Neuroinflamm-aging and neurodegenerative diseases: An overview

CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 621-634

  Pizza, Vincenzo ^a   Agresta, Anella ^a   ĎAcunto, Cosimo W ^b   Festa, Michela ^b   Capasso, Anna ^b  

^a S Luca Hospital   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aging; Alzheimer's disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Huntington's disease; Multiple sclerosis; Neurodegenerative disease; Neuroinflammation; Parkinson's disease; Psychiatric disorders

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; CATALASE; CD28 ANTIGEN; CD45RA ANTIGEN; DOPAMINE; FAS ANTIGEN; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RETINOL; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; AUTISM; B LYMPHOCYTE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL REGENERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DELIRIUM; DEPRESSION; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG ABUSE; EPILEPSY; EXCITOTOXICITY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INNATE IMMUNITY; LYMPHOCYTIC REMODELLING; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROINFLAMMATION; OVERNUTRITION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMOKING; T LYMPHOCYTE; THYMUS; THYMUS INVOLUTION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

EID: 79959955207     PISSN: 18715273     EISSN: 19963181     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152711796235014     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Wachter, K.W.; Finch, C.E.; In: Between Zeus and the Salmon. Washington: National Academ Press, 1997.
2. Weinert, B.T.; Timiras, P.S.; Theories of aging. J. Appl. Physiol., 2003, 95, 1706-1716.
3. Kowald, A.; Kirkwood, T.B. A network theory of ageing: the interactions of defective mitochondria, aberrant proteins, free radicals and scavengers in the ageing process. Mutat. Res., 1996, 316, 209-236.
4. Streita, W. Microglial senescence: does the brain's immune system have an expiration date? Trends Neurosci., 2006, 29(9), 506-510.
5. Gehrmann, J.; Matsumoto, Y.; Kreutzberg, G.W. Microglia: intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain. Brain Res. Rev., 1995, 20, 269-287.
6. Effros, R.B. From Hayflick to Walford: the role of T cell replicative senescence in human aging. Exp. Gerontol., 2004, 39, 885-890.
7. Gerli, R.; Paganelli, R.; Cossarizza, A.; Muscat, C.; Piccolo, G.; Barbieri, D.; Mariotti, S.; Monti, D.; Bistoni, O.; Raiola, E.; Venanzi, F.M.; Bertotto, A.; Franceschi, C. Long immunologic effects in thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin. Immunol., 1999, 103, 865-872.
8. Effros, R.B. Ageing and the immune system. Rev. Novartis Found. Symp., 2001, 235, 130-139.
9. Fagnoni, F.F.; Vescovili, R.; Mazzola, M.; Bologna, G.; Nigro, E. Expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ CD28+ T cells in healthy aged people and centenarians. Immunology, 1996, 88, 501-507.
10. Timm, J.A.; Thoman, M.L. Maturation of CD4+ lymphocytes in the aged microenvironment results in a memory-enriched population. J. Immunol., 1999, 162, 711-717.
11. Effros, R.B. Long-term immunological memory against viruses. Rev. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2000, 121, 161-171.
12. Wikby, A.; Johansson, B.; Olsson, J.; Lofgren, S.; Nilsson, B.O.; Ferguson, F. Expansions of peripheral blood CD8 T-lymphocyte subpopulations and an association with citomegalovirus seropositivity in the elderly: the Swedish NONA immunestudy. Exp. Gerontol., 2002, 37, 45-53.
13. Pawelec, G.; Ouyang, Q.; Wikby, A. In: Pathways to a robust immuneresponse in the elderly. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America: Impact of Immune Senescence on Human Aging. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 2003, Vol. 23, pp. 1-13.
14. Bonafè, M.; Valensin, S.; Gianni, W.; Marigliano, V.; Franceschi C. The unexpected contribution of immunosenescence to the levelling off of cancer incidence and mortality in the oldest old. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2001, 39, 227-233.
15. Pahlavani, M.A. T cell signaling: effect of age. Rev. Front. Biosci., 1998, 3, D1120-D1133.
16. Franceschi, C.; Monti, D.; Sansoni, P.; Cossarizza, A. The immunology of exceptional inividuals: the lesson of centenarians. Immunol. Today, 1995, 16, 12-16.
17. Sansoni, P.; Cossarizza, A.; Brianti, V.; Fagnoni, F.; Snelli, G. Lymphocytes subsets and natural killer cell activity in healthy old people and centenarians. Blood, 1993, 82, 2767-2773.
18. Franceschi, C.; Monti, D.; Barbieri, D.; Grasselli, E.; Troiano, L. Immunosenescence in umans: deterioration or remodelling? Intern. Rev. Immunol., 1995, 2, 57-74.
19. Ogata, K.; Yokose, N.; Tamura, H.; An, E.; Nakamura, K. Natural killer cells in the late decades of human life. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1997, 84, 269-275.
20. Remarque, E.; Pawelec, P. T cell immunosenescence and its clinical relevance in man. Rev. Clin. Gerontology, 1998, 8, 5-14.
21. Kourilsky, P.; Truffa-Bachi, P. Cytokine fields and the polarization of the immune response. Trends Immunol., 2001, 22, 502-509.
22. Forsey, R.J.; Thompson, J.M.; Ernerudh, J.; Hurst, T.L.; Strindhall, J.; Johansson, B.; Nilsson, B.O.; Wikby A. Plasma citokine profiles in elderly humans. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2003, 12, 487-493.
23. Franceschi, C.; Bonafè, M.; Valensin, S.; Olivieri, F.; De Luca, M. Inflamm-aging: an evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2000, 908, 8-18.
24. Kerr, J.F.; Wyllie, A.H.; Currie, A.R. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer, 1972, 26, 239-257.
25. Akbar, A.N.; Salmon, M. Cellular environments and apoptosis: tissue microenvironmets control activated T-cell death. Immunol. Today, 1997, 18, 72-76.
26. Krammer, P.H. CD95's deadly mission in the immune system. Nature, 2000, 407, 789-795.
27. Gupta, S. Molecular steps of death receptor and mitocondrial pathways of apoptosis. Life Sci., 2000, 69, 2957-2964.
28. Hengartner, M.O. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature, 2000, 407, 770-776.
29. Jaattela, M.; Tschopp, J. Caspase-independent cell death in T lymphocytes. Nat. Immunol., 2003, 4, 416-423.
30. Franceschi, C.; Valensin, S.; Bonafè, M.; Prolisso, G.; Yashin, A. The network and the remodelling theories of aging: historical background and new perspectives. Exp. Gerontol., 2000, 35, 87-96.
31. De Martinis, M.; Franceschi, C.; Monti, D.; Ginaldi, L. Apoptosis remodelling in immunosenescence: implications for strategies to delay ageing. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14, 1389-1397.
32. Finkel, T.; Holbrook, N.J. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature, 2000, 408, 239-247.
33. De la Fuente, M.; Miquel, J. An update of the oxidation-inflammation theory of aging: the involvement of the immune system in oxi-inflamm-aging. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2009, 15(26), 3003-3026.
34. Franceschi, C. Cell proliferation and cell death in the aging process. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 1989, 1, 3-15.
35. Franceschi, C.; Ottaviani, E.; Stress, inflammation and natural immunity in the aging process: a new theory. Aging, 1997, 9, 3-10.
36. Fagiola, U.; Cossarizza, A; Scala, E.; Fanales-Belasio, E.; Ortolani, C.; Cozzi, E.; Monti, D.; Franceschi, C.; Paganelli, R. Increased cytokine production in mononuclear cells o healthy elderly people. Eur. J. Immunol., 1993, 23, 2375-2377.
37. Lio, D.; Scola, L.; Crivello, A.; Colonna-Romano, G.; Candore, G.; Bonafe, M.; Cavallone, L., Marchegiani, F.; Olivieri, F.; Franceschi, C.; Caruso, C. Inflammation, genetics, and longevity: further studies on the protective effects in men of IL-10 -1082 promoter SNP and its interaction with TNF- -308 promoter SNP. J. Med. Genet., 2003, 40, 296-299.
38. Salvioli, S.; Capri, M.; Valensin, S.; Tieri, P.; Monti, D.; Ottaviani, E, Franceschi, C. Inflamm-Aging, Cytokines and Aging: State of the Art, New Hypotheses on the Role of Mitochondria and New Perspectives from Systems Biology. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2006, 12, 3161-3171.
39. De Martinis, M.; Franceschi, C.; Monti, D.; Ginaldi, L. Inflamm-ageing and lifelong antigenic load as major determinants of ageing rate and longevity. FEBS Lett., 2005, 579, 2035-2039.
40. Franceschi, C.; Monti, D.; Sansoni, P.; Cossarizza, A. The immunology of exceptional individuals:the lesson of centenarians. Immunol. Today 1995, 16, 12-16.
41. Candore, G.; Colonna-Romano, G.; Balestrieri, C.R.; Di Carlo, D.; Grimaldi, M.P.; Listi, F.; Nuzzo, D.; Vasto, S.; Lio, D.; Caruso, C. Biology of longevity: role of the innate immune system. Rejuenation Res., 2006, 9, 143-148.
42. Giunta, S. Is inflammaging an auto[innate] immunity subclinical syndrome? Immun. Ageing, 2006, 3, 12.
43. Franceschi, C.; Motta, L.; Valensin, S.; Rapisarda, R.; Franzone, A. Do men and women follow different trajectories to reach extreme longevity. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 12, 77-84.
44. Ginaldi, L.; De Martinis, M.; Monti, D.; Franceschi, C. The immune system in the elderly: activation-induced and damage-induced apoptosis. Immunol. Res., 2004, 30, 81-94.
45. Bonafè, M.; Olivieri, F.; Cavallone, L.; Giovanetti, S.; Mayegiani, F.; Cardelli, M.; Pieri, C.; Marra, M.; Antonicelli, R.; Lisa, R.; Rizzo, M.R.; Prolisso, G.; Monti, D.; Franceschi, C. A 170 gender-dependent genetic predisposition to produce high levels of IL-6 is detrimental for longevity. Eur. J. Immunol., 2001, 31, 2357-2361.
46. Salvioli, S.; Capri, M.; Valensin, S.; Tieri, P.; Monti, D.; Ottaviani, E.; Franceschi, C. Inflamm-aging, cytokines and aging: state of the art, new hypotheses on the role of mitochondria and new perspectives from systems biology. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2006, 12, 3161-3167.
47. Capri, M.; Salvioli, S.; Sevini, F.; Valensin, S.; Celani, L.; Monti, D.; Pawelec, G.; De Benedictis, G.; Gonos, E.S.; Franceschi, C. The genetics of human longevity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2006, 1067, 252-263.
48. Franceschi, C.; Bonafè, M.; Valensin, S. Human immunosenescence: the prevailing of innate immunity, the failing of clonotypic immunity, and the filling of immunological space. Vaccine, 2000, 18, 1717-1720.
49. Franceschi, C.; Bezrukov, V.; Blanché, H.; Bolund, L.; Christensen, K.; de Benedictis, G.; Deiana, L.; Gonos, E.; Hervonen, A.; Yang, H.; Jeune, B.; Kirkwood, T.B.; Kristensen, P.; Leon, A.; Pelicci, P.G.; Peltonen, L.; Poulain, M.; Rea, I.M.; Remacle, J.; Robine, J.M.; Schreiber, S.; Sikora, E.; Slagboom, P.E.; Spazzafumo, L.; Stazi, M.A.; Toussaint, O.; Vaupel, J.W. Genetics of healthy aging in Europe: the EU-integrated project GEHA (GEnetics of Healthy Aging). Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2007, 1100, 21-45.
50. Khan, N.; Shariff, N.; Cobbold, M.; Bruton, R.; Ainsworth, J.A.; Sinclair, A.J.; Nayak, L.; Moss, P.A. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity drives the CD8 T cell repertoire toward greater clonality in healthy elderly individuals. J. Immunol., 2002, 169, 1984-1992.
51. Ouyang, Q.; Wagner, W.M.; Walter, S.; Muller, C.A.; Wikby, A.; Aubert, G.; Klatt, T.; Stevanovic, S.; Dodi, T.; Pawelec, G. The age-related increase in CD8+ T cells carrying receptors for an immunodominant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epitope is counterbalanced by decreased antigen-specific responsiveness. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2003, 124, 477-485.
52. Pawelec, G.; Akbar, A.; Caruso, C.; Solana, R.; Grubeck-Loebenstein, B.; Wikby, A. Human immunosenescence: is it infectious? Immunol. Rev., 2005, 205, 257-268.
53. Vescovili, R.; Telera, A.; Fagnoni, F.F.; Biasimi, C.; Medici, M.C.; Valcavi, P.; di Pede, P.; Lucchini, G.; Zanlari, L.; Passeri, G.; Zanni, F.; Chezzi, C.; Franceschi, C.; Sansoni, P. Different contribution of EBV and CMV infections in very long-term carriers to age-related alterations of CD8+ T cells. Exp. Gerontol., 2004, 39, 1233-1243.
54. Bürkle, A.; Caselli, G.; Franceschi, C.; Mariani, E.; Sansoni, P.; Santoni, A.; Vecchio, G.; Witkowski, J.M.; Caruso, C. Pathophysiology of ageing, longevity and age related diseases. Immun. Ageing, 2007, 4, 4.
55. Kammerman, E.M.; Neumann, D.M.; Ball, M.J.; Lukiw, W.; Hill, J.M. Senile plaques in Alzheimer's diseased brains: possible association of beta-amyloid with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) L-particles. Med. Hypotheses, 2006, 66, 294-299.
56. Itzhaki, R. Herpes simplex virus type 1, apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer' disease. Herpes, 2004, 11, 77A-82A.
57. Letenneur, L.; Peres, K.; Fleury, H.; Garrigue, I.; Barberger-Gateau, P.; Helmer, C. Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus antibodies and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a ppulation-based cohort study. PLoS ONE, 2008, 3, 36-37.
58. Ginaldi, L.; De Martinis, M.; Monti, D.; Franceschi, C. The immune system in the elderly: activation-induced and damage-induced apoptosis. Immunol. Res., 2004, 30, 81-94.
59. Cesari, M.; Penninx, B.W.; Pahor, M. Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: the INCHIANTI study. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 2004, 59, 242-248.
60. Rowshani, A.T.; Bemelman, F.J.; van Leeuwen, E.M. van Lier, R.A.; ten Berge, I.J. Clinical and immunologic aspects of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation, 2005, 79, 381-386.
61. Salvioli, S.; Olivieri, F.; Marchigiani, F.; Cardelli, M.; Santoro, A.; Bellavista, E.M.; Invidia, L.; Capri, M.; Valensin, S.; Sevini, F.; Cevenini, E.; Celani, L.; Lescai, F.; Gonos, E.; Caruso, C.; Prolisso, G.; De Benedictis, G.; Monti, D.; Franceschi, C. Genes, ageing and longevity in humans: problems, advantages and perspectives. Free Radic. Res., 2006, 40, 1303-1323.
62. Carrieri, G.; Marzi, E.; Olivieri, F.; Marchegiani, F.; Cavallone, L.; Cardelli, M.; Giovagnetti, S.; Stecconi, R.; Molendini, C.; Trapassi, C. The G/C915 polymorphism of transforming growth factor beta1 is associated with human longevity: a study in Italian centenarians. Aging Cell, 2004, 3, 443-448.
63. Caruso, C.; Lio, D.; Cavallone, L.; Franceschi, C. Aging, longevity, inflammation, and cancer. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2004, 1028, 1-13.
64. Franceschi, C.; Capri, M.; Monti, D.; Giunta, S.; Olivieri, F.; Sevini, F.; Panourgia, M.P.; Invidia, L.; Celani, L.; Scurti, M.; Cevenini, E.; Castellani, G.C.; Salvioli, S. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2007, 128, 92-105.
65. Pawelec, G.; Akbar, A.; Caruso, C.; Solana, R.; Grubeck-Loebenstein, B.; Wikby, A. Human immunosenescence: is it infectious? Immunol. Rev., 2005, 205, 257-268.
66. Goate, A.; Charter-Harlin, M.C.; Mullan, M.; Brown, J.; Crawford, F.; Fidani, L.; Giuffra, L.; Haynes, A.; Irving, N.; James, L. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature, 1991, 349, 704-706.
67. Sherrington, R.; Rogaev, E.I.; Liang, Y.; Rogava, E.A.; Levesque, G.; Ikeda, M.; Chi, H.; Lin, C.; Li, G.; Holman, K. Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseae. Nature, 1995, 375, 754-760.
68. Rogaev, E.I.; Sherrington, R.; Rogava, E.A.; Levesque, G.; Ikeda, M.; Liang, Y.; Chi, H.; Lin, C.; Holman, K.; Tsuda, T. Familial Alzheimer's disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer's disease type 3 gene. Nature, 1995, 376, 775-778.
69. Solerte, S.B.; Fioravanti, M.; Pascale, A. Increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease may involve protein kinase C dysregulation. Neurobiol. Aging, 1998, 19, 191-199.
70. Solerte, S.B.; Fioravanti, M.; Vignati, G. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity in humans via locally generated immunoreactive insulin-lie growth factor I. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 1999, 84, 3260-3267.
71. Licastro, F.; Pedrini, S.; Caputo, L.; Annoni, G.; Davis, L.J.; Ferri, C.; Casadei, V.; Grimaldi, L.M. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's disease: peripheral inflammation or signalsfrom the brain? J. Neuroimmunol., 2000, 103, 97-102.
72. Licastro, F.; Pedrini, S.; Ferri, C.; Casadei, V.; Covoni, M.; Pession, A.; Sciacca, F.L.; Veglia, F.; Annoni, G.; Bonafe, M.; Olivieri, F.; Franceschi, C.; Grimaldi, L.M. Gene polymorphism affecting alpha1-antichymotrypsin and interleukin-1 plasma levels increases Alzheimer's disease risk. Ann. Neurol., 2000, 48, 388-391.
73. De Luigi, A.; Fragiacomo, C.; Lucca, U.; Quadri, P.; Tettamanti, M.; Grazia DeSimoni, M. Inflammatory markers in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2001, 122, 1985-1995.
74. Licastro, F.; Chiappelli, M. Brain immune responses cognitive decline and dementia: relationship with phenotype expression and genetic background. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2003, 124, 525-528.
75. Mukherjee, P.; Pasinetti, G.M. The role of complement anaphylatoxin C5a in neurodegeneration: implications in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neuroimmunol., 2000, 105, 124-130.
76. Campbell, A. Inflammation, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Environmental. Exposures. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2004, 1035, 117-132.
77. Tan, J.; Town, T.; Paris, D. Microglial activation resulting from CD40-CD40L interaction after beta amyloid stiulation. Science, 1999, 286, 2352-2355.
78. Symposium: the role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2000, 21, S285-S286.
79. Pasinetti, G.M.; Aisen, P.S. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is increased in frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuroscience, 1998, 87, 319-324.
80. Ho, L.; Pieroni, C.; Ginger, D. Regional distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in the hal formation in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. Res., 1999, 57, 295-303.
81. Pasinetti, G.M. Cyclooxygenase and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease: experimental approaches and clinical interventions. J. Neurosci. Res., 1998, 54, 1-6.
82. Munoz, D.G.; Feldman, H. Causes of Alzheimer's disease. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 2000, 162, 65-72.
83. Aisen, P.S.; Davis, K.L.; Berg, J.D. A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Neurology, 2000, 54, 588-593.
84. Int' Veld, B.A.; Ruitenberg, A.; Hofman, A. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 345, 1515-1521.
85. Licastro, F.; Chiappelli, M. Brain immune responses cognitive decline and dementia: relationship with phenotype expression and genetic background. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2003, 124, 525-528.
86. Licastro, F.; Grimaldi, L.M.; Bonafe, M.; Martina, C.; Olivieri, F.; Cavallone, L.; Giovanietti, S.; Masliah, E.; Franceschi, C. Interleukin-6 gene alleles affect the risk of Alzheimer's disease and levels of the cytokine in blood and brain. Neurobiol. Aging, 2003, 24, 921-926.
87. Candore, G.; Balistreri, C.R.; Colonna-Romano, G.; Lio, D.; Caruso, C. Major histocompatibility complex and sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a critical reappraisal. Exp. Gerontol., 2004, 39, 645-652.
88. Akiyama, H.; Barger, S.; Barnum, S.; Bradt, B.; Bauer, J.; Cole, G.M.; Cooper, N.R.; Eikelenboom, P.; Emmerling, M.; Fiebich, B.L.; Finch, C.E.; Frautschy, S.; Griffin, W.S.; Hampel, H.; Hull, M.; Landreth, G.; Lue, L.; Mrak, R.; Mackenzie, I.R.; McGeer, P.L.; O'Banion, M.K.; Pachter, J.; Pasinetti, G.; Plata-Salaman, C.; Rogers, J.; Rydel, R.; Shen, Y.; Streit, W.; Strohmeyer, R.; Tooyoma, I.; Van Muiswinkel, F.L.; Veerhuis, R.; Walker, D.; Webster, S.; Wegrzyniak, B.; Wenk, G.; Wyss-Coray, T. Inflammation nd Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2000, 21, 383-421.
89. Scola, L.; Licastro, F.; Chiappelli, M.; Franceschi, C.; Grimaldi, L.M.; Crivello, A.; Colonna-Romano, G.; Candore, G.; Lio, D.; Caruso, C. Allele frequencies of +874T - > A single nucleotide polymorphism at the first intron of IFN-gamma gene in Alzheimer's disease patients. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 2003, 15, 292-295.
90. Lio, D.; Licastro, F.; Scola, L.; Chiappelli, M.; Grimaldi, L.M.; Crivello, A.; Colonna-Romano, G.; Candore, G.; Franceschi, C.; Caruso, C. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Genes Immun., 2003, 4, 234-238.
91. McGeer, P.L.; McGeer, E.G. Polymorphisms in inflammatory genes and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol., 2001, 58, 1790-1792.
92. Licastro, F.; Candore, G.; Lio, D.; Porcellini, E.; Colonna-Romano, G.; Franceschi, C.; Caruso, C. Innate immunity and inflammation in ageing: a key for understanding age-related diseases. Immun. Ageing, 2005, 2, 8.
93. Banati, R.B.; Daniel, S.E.; Blunt, S.B. Glial pathology but absence of apoptotic nigral neurons in long-standing Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord., 1998, 13(2), 221-227.
94. Gerhard, A.; Pavese, N.; Hotton, G.; Turkheimer, F.; Es, M.; Hammers, A.; Eggert, K.; Oertel, W.; Banati, R.B.; Brooks, D.J. In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 2006, 21(2), 404-412.
95. Hunot, S.; Dugas, N.; Faucheux, B.; Hartmann, A.; Tardieu, M.; Debre, P.; Agid, Y.; Dugas, B.; Hirsch, E.C. FcepsilonRII/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in glial cells. J. Neurosci., 1999, 19(9), 3440-3447.
96. McGeer, P.L.; Itagaki, S.; Boyes, B.E.; McGeer, E.G. Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurology, 1988, 38(8), 1285-1291.
97. Vawter, M.P.; Dillon-Carter, O.; Tourtellotte, W.W.; Carvey, P.; Freed, W.J. TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 concentrations are elevated in Parkinson's disease in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Exp. Neurol., 1996, 142(2), 313-322.
98. Barcia, C.; de Pablos, V.; Bautista-Hernandez, V.; Sanchez-Bahillo, A.; Bernal, I.; Fernandez-Villalba, E.; Martin, J.; Banon, R.; Fernandez-Barreiro, A.; Herrero, M.T. Increased plasma levels of TNF-alpha but not of IL1-beta in MPTP-treated monkeys one year after the MPTP administration. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2005, 11(7), 435-439.
99. Gao, H.M.; Jiang, J.; Wilson, B.; Zhang, W.; Hong, J.S.; Liu, B. Microglial activation-mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: relevance to Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem., 2002, 81(6), 1285-1297.
100. Ling, Z.; Gayle, D.A.; Ma, S.Y.; Lipton, J.W.; Tong, C.W.; Hong, J.S.; Carvey, P.M. In utero bacterial endotoxin exposure causes loss of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons in the postnatal rat midbrain. Mov. Disord., 2002, 17(1), 116-124.
101. Boka, G.; Anglade, P.; Wallach, D.; Javoy-Agid, F.; Agid, Y.; Hirsch, E.C. Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett., 1994, 172(1-2), 151-154.
102. Tartaglia, L.A.; Rothe, M.; Hu, Y.F.; Goeddel, D.V. Tumor necrosis factor's cytotoxic activity is signaled by the p55 TNF receptor. Cell, 1993, 73(2), 213-216.
103. Aloe, L.; Fiore, M. TNF-alpha expressed in the brain of transgenic mice lowers central tyroxine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and alters grooming behavior. Neurosci. Lett., 1997, 238(1-2), 65-68.
104. Carvey, P.M.; Chen, E.Y.; Lipton, J.W.; Tong, C.W.; Chang, Q.A.; Ling, Z.D. Intra-parenchymal injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-beta produces dopamine neuron loss in the rat. J. Neural Transm., 2005, 112(5), 601-612.
105. Gayle, D.A.; Ling, Z.; Tong, C.; Landers, T.; Lipton, J.W.; Carvey, P.M. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopamine cell loss in culture: roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and nitric oxide. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res., 2002, 133(1), 27-35.
106. Ling, Z.D.; Potter, E.D.; Lipton, J.W.; Carvey, P.M. Differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons by cytokines. Exp. Neurol., 1998, 149(2), 411-423.
107. McGuire, S.O.; Ling, Z.D.; Lipton, J.W.; Sortwell, C.E.; Collier, T.J.; Carvey, P.M. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is toxic to embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Exp. Neurol., 2001, 169(2), 219-230.
108. Frank-Cannon, T.C.; Alto, L.T.; McAlpine, F.E.; Tansey, M.G. Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases? Mol. Neurodegener., 2009, 4, 47.
109. Henkel, J.S.; Engelhardt, J.I.; Siklos, L.; Simpson, E.P.; Kim, S.H.; Pan, T.; Goodman, J.C.; Siddique, T.; Beers, D.R.; Appel, S.H. Presence of dendritic cells, MCP-1, and activated microglia/macrophages in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord tissue. Ann. Neurol., 2004, 55(2), 221-235.
110. Kawamata, T.; Akiyama, H.; Yamada, T.; McGeer, P.L. Immunologic reactions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain and spinal cord tissue. Am. J. Pathol., 1992, 140(3), 691-707.
111. Turner, M.R.; Cagnin, A.; Turkheimer, F.E.; Miller, C.C.; Shaw, C.E.; Brooks, D.J.; Leigh, P.N.; Banati, R.B. Evidence of widespread cerebral microglial activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an [11C](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Neurobiol. Dis., 2004, 15(3), 601-609.
112. Henkel, J.S.; Beers, D.R.; Siklos, L.; Appel, S.H. The chemokine MCP-1 and the dendritic and myeloid cells it attracts are increased in the mSOD1 mouse model of ALS. Mol. Cell Neurosci., 2006, 31(3), 427-437.
113. McManus, C.M.; Liu, J.S.; Hahn, M.T.; Hua, L.L.; Brosnan, C.F.; Berman, J.W.; Lee, S.C. Differential induction of chemokines in human microglia by type I and II interferons. Glia, 2000, 29(3), 273-280.
114. Kuhle, J.; Lindberg, R.L.; Regeniter, A.; Mehling, M.; Steck, A.J.; Kappos, L.; Czaplinski, A. Increased levels of inflammatory chemokines in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol., 2009, 16(6), 771-774.
115. Keizman, D.; Rogowski, O.; Berliner, S.; Ish-Shalom, M.; Maimon, N.; Nefussy, B.; Artamonov, I.; Drory, V.E. Low-grade systemic inflammation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2009, 119(6), 383-389.
116. Rosen, D.R.; Siddique, T.; Patterson, D.; Figlewicz, D.A.; Sapp, P.; Hentati, A.; Donaldson, D.; Goto, J.; O'Regan, J.P.; Deng, H.X.; Rahmani, Z.; Krizus, A.; McKenna-Yasek, D.; Cayabyab, A.; Gaston, S.M.; Berger, R.; Tanzi, R.E.; Halperin, J.J.; Herzfeldt, B.; van den Bergh, R.; Hung, W.-Y.; Bird, T.; Deng, G.; Mulder, D.W.; Smyth, C.; Laing, N.G.; Soriano, E.; Pericak-Vance, M.A.; Haines, J.; Rouleau, G.A.; Gusella, J.S.; Horvitz, H.R.; Brown, R.H., Jr. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 1993, 362(6415), 59-62.
117. Clement, A.M.; Nguyen, M.D.; Roberts, E.A.; Garcia, M.L.; Boillee, S.; Rule, M.; McMahon, A.P.; Doucette, W.; Siwek, D.; Ferrante, R.J.; Brown, R.H., Jr.; Julien, J.-P.; Goldstein, L.F.B.; Cleveland, D.W. Wild-type nonneuronal cells extend survival of SOD1 mutant motor neurons in ALS mice. Science, 2003, 302(5642), 113-117.
118. Lino, M.M.; Schneider, C.; Caroni, P. Accumulation of SOD1 mutants in postnatal motoneurons does not cause motoneuron pathology or motoneuron disease. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22(12), 4825-4832.
119. Pramatarova, A.; Laganiere, J.; Roussel, J.; Brisebois, K.; Rouleau, G.A. Neuron-specific expression of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 in transgenic mice does not lead to motor impairment. J. Neurosci., 2001, 21(10), 3369-3374.
120. Sargsyan, S.A.; Monk, P.N.; Shaw, P.J. Microglia as potential contributors to motor neuron injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia, 2005, 51(4), 241-253.
121. Beers, D.R.; Henkel, J.S.; Xiao, Q.; Zhao, W.; Wang, J.; Yen, A.A.; Siklos, L.; McKercher, S.R.; Appel, S.H. Wild-type microglia extend survival in PU.1 knockout mice with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(43), 16021-16026.
122. Boillee, S.; Yamanaka, K.; Lobsiger, C.S.; Copeland, N.G.; Jenkins, N.A.; Kassiotis, G.; Kollias, G.; Cleveland, D.W. Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia. Science, 2006, 312(5778), 1389-1392.
123. Weydt, P.; Yuen, E.C.; Ransom, B.R.; Moller, T. Increased cytotoxic potential of microglia from ALS-transgenic mice. Glia, 2004, 48(2), 179-182.
124. Ferri, A.; Nencini, M.; Battistini, S.; Giannini, F.; Siciliano, G.; Casali, C.; Damiano, M.G.; Ceroni, M.; Chio, A.; Rotilio, G.; Carri, M.T. Activity of protein phosphatase calcineurin is decreased in sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosispatients. J. Neurochem., 2004, 90(5), 1237-1242.
125. Elliott, J.L. Cytokine upregulation in a murine model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 2001, 95(1-2), 172-178.
126. Yoshihara, T.; Ishigaki, S.; Yamamoto, M.; Liang, Y.; Niwa, J.; Takeuchi, H.; Doyu, M.; Sobue, G. Differential expression of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes in spinal cords of a mutant SOD1 transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurochem., 2002, 80(1), 158-167.
127. Poloni, M.; Facchetti, D.; Mai, R.; Micheli, A.; Agnoletti, L.; Francolini, G.; Mora, G.; Camana, C.; Mazzini, L.; Bachetti, T. Circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and its soluble receptors are increased in the blood of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci. Lett., 2000, 287(3), 211-214.
128. West, M.; Mhatre, M.; Ceballos, A.; Floyd, R.A.; Grammas, P.; Gabbita, S.P.; Hamdheydari, L.; Mai, T.; Mou, S.; Pye, Q.N.; Stewart, C.; West, S.; Williamson, K.S.; Zemlan, F.; Hensley, K. The arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha activation of microglia and extends survival of G93A-SOD1 transgenic mice. J. Neurochem., 2004, 91(1), 133-143.
129. Tikka, T.M.; Vartiainen, N.E.; Goldsteins, G.; Oja, S.S.; Andersen, P.M.; Marklund, S.L.; Koistinaho, J. Minocycline prevents neurotoxicity induced by cerebrospinal fluid from patients with motor neurone disease. Brain, 2002, 125(Pt 4), 722-731.
130. Nguyen, M.D.; Julien, J.P.; Rivest, S. Induction of proinflammatory molecules in mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: no requirement for proapoptotic interleukin-1beta in neurodegeneration. Ann. Neurol., 2001, 50(5), 630-639.
131. Moeller, T. Neuroinflammation in Huntington's disease. J. Neural Transm., 2010, 117(8), 1001-1008.
132. Hodges, A.; Strand, A.D.; Aragaki, A.K.; Kuhn, A.; Sengstag, T.; Hughes, G.; Elliston, L.A.; Hartog, C.; Goldstein, D.R.; Thu, D.; Hollingsworth, Z.R.; Collin, F.; Synek, B.; Holmans, P.A.; Young, A.B.; Wexler, N.S.; Delorenzi, M.; Kooperberg, C.; Augood, S.J.; Faull, R.L.; Olson, J.M.; Jones, L.; Luthi-Carter, R. Regional and cellular gene expression changes in human Huntington's disease brain. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2006, 15(6), 965-977.
133. Bjorkqvist, M.; Wild, E.J.; Thiele, J.; Silvestroni, A.; Andre, R.; Lahiri, N.; Raibon, E.; Lee, R.V.; Benn, C.L.; Soulet, D.; Magnusson, A.; Woodman, B.; Landles, C.; Pouladi, M.A.; Hayden, M.R.; Khalili-Shirazi, A.; Lowdell, M.W.; Brundin, P.; Bates, G.P.; Leavitt, B.R.; Möller, T.; Tabrizi, S.J. A novel pathogenic pathway of immune activation detectable before clinical onset in Huntington's disease. J. Exp. Med., 2008, 205(8), 1869-1877.
134. Tai, Y.F.; Pavese, N.; Gerhard, A.; Tabrizi, S.J.; Barker, R.A.; Brooks, D.J.; Piccini, P. Microglial activation in presymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers. Brain, 2007, 130(Pt 7), 1759-1766.
135. Pavese, N.; Gerhard, A.; Tai, Y.F.; Ho, A.K.; Turkheimer, F.; Barker, R.A.; Brooks, D.J.; Piccini, P. Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study. Neurology, 2006, 66(11), 1638-1643.
136. Sapp, E.; Kegel, K.B.; Aronin, N.; Hashikawa, T.; Uchiyama, Y.; Tohyama, K.; Bhide, P.G.; Vonsattel, J.P.; DiFiglia, M. Early and progressive accumulation of reactive microglia in the Huntington disease brain. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2001, 60(2), 161-172.
137. Sugars, K.L.; Rubinsztein, D.C. Transcriptional abnormalities in Huntington disease. Trends Genet., 2003, 19(5), 233-238.
138. Khoshnan, A.; Ko, J.; Watkin, E.E.; Paige, L.A.; Reinhart, P.H.; Patterson, P.H. Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex and nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to mutant huntingtin neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci., 2004, 24(37), 7999-8008.
139. Hollander, E. Differential Treatment Response, Neuroinflammation, and Psychosis Associated with Chromosome Deletion. CNS Spectr., 2008, 13, 459-460.
140. Doorduin, J.; de Vries, E.F.; Willemsen, A.T.; de Groot, J.C.; Dierckx, R.A.; Klein, H.C. Neuro inflammation in Schizophrenia-Related Psychosis: A PET Study. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50, 1801-1807.
141. Hanson, D.R.; Gottesman, I.I. Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis. BMC Med. Genet., 2005, 6, 7.
142. Pardo, C.A.; Vargas, D.L.; Zimmerman, A.W. Immunity, neuroglia and neuroinflammation in autism. Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 2005, 17(6), 485-495.
143. Cerejeira, J.; Firmino, H.; Vaz-Serra, A.; Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B. The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium. Acta Neuropathologica, 2010, 19(6), 737-754.
144. Choi, J.; Nordli, D.R., Jr.; Alden, T.D.; DiPatri, A., Jr.; Laux, L.; Kelley, K.; Rosenow, J.; Schuele, S.U.; Rajaram, V.; Koh, S. Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy. J. Neuroinflammation, 2009, 6, 38.
145. Kim, H.J.; Rowe, M.; Ren, M.; Hong, J-S.; Chen, P-S.; Chuang, D-M. Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat permanent ischemic model of stroke: multiple mechanisms of action. JPET, 2007, 321(3) 892-901.