Maternal rejection of the young child: Present status of the clinical syndrome

Psychopathology

Volumn 44, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 329-336

  Brockington, Ian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Maternal rejection; Mother infant relationship; Parental relationship disorder

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; MOTHER; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; NEWBORN; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; MOTHERS; REJECTION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 79959822695     PISSN: 02544962     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000325058     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Brockington IF: Motherhood and Mental Health. Oxford, Oxford University Press 1996, pp 327-366.
2. Büttner CG: Vollständige Anweisung wie durch anzustellende Besichtigungen ein verübter Kindermord auszumitteln sey. Königsberg, Zeise und Hartung, 1771, pp 127, 139 and 233.
3. Rothamel G: Eine Mutter führt durch allmähliger Entziehung der Nahrungsmittel den Tod ihres ehelichen Kindes herbei. Henke Z Staatsarzneikunde 1845; 50: 139-155.
4. Leuret M: Suspicion de folie chez une femme reconnue coupable d'avoir, pendant sa grossesse, fait des blessures mortelles á deux de ses enfans. Ann Hyg Publique Méd Lég 1837; 17: 374-400.
5. Tardieu A: Étude medico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants. Ann Hyg Publique Méd Lég 1860; 15: 361-398.
6. Braun Dr: Sectionsbefund und Gutachten über ein, angeblich nach Schlägen auf die Hinterbacken, plötzlich verstorbenes, 8 Monate altes Kind. Henke Z Staatsarzneikunde 1829; 18: 453-459.
7. Orfila MJP: Blessures de la těte. Accusation de meurtre d'un enfant par sa mére. Ann Hyg Publique Méd Lég 1850; 43: 374-396.
8. Oppenheim H: Über Misopädie. Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1919; 45: 1-18.
9. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 4. Washington, American Psychiatric Association Press, 1994, p 681.
10. Zero-to-three: DC:0-3R, Revised. Washington, National Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families, 2005.
11. Brockington IF, Aucamp HM, Fraser C: Severe disorders of the mother-infant relationship: Definitions and frequency. Arch Womens Ment Health 2006; 9: 243-252.
12. Lamb ME (ed): The Role of the Father in Child Development. New York, Wiley, 1976.
13. Haskett ME, Marziano B, Dover ER: Absence of males in maltreatment research: A survey of recent literature. Child Abuse Neglect 1996; 20: 1175-1182. (Pubitemid 26399366)
14. Dubowitz H: Where's Dad? A need to understand father's role in child maltreatment. Child Abuse Neglect 2006; 30: 461-465. (Pubitemid 43729818)
15. World Health Organization: The ICD-9 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992.
16. Righetti-Veltema M, Conne-Perréard E, Bousquet A, Manzano J: Postpartum depression and mother-infant relationship at 3 months. J Affect Disord 2002; 70: 291-306. (Pubitemid 34790260)
17. Berkson J: Limitations of the application of the 4-fold table analyses to hospital data. Biometrics 1946; 2: 47-53.
18. Roberts R, Spitzer W, Delmore T, Sackett D: An empirical demonstration of Berkson's bias. J Chron Dis 1978; 31: 119-128. (Pubitemid 8361490)
19. Bernazzani O, Marks M, Bifulco A, Siddle K, Asten P, Conroy S: Assessing psychosocial risk in pregnant/postpartum women using the Contextual Assessment of Maternity Experience (CAME). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 497-508. (Pubitemid 41001595)
20. Fleming A, Klein E, Corter C: The effects of a social support group on depression, maternal attitudes and behavior in new mothers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992; 33: 685-698.
21. Forman D, O'Hara M, Stuart S, Gorman L, Larsen K, Coy K: Effective treatment for postpartum depression is not sufficient to improve the developing mother-child relationship. Dev Psychopathol 2007; 19: 585-602. (Pubitemid 46681448)
22. Horowitz J, Bell M, Trybulski J, Munro B, Moser D, Hartz S, McCordic L, Sokol E: Promoting responsiveness between mothers with depressive symptoms and their infants. J Nurs Scholarsh 2001; 33: 323-329. (Pubitemid 33620495)
23. Field T, Grizzle N, Scafidi F, Abrams S, Richardson S: Massage therapy for infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behav Dev 1996; 19: 107-112. (Pubitemid 126172688)
24. Onazawa K, Glover V, Adams D, Modi N, Kumar P: Infant massage improves motherinfant interaction for mothers with postnatal depression. J Affect Disord 2001; 63: 201-207. (Pubitemid 32200514)
25. Wendland-Carro J, Piccinini A, Stuart Millar W: The role of early intervention on enhancing the quality of mother-infant interaction. Child Dev 1999; 70: 713-721.
26. Cooper P, Landman M, Tomlinson M, Molteno C, Swartz L, Murray L: Impact of a mother-infant intervention on an indigent peri-urban South African context. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 76-80.
27. Ferreira AJ: The pregnant woman's emotional attitude and its reflection on the newborn. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1960; 30: 553-561.
28. Arbeit S: A Study of Women during their First Pregnancy; PhD thesis, Yale University, 1975.
29. Cranley M: Development of a tool for the measurement of maternal adjustment during pregnancy. Nurs Res 1981; 30: 281-284.
30. Müller M, Ferketich S: Factor analysis of the Maternal Fetal Attachment Scale. Nurs Res 1993; 42: 144-147.
31. Cohler B, Weiss J, Grunebaum H: Child-care attitudes and emotional disturbance among mothers of young children. Genet Psychol Monogr 1970; 82: 3-47.
32. Lefkowitz M, Tesiny E: Rejection and depression: Prospective and contemporaneous analyses. Dev Psychol 1984; 20: 776-785.
33. Rhoades K, O'Leary S: Factor structure and validity of the parenting scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2007; 36: 137-146.
34. Roe A, Siegelman M: A parent-child relations questionnaire. Child Dev 1963; 34: 355-369.
35. Clarke-Stewart K: Interactions between mothers and young children: Characteristics and consequences. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 1973; 153: 1-109.
36. Ragozin A, Basham R, Crnic K, Greenberg M, Robinson N: Effects of maternal age on parenting role. Dev Psychol 1982; 18: 627-634.
37. Kumar R, Robson K, Smith A: Development of a self-administered questionnaire to measure maternal adjustment and maternal attitudes during pregnancy and after delivery. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28: 43-51. (Pubitemid 14147132)
38. Warner R, Appleby L, Whitton A, Faragher B: Attitudes toward motherhood in postnatal depression: Development of the Maternal Attitudes Questionnaire. J Psychosom Res 1997; 43: 351-358. (Pubitemid 27443037)
39. Haskett M, Ahern L, Ward C, Allilaire J: Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Stress Index - Short form. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2006; 35: 302-312. (Pubitemid 43723186)
40. Matthey S, Speyer J: Changes in unsettled infant sleep and maternal mood following admission to a parentcraft residential unit. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84: 623-629.
41. Condon JT, Corkindale C: The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: Development of a self-report questionnaire instrument. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1998; 16: 57-76. (Pubitemid 28138291)
42. Nagata M, Nagai Y, Sobajima H, Ando T, Nishide Y, Honjo S: Maternity blues and attachment to children in mothers of full-term normal infants. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101: 2099-2217.
43. Brockington I, Oates J, George S, Turner D, Vostanis P, Sullivan M, Loh C, Murdoch C: A screening questionnaire for mother-infant bonding disorders. Arch Womens Ment Health 2001; 3: 133-140. (Pubitemid 32268163)
44. Taylor A, Atkins R, Kumar R, Adams D, Glover V: A new mother-to-infant bonding scale: Links with early maternal mood. Arch Womens Ment Health 2005; 8: 45-51. (Pubitemid 40875213)
45. Ekström A, Nissen E: A mother's feelings for her infant are strengthened by excellent breastfeeding counseling and continuity of care. Pediatrics 2006; 118:e309-e314. (Pubitemid 46085371)
46. Brockington IF, Fraser C, Wilson D: The postpartum bonding questionnaire: A validation. Arch Womens Ment Health 2006; 9: 233-242. (Pubitemid 44338633)
47. Caspi A, Moffit T, Morgan J, Rutter M, Taylor A, Kim-Cohen J, Polo-Tomas M: Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behavior problems: Using monozygotic twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Dev Psychol 2004; 40: 149-161. (Pubitemid 38284494)
48. Zeanah C, Benoit D, Hirshberg L, Barton M, Regan C: Mother's representations of their infants are concordant with infant attachment classifications. Dev Issues Psychiatry Psychol 1994; 1: 1-14.
49. Leckman J, Mayes L, Feldman R, Swain J, Evans D, Cohen D: Parental Inventory of Thoughts and Actions. New Haven, Yale University Child Study Center, 1994.
50. Brockington IF, Chandra P, Felice E, George S, Grybos M, Hofberg K, Kiejna A, Kitzol M, Lanczik M, Loh C, Niemala P, Rymaszewska J, Rondón M, Shi S, Vostanis P, Wainscott G: The Birmingham Interview for Maternal Mental Health. Bredenbury, Eyry Press, 2006.
51. Salariya E, Cater J: Mother-child relationship - FIRST score. J Adv Nurs 1984; 9: 589-595.
52. Kumar R, Hipwell AE: Development of a clinical rating scale to assess mother-infant interaction on a psychiatric mother and baby unit. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169: 18-26.
53. Tronick EZ, Als H, Adamson L, Wise S, Brazelton TB: The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1978; 17: 1-13. (Pubitemid 9092930)
54. Crnic KA, Greenberg MT, Robinson NM, Ragozin AS: Maternal stress and social support: Effects on the mother-infant relationship from birth to eighteen months. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1983; 54: 224-235. (Pubitemid 14100631)
55. Livingood AB, Daen P, Smith BD: The depressed mother as a source of stimulation for her infant. J Clin Psychol 1983; 39: 369-375. (Pubitemid 13068801)
56. Cohn JF, Matias R, Tronick EZ, Connell D, Lyons-Ruth K: Face-to-face interactions of depressed mothers and their infants; in Tronick EZ, Field T (eds): Maternal Depression and Infant Disturbance. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1986, pp 31-44.
57. Cooper PJ, Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Woolgar M, Murray L, Molteno C: Postpartum depression and the mother-infant relationship in a South African peri-urban settlement. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175: 554-558.
58. Aoki Y, Zeanah CH, Heller SS, Bakshi S: Parent- infant relationship global assessment scale: A study of its predictive validity. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 56: 493-497.
59. Edhbourg M, Lundh W, Seimyr L, Widström AM: The parent-child relationship in the context of maternal depressed mood. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6: 211-216. (Pubitemid 37046016)
60. Milgrom J, Westley DT, Gemmill AW: The mediating role of maternal responsiveness in some longer term effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Infant Behav Dev 2004; 27: 443-454. (Pubitemid 39497178)
61. Kaplan LA, Evans L, Monk C: Effects of mothers' prenatal psychiatric status and postnatal caregiving on infant biobehavioral regulation: Can prenatal programming be modified? Early Hum Dev 2008; 84: 249-256. (Pubitemid 351484181)
62. Clark R: The parent-child early relational assessment: A factorial validity study. Educ Psychol Meas 1999; 59: 821-846.
63. Reingold HL: The measurement of maternal care. Child Dev 1960; 31: 565-575.
64. Beckwith L, Cohen SE, Kopp CB, Parmelee AH, Marcy TG: Caregiver-infant interaction and early cognitive development in preterm infants. Child Dev 1976; 47: 579-587.
65. Lewis M, Feiring C: Infant, mother and mother-infant interaction behavior and subsequent attachment. Child Dev 1989; 60: 831-837.
66. Uddenberg N, Englesson I: Prognosis of postpartum mental disturbance: A prospective study of primiparous women and their 41/2 year old children. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1978; 58: 201-212. (Pubitemid 9002781)
67. Esser G, Dinter R, Jörg M, Rose F, Villalba P, Laucht M, Schmidt M: Bedeutung und Determinanten der frühen Mutter-Kind-Interaktion. Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal 1993; 39: 246-264.
68. Blehar M, Lieberman A, Ainsworth M: Early face-to-face interaction and its relation to later infant-mother attachment. Child Dev 1977; 48: 182-194.
69. Egeland B, Farber E: Infant-mother attachment: Factors related to the development and changes over time. Child Dev 1984; 55: 753-771.
70. Wolff M, Ijzendoorn M: Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis of parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Dev 1997; 68: 571-591. (Pubitemid 127454346)
71. Tomlinson M, Cooper P, Murray L: The mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in a South African peri-urban settlement. Child Dev 2005; 76: 1044-1054. (Pubitemid 41463540)
72. Höök K: Refused abortion: A follow-up study of 249 women whose applications were refused by the National Board of Health in Sweden. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1963; 168(suppl): 1-156.
73. Forssman H, Thuwe I: One hundred and twenty children after application for therapeutic abortion refused. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1966; 42: 71-88.
74. Cameron P, Tichenor J: The Swedish 'children born to women denied abortion' study: A radical criticism. Psychol Rep 1976; 39: 391-394.
75. Forssman H, Thuwe I: Continued follow-up study of 120 persons born after refusal of application for therapeutic abortion. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981; 64: 142-149. (Pubitemid 11014691)
76. Rantakallio P, Myhrman A: The child and family eight years after undesired conception. Scand J Soc Med 1980; 8: 81-87.
77. Myhrman A: Family relation and social competence of children unwanted at birth. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77: 181-187.
78. Myhrman A, Rantakallio P, Isohanni M, Jones P, Partanen U: Unwantedness of a pregnancy and schizophrenia in the child. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169: 637-640.
79. Matejcek Z, Dytrych Z, Schüler V: Children from unwanted pregnancies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1978; 57: 67-90. (Pubitemid 8280322)
80. Kubicka L, Matejcek Z, David H, Dytrych Z, Miller W, Roth Z: Children from unwanted pregnancies in Prague, Czech Republic, revisited at age thirty. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995; 91: 361-369.
81. David H: Born unwanted: 35 years later. The Prague study. Reprod Health Matters 2006; 14: 181-190.
82. Raine A, Brennan P, Mednick S: Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 984-988. (Pubitemid 24371868)
83. Raine A, Brennan P, Mednick S: Interaction between birth complications and early maternal rejection in predisposing individuals to adult violence: Specificity to serious, earlyonset violence. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1265-1271. (Pubitemid 27369179)
84. Netter P: Unerwünschte Schwangerschaft als Ursache für kindliche Entwicklungsstörungen. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol 1982; 186: 256-262. (Pubitemid 12002365)
85. Bor W, Brennan P, Williams G, Najman J, O'Callaghan M: A mother's attitude towards her infant and child behaviour five years later. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2003; 37: 748-755. (Pubitemid 38072521)
86. Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB: A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol 1979; 52: 1-10. (Pubitemid 9171341)
87. Mullen PE, Martin JL, Anderson JC, Romans SE, Herbison GP: The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study. Child Abuse Neglect 1996; 20: 7-21. (Pubitemid 26003658)
88. Enns M, Cox B, Clara I: Parental bonding and adult psychopathology: Results from the United States National Co-morbidity Study. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 997-1008.
89. Johnson J, Cohen P, Chen H, Kasen S, Brook J: Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 579-587.
90. Heider D, Matschinger H, Bernert S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators: Relationship between parental bonding and mood disorder in six European countries. Psychiatry Res 2006; 143: 89-98. (Pubitemid 43816075)
91. Heider D, Bernert S, Matschinger H, Haro JM, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, ESEMeD/ MHEDEA 2000 investigators: Parental bonding and suicidality in adulthood. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2007; 41: 66-73. (Pubitemid 46705584)
92. Trickett P, Mennen F, Kim K, Sang J: Emotional abuse in a sample of multiply maltreated, urban young adolescents: Issues of definition and identification. Child Abuse Neglect 2009; 33: 27-35.
93. Shaffer A, Yates T, Egeland B: The relation of emotional maltreatment to early adolescent competence: Developmental processes in a prospective study. Child Abuse Neglect 2009; 33: 36-44.
94. Larsson H, Viding E, Rijsdijk FV, Plomin R: Relationships between parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior over time: A bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2008; 36: 633-645. (Pubitemid 351754673)
95. Kamibeppu K, Ono K, Go T: The case of a mother who complained that she could not feel love for her baby: Psychotherapy and a support system. Jap J Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 43: 64-77.
96. Furuichi A, Mizobe K, Nukina S, Kawahara R: A case of bonding disorder effectively treated by Naikan therapy. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 2006; 108: 449-458.
97. Pare CMB, Raven H: Follow-up of patients referred for termination of pregnancy. Lancet 1970;i:635-638.
98. Robson K, Moss H: Patterns and determinants of maternal attachment. J Pediatr 1970; 77: 976-985.
99. Goto A, Yasumura S, Yabe J, Anazawa Y, Hashimoto Y: Association of pregnancy intention with parenting difficulty in Fukushima, Japan. J Epidemiol 2005; 15: 244-246. (Pubitemid 41715790)
100. Goto A, Yasumura S, Yabe J, Reich M: Addressing Japan's fertility decline: Influences of unintended pregnancy on child rearing. Reprod Health Matters 2006; 14: 191-200.
101. Sidebotham P, Heron J, the ALSPAC study team: Child maltreatment in the 'children of the nineties': The role of the child. Child Abuse Neglect 2003; 27: 337-352.
102. Müller M: Prenatal and postnatal attachment: A modest correlation. J Obstetr Gynaecol Neonatal Nurs 1996; 25: 161-166.
103. Damato A: Prenatal attachment and other correlates of postnatal maternal attachment in twins. Adv Neonatal Care 2004; 4: 274-291.
104. Siddiqui A, Hägglöf B: Does maternal prenatal attachment predict postnatal motherinfant interaction? Early Hum Dev 2000; 59: 13-25. (Pubitemid 30658009)
105. Condon JT: 'The battered foetus syndrome'. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987; 175: 722-725.
106. Pollock PH, Percy A: Maternal antenatal attachment style and potential fetal abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 1999; 23: 1345-1357.
107. Robson KS: The role of eye-to-eye contact on maternal-infant attachment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1967; 8: 13-25.
108. Spitz RA, Wolf KM: The smiling response: A contribution to the ontogenesis of social relations. Gen Psychol Monogr 1946; 34: 57-125.
109. Blumberg NL: Effects of neonatal risk, maternal attitude, and cognitive style on early postpartum adjustment. J Abnorm Psychol 1980; 89: 139-150. (Pubitemid 10091841)
110. Sommerlad BC: Neonatal cleft lip repair. J R Soc Med 1992; 85: 368.
111. Hiscock H: Infant sleep problems and postnatal depression: A community-based study. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1312-1317.
112. Beebe SA, Casey R, Pinto-Martin J: Association of reported infant crying and maternal parenting stress. Clin Pediatr 1993; 32: 15-19. (Pubitemid 23037192)
113. Miller AR, Barr RG, Eaton WO: Crying and motor behavior of six-week-old infants and postpartum maternal mood. Pediatrics 1993; 92: 551-558. (Pubitemid 23286885)
114. Murray L: The role of infant irritability in postnatal depression in a Cambridge (UK) community population; in Nugent JK, Brazelton TB, Lester BM (eds): The Cultural Context of Infancy. New Jersey, Ablex, 1993, vol 3.
115. Milgrom J, Westley DT, McCloud PI: Do infants of depressed mothers cry more than other infants? J Paediatr Child Health 1995; 31: 218-221.
116. Akman I, Kusçu K, Özdemir N, Yurdakul Z, Solakoglu M, Orhan L, Karabekiroglu A, Özek E: Mothers' postpartum psychological adjustment and infantile colic. Arch Dis Childhood 2006; 91: 417-419. (Pubitemid 43672370)
117. Beck CT: A meta-analysis of the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament. Nurs Res 1996; 45: 225-230. (Pubitemid 126438866)
118. Suguwara M, Kitamura T, Toda MA, Shima S: Longitudinal relationship between maternal depression and infant temperament in a Japanese population. J Clin Psychol 1999; 55: 869-880. (Pubitemid 29318738)
119. McGrath JM, Records K, Rice M: Maternal depression and infant temperamental characteristics. Infant Beh Dev 2008; 31: 71-80.
120. Klein M: Low birth weight and the battered child syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1971; 122: 15-18.
121. Brayden RM, Altemeier WA, Tucker DD, Dietrich MS, Vietze P: Antecedents of child neglect in the first two years of life. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 426-429.
122. Ten Bensel RW, Paxson CL: Child abuse following early postpartum separation. J Pediatr 1977; 90: 490-491. (Pubitemid 8052251)
123. Lynch MA Ill: Health and child abuse. Lancet 1975;ii:317-319.
124. Unsigned leader: Child abuse and cerebral palsy. Lancet 1983;i:1143.
125. Spencer N, Devereux E, Wallace A, Sundrum R, Shenoy M, Bacchus C, Logan S: Disabling conditions and registration for child abuse and neglect: A population-based study. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 609-613. (Pubitemid 44336676)
126. Oliver JE: Successive generations of child maltreatment: Social and medical disorders in the parents. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147: 484-490. (Pubitemid 16192387)
127. Oliver JE: Successive generations of child maltreatment: The children. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153: 543-553.
128. Oliver JE: Intergenerational transmission of child abuse: Rates, research and clinical implications. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1315-1324. (Pubitemid 23259565)
129. de Coghill H: Emotional maladjustments from unplanned parenthood. Va Med Mon 1941; 68: 682-687.
130. Kumar R: 'Anybody's child': Severe disorders of mother-to-infant bonding. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 171: 175-181. (Pubitemid 27345153)
131. Robson KM, Kumar R: Delayed onset of maternal affection after childbirth. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 347-353. (Pubitemid 10150662)
132. Lorberbaum J, Newman J, Horwitz A, Dubno J, Lydiard R, Hamner M, Bohning D, George M: A potential role for thalamocingulate circuitry in human maternal behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 431-445. (Pubitemid 34260963)
133. Nitschke J, Nelson E, Rusch B, Fox A, Oakes T, Davidson R: Orbitofrontal cortex tracks positive mood in mothers viewing pictures of their newborn infants. Neuroimage 2004; 21: 583-592. (Pubitemid 38229920)
134. Squire S, Stein A: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and parental responsiveness: A new avenue into parental psychopathology and early parent-child interactions. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 481-483. (Pubitemid 37533192)
135. Heyman R, Slep AS, Beach S, Wamboldt M, Kaslow N, Reiss D: Relationship problems and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Needed improvements and suggested solutions. World Psychiatry 2009; 8: 7-14.