor, P.1    Comi, G.2    Montalban, X.3
  • 109
    • 76449120437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase II study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: 3-year results
    • Comi G, O'Connor P, Montalban X et al (2010) Phase II study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: 3-year results. Mult Scler 16:197-207
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 197-207
    • Comi, G.1    O'Connor, P.2    Montalban, X.3
  • 110
    • 76149093586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebocontrolled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P et al (2010) A placebocontrolled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362:387-401
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 387-401
    • Kappos, L.1    Radue, E.W.2    O'Connor, P.3
  • 111
    • 76149140914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G et al (2010) Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362:402-415
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 402-415
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Barkhof, F.2    Comi, G.3
  • 112
    • 79960003864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Safety findings from TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS trials
    • San Antonio
    • Cohen JA, Kappos L, Pelletier J et al (2010) Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: safety findings from TRANSFORMS and FREEDOMS trials. Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC), San Antonio, p S22
    • (2010) Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC)
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Kappos, L.2    Pelletier, J.3
  • 113
    • 38349062523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversible cystoid macular edema secondary to fingolimod in a renal transplant recipient
    • Saab G, Almony A, Blinder KJ et al (2008) Reversible cystoid macular edema secondary to fingolimod in a renal transplant recipient. Arch Ophthalmol 126:140-141
    • (2008) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.126 , pp. 140-141
    • Saab, G.1    Almony, A.2    Blinder, K.J.3
  • 114
    • 78649995542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 24-Month efficacy and safety outcomes from the TRANSFORMS extension study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Khatri B, Barkhof F, Comi G et al (2010) 24-Month efficacy and safety outcomes from the TRANSFORMS extension study of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. American Academy of Neurology, Toronto, P03.125
    • (2010) American Academy of Neurology, Toronto, P03.125
    • Khatri, B.1    Barkhof, F.2    Comi, G.3
  • 115
    • 0017639365 scopus 로고
    • Lymphospecific toxicity in adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: Possible role of nucleoside kinase (s)
    • Carson DA, Kaye J, Seegmiller JE (1977) Lymphospecific toxicity in adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: possible role of nucleoside kinase (s). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:5677-5681
    • (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.74 , pp. 5677-5681
    • Carson, D.A.1    Kaye, J.2    Seegmiller, J.E.3
  • 116
    • 0020612685 scopus 로고
    • Specific toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toward resting and proliferating human lymphocytes
    • Carson DA, Wasson DB, Taetle R et al (1983) Specific toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toward resting and proliferating human lymphocytes. Blood 62:737-743 (Pubitemid 13008659)
    • (1983) Blood , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 737-743
    • Carson, D.A.1    Wasson, D.B.2    Taetle, R.3    Yu, A.4
  • 117
    • 77249118947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferential effects of cladribine on lymphocyte subpopulations
    • Guarnaccia JB, Rinder H, Smith B (2008) Preferential effects of cladribine on lymphocyte subpopulations. Mult Scler 14:S45 (P55)
    • (2008) Mult Scler , vol.14 , Issue.P55
    • Guarnaccia, J.B.1    Rinder, H.2    Smith, B.3
  • 120
    • 0034646216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine and progressive MS: Clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial
    • Rice GP, Filippi M, Comi G (2000) Cladribine and progressive MS: clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Cladribine MRI Study Group. Neurology 54:1145-1155 (Pubitemid 30151860)
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 1145-1155
    • Rice, G.P.A.1    Filippi, M.2    Comi, G.3
  • 121
    • 76149083915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Giovannoni G, Comi G, Cook S et al (2010) A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 362:416-426
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 416-426
    • Giovannoni, G.1    Comi, G.2    Cook, S.3
  • 122
    • 77949261573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of oral cladribine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Hartung HP, Aktas O, Kieseier B et al (2010) Development of oral cladribine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 257:163-170
    • (2010) J Neurol , vol.257 , pp. 163-170
    • Hartung, H.P.1    Aktas, O.2    Kieseier, B.3
  • 123
    • 79951801739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 24 January 2011
    • Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Movectro (cladribine) (2011) http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Summary-of-opinion-Initial- authorisation/human/001197/WC500101072.pdf. Accessed 24 January 2011
    • (2011) Refusal of the Marketing Authorisation for Movectro (cladribine)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.