Is mode of delivery associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks: A prospective cohort study

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 118, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 966-977

  Sword, W ^a   Kurtz Landy, C ^b   Thabane, L ^a,c   Watt, S ^a   Krueger, P ^d   Farine, D ^e   Fosterc, G ^a,c  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c ST JOSEPH S HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Caesarean section; Delivery mode; Postpartum depression; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST FEEDING; CANADA; CESAREAN SECTION; COHORT ANALYSIS; EDINBURGH POSTNATAL DEPRESSION SCALE; FEMALE; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; LEARNING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL AGE; MENTAL HEALTH; MULTIPARA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCREENING; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL STATUS; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; URINE INCONTINENCE; VAGINAL DELIVERY;

ADULT; CESAREAN SECTION; COHORT STUDIES; DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; ONTARIO; PREGNANCY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 79959859089     PISSN: 14700328     EISSN: 14710528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02950.x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Mazure CM, Keita GP, Blehar MC. Summit on Women and Depression: Proceedings and Recommendations. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2002.
2. Wisner KL, Scholle SH, Stein B. Perinatal disorders: advancing public health opportunities. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1602-5.
3. Gold L. Postpartum disorder in primary care. Diagnosis and treatment. Prim Care 2002;29:27-41.
4. Cox J, Holden J. Perinatal Mental Health: A Guide to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. London, UK: Gaskell Publishing, 2003.
5. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1071-83. (Pubitemid 41532916)
6. Goodman JH. Postpartum depression beyond the early postpartum period. JOGNN 2004;33:410-20. (Pubitemid 40883497)
7. Logsdon MC, Wisner KL, Pinto-Foltz MD. The impact of postpartum depression on mothering. JOGNN 2006;35:652-8. (Pubitemid 44874935)
8. Dennis CL, McQueen K. The relationship between infant-feeding outcomes and postpartum depression: a qualitative systematic review. Pediatrics 2009;123:e736-51.
9. Carter AS, Garrity-Rokous FE, Chazan-Cohen R, Little C, Briggs-Gowan MJ. Maternal depression and comorbidity: predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:18-26. (Pubitemid 32047224)
10. Luoma I, Tamminen T, Kaukonen P, Laippala P, Puura K, Salmelin R, et al. Longitudinal study of maternal depressive symptoms and child well-being. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:1367-74. (Pubitemid 34250955)
11. Murray L, Sinclair D, Cooper P, Ducournau P, Turner P. The socioemotional development of 5 year olds with postnatally depressed mothers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999;40:1259-71.
12. Sinclair D, Murray L. Effects of postnatal depression on children's adjustment to school. Teacher's reports. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172: 58-63. (Pubitemid 28122529)
13. Meighan M, Davis MW, Thomas SP, Droppleman PG. Living with postpartum depression: the father's experience. MCN 1999;24:202-8.
14. Zelkowitz P, Milet TH. The course of postpartum psychiatric disorders in women and their partners. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001;189:575-82. (Pubitemid 32905904)
15. Beck CT. Postpartum depressed mothers' experiences interacting with their children. Nurs Res 1996;45:98-104. (Pubitemid 126433485)
16. Byrne C, Pape B, Ivask A, Kuczynski L, Browne G, Whittaker S, et al. Service needs of families where one parent has an affective illness: implications for service, education and policy. Can J Comm Ment Health 2001;20:107-21. (Pubitemid 33077881)
17. Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry 2003;44:234-46. (Pubitemid 36597224)
18. Boyce PM. Risk factors for postnatal depression: a review and risk factors in Australian populations. Arch Women Ment Health 2003;6(Suppl 2):S43-50.
19. Beck CT. A meta-analysis of predictors of postpartum depression. Nurs Res 1996;45:297-303. (Pubitemid 126433495)
20. Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nurs Res 2001;50:275-85. (Pubitemid 33603818)
21. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004;26:289-95. (Pubitemid 38962393)
22. Carter FA, Frampton CM, Mulder RT. Cesarean section and postpartum depression: a review of the evidence examining the link. Psychosom Med 2006;68:321-30. (Pubitemid 43740138)
23. Borders N. After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery. J Midwifery Womens Health 2006;51:242-8. (Pubitemid 43923684)
24. Lobel M, DeLuca RS. Psychosocial sequelae of cesarean delivery: review and analysis of their causes and implications. Soc Sci Med 2007;64:2272-84. (Pubitemid 46691286)
25. Sword W, Watt S, Krueger P, Thabane L, Landy CK, Farine D, et al. The Ontario Mother and Infant Study (TOMIS) III: a multi-site cohort study of the impact of delivery method on health, service use, and costs of care in the first postpartum year. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009;9:16.
26. Borenstein M, Rothstein H, Cohen J, Schoenfeld D, Berlin J, Lakatos E. Power and Precision. New Jersey: Biostats Inc., 2001.
27. Donne A, Klar N. Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. London, UK: Arnold Publishers, 2000.
28. Adler N, Stewart J. The MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, 2007. Available from www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/subjective.php. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
29. Affonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ. An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology. J Psychosom Res 2000;49:207-16. (Pubitemid 32010877)
30. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782-6. (Pubitemid 17082036)
31. Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996;34:220-33. (Pubitemid 126433231)
32. Bowling A. Just one question: if one question works, why ask several? J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:342-5.
33. Broadhead WE, Gehlbach SH, de Gruy FV, Kaplan BH. The Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Measurement of social support in family medicine patients. Med Care 1988;26:709-23.
34. LONGSCAN: Consortium for Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Duke-UNC Social Support Questionnaire. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. Available from www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/pages/measures/Ages5to11/ Duke-UNC%20Functional%20Social%20Support%20Questionnaire.pdf. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
35. Sandvik H, Seim A, Vanvik A, Hunskaar S. A severity index for epidemiological surveys of female urinary incontinence: comparison with 48-hour pad-weighing tests. Neurourol Urodyn 2000;19:137-45. (Pubitemid 30124033)
36. Uebersax JS, Wyman JF, Shumaker SA, McClish DK, Fantl JA. Short forms to assess life quality and symptom distress for urinary incontinence in women: the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Continence Program for Women Research Group. Neurourol Urodyn 1995;14:131-9.
37. Bug GJ, Kiff ES, Hosker G. A new condition-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for the assessment of women with anal incontinence. BJOG 2001;108:1057-67. (Pubitemid 32971740)
38. Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW, Fleshman JW, Kane RL, Mavrantonis C, et al. Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale: quality of life instrument for patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:9-16.
39. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, et al. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther 2000;26:191-208. (Pubitemid 30194541)
40. Guerriere DN, Ungar WJ, Corey M, Croxford R, Tranmer JE, Tullis E, et al. Evaluation of the ambulatory and home care record: agreement between self-reports and administrative data. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006;22:203-10.
41. Hardin JW. Generalized Estimating Equations. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, 2001.
42. Public Health Agency of Canada. What Mothers Say: The Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey, 2009. Available from www.publichealth.gc.ca/mes. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
43. Gibson J, McKenzie-McHarg K, Shakespeare J, Price J, Gray R. A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;119:350-64.
44. McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH. Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2006;106:193-8.
45. Krause KM, Ostbye T, Swamy GK. Occurrence and correlates of postpartum depression in overweight and obese women: results from the active mothers postpartum (AMP) study. Matern Child Health J 2009;13:832-8.
46. Wiklund I, Edman G, Andolf E. Cesarean section on maternal request: reasons for the request, self-estimated health, expectations, experience of birth and signs of depression among first-time mothers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;86:451-6. (Pubitemid 46747697)
47. McDonnell NJ, Keating ML, Muchatuta NA, Pavy TJ, Paech MJ. Analgesia after caesarean delivery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009;37:539-51.
48. Wax JR, Cartin A, Pinette MG, Blackstone J. Patient choice cesarean: an evidence-based review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004;59:601-16. (Pubitemid 38971773)
49. Green JM, Baston HA. Feeling in control during labor: concepts, correlates, and consequences. Birth 2003;30:235-47. (Pubitemid 37485550)
50. DiMatteo MR, Morton SC, Lepper HS, Damush TM, Carney MF, Pearson M, et al. Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psych 1996;15:303-14.
51. Clement S. Psychological aspects of caesarean section. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2001;15:109-26. (Pubitemid 32229146)
52. Mayberry LJ, Horowitz JA, Declercq E. Depression symptom prevalence and demographic risk factors among U.S. women during the first 2 years postpartum. JOGNN 2007;36:542-9.
53. Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, Hayes B, Barnett B, Brooks J, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: a large prospective study. J Affect Disord 2008;108:147-57.
54. Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Arndt S, Stuart S. The prevalence of postpartum depression: the relative significance of three social status indices. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:316-21.
55. Kirpinar I, Gözüm S, Pasinlioglu T. Prospective study of postpartum depression in eastern Turkey prevalence, socio-demographic and obstetric correlates, prenatal anxiety and early awareness. J Clin Nurs 2010;19:422-31.
56. Zubaran C, Foresti K, Schumacher MV, Amoretti AL, Müller LC, Thorell MR, et al. Validation of a screening instrument for postpartum depression in Southern Brazil. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2009; 30:244-54.
57. Fisher J, Astbury J, Smith A. Adverse psychological impact of operative obstetric interventions: a prospective longitudinal study. Aust NZ J Psychiat 1997;31:728-38. (Pubitemid 27480589)
58. Hullfish KL, Fenner DE, Sorser SA, Visger J, Clayton A, Steers WD. Postpartum depression, urge urinary incontinence, and overactive bladder syndrome: is there an association? Int Urogynecol J 2007; 18:1121-6.
59. Lal M, Pattison HM, Allan TF, Callender R. Postcesarean pelvic floor dysfunction contributes to undisclosed psychosocial morbidity. J Reprod Med 2009;54:53-60.
60. Ho SM, Heh SS, Jevitt CM, Huang LH, Fu YY, Wang LL. Effectiveness of a discharge education program in reducing the severity of postpartum depression: a randomized controlled evaluation study. Patient Educ Couns 2009;77:68-71.
61. Gill SC, Butterworth P, Rodgers B, Mackinnon A. Validity of the mental health component scale of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (MCS-12) as measure of common mental disorders in the general population. Psychiatry Res 2007;152:63-71. (Pubitemid 47030684)
62. Goyal D, Gay C, Lee KA. How much does low socioeconomic status increase the risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms in first-time mothers? Womens Health Issues 2010;20:96-104.
63. Statistics Canada. Low Income Cut-offs for 2006 and Low Income Measures for 2005. Available from www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2007004-eng.pdf. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
64. Malik NM, Boris NW, Heller SS, Harden BJ, Squires J, Chazan-Cohen R, et al. Risk for maternal depression and child aggression in Early Head Start families: a test of ecological models. Inf Mental Hlth J 2007;28: 171-91. (Pubitemid 46993506)
65. Chigbu CO, Ezeome IV, Iloabachie GC. Cesarean section on request in a developing country. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007;96:54-6. (Pubitemid 46108801)
66. Norrie K, Lin S. Postsecondary Educational Attainment and Participation in Ontario. Toronto, Canada: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario, 2009. Available from www.heqco.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/ FINAL%20PSE%20Attainment%20Research%20Note%20ENG.pdf.Last accessed 24 March 2011.
67. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian Perinatal Health Report, 2008 Edition. Available from www.publichealth.gc.ca/cphr/. Last accessed 3 May 2010.
68. Canadian Council on Social Development. Demographics of the Canadian Population, 2010. Available from www.ccsd.ca/factsheets/demographics/. Last accessed 24 March 2011.
69. Ontario Perinatal Surveillance System. Ontario Perinatal Surveillance System Report 2008. Available from www.pppeso.on.ca/site/pppeso/NIDAY-Perinatal- Database-p484.html. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
70. Statistics Canada. Distribution of Total Population, Total Immigrant Population and Recent Immigrants, Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2006 Census. Available from www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-557/ table/t2-eng.cfm. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
71. Statistics Canada. Births 2002. Table 6. Live Births, by Characteristics of the Mother and Child, Canada. Available from www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/84f0210x/ 2002000/4068604-eng.htm. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
72. Statistics Canada. Immigration in Canada: A Portrait of the Foreignborn Population, 2006 Census: Immigrants in the Provinces and Territories. Available from www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-557/index-eng.cfm. Last accessed 5 March 2010.
73. England SJ, Ballard C, George S. Chronicity in postnatal depression. Eur J Psychiatry 1994;8:93-6. (Pubitemid 24214432)
74. Boyd RC, Le HN, Somberg R. Review of screening instruments for postpartum depression. Arch Women Ment Health 2005;8:141-53. (Pubitemid 41243188)
75. Mutryn CS. Psychosocial impact of cesarean section on the family: a literature review. Soc Sci Med 1993;37:1271-81. (Pubitemid 23302017)