Second-generation prisoners: Adjustment patterns for inmates with a history of parental incarceration

Criminal Justice and Behavior

Volumn 38, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 761-778

  Novero, Caitlin M ^a   Loper, Ann ^a   Warren, Janet I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

anger; childhood trauma; importation model; misconduct; parental incarceration; prison adjustment; violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959473568     PISSN: 00938548     EISSN: 15523594     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0093854811406637     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Anda, R.F., Brown, D.W., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., Dube, S.R., & Giles, W.H. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults. American Journal Preventative Medicine, 32, 389-394.
2. Anda, R.F., Whitfield, C.L., Felitti, V.J., Chapman, D., Edwards, V.J., Dube, S.R., & Williamson, D.F. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatric Services, 53, 1001-1009.
3. Arditti, J.A., Lambert-Shute, J., & Joest, K. (2003). Saturday morning at the jail: Implications of incarceration for families and children. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 52, 195-204.
4. Baker, M.T., Van Hasselt, V.B., & Sellers, A.H. (2008). Validation of the Novaco Anger Scale in an incarcerated offender population. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 741-755.
5. Boswell, G., & Wedge, P. (2002). Imprisoned fathers and their children. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.
6. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Volume II, Separation, anxiety and anger. London, UK: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
7. Braman, D., & Wood, J. (2003). From one generation to the next: How criminal sanctions are reshaping family life in urban America. In J. Travis & M. Waul (Eds.), Prisoners once removed: The impact of incarceration and reentry on children, families and communities (pp. 157-88). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
8. Chapman, D.P., Whitfield, C.L., Felitti, V.J., Dube, S.R., Edwards, V.J., & Anda, R.F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217-225.
9. Cornell, D.G., Peterson, C.S., & Richards, H. (1999). Anger as a predictor of aggression among incarcerated adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 108-115.
10. Cunningham, M.D., & Sorensen, J.R. (2007). Predictive factors for violent misconduct in close custody. The Prison Journal, 87, 241-253.
11. Dallaire, D. (2007). Incarcerated mothers and fathers: A comparison of risks for children and families. Family Relations, 56, 440-453.
12. Dhami, M.K., Ayton, P., & Loewenstein, G. (2007). Adaptation to imprisonment: Indigenous or imported? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1085-1100.
13. Doyle, M., & Dolan, M. (2006). Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 520-526.
14. Dube, S.R., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Croft, J.B., Edwards, V.J., & Giles, W.H. (2001). Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunction. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1627-1640.
15. Dube, S.R., Felitti, V.J., Dong, M., Chapman, D.P., Giles, W.H., & Anda, R.F. (2003). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Pediatrics, 111, 564-572.
16. Edwards, V.J., Holden, G.W., Felitti, V.J., & Anda, R.F. (2003). Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1453-1460.
17. Farrington, D.P., Jolliffe, D., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Kalb, L.M. (2001). The concentration of offenders in families, and family criminality in the prediction of boys' delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 579-596.
18. Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V.,Marks, J.S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258.
19. Fondacaro, K.M., Holt, J.C., & Powell, T.A. (1999). Psychological impact of childhood sexual abuse on male inmates: The importance of perception. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 361-369.
20. Glaze, L.E., & Maruschak, L.M. (2008). Parents in prison and their minor children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
21. Gover, A.R., Mackenzie, D.L., & Armstrong, G.S. (2000). Importation and deprivation explanations of juveniles' adjustment to correctional facilities. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 450-467.
22. Gover, A.R., Perez, D.M., & Jennings, W.G. (2008). Gender differences in factors contributing to institutional misconduct. The Prison Journal, 88, 378-403.
23. Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, communities and prisoners. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and justice: Vol. 26. Prisons (pp. 121-162). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
24. Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 260-273.
25. Hart, S.D., Forth, A.E., & Hare, R.D. (1991). The MCMI-II and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 5, 318-327.
26. Hillis, S.D., Anda, R.F., Dube, S.R., Felitti, V.J., Marchbanks, P.A., & Marks, J.S. (2004). The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics, 113, 320-327.
27. Houck, K.D., & Loper, A.B. (2002). The relationship of parenting stress to adjustment among mothers in prison. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 548-558.
28. Huebner, B.M., & Gustafson, R. (2007). The effect of maternal incarceration on adult offspring involvement in the criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Justice 35, 283-296.
29. Irwin, J., & Cressey, D.R. (1962). Thieves, convicts, and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 10, 142-155.
30. Islam-Zwart, K.A., & Vik, P.W. (2004). Female adjustment to incarceration as influenced by sexual assault history. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 521-541.
31. James, D.J., & Glaze, L.E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
32. Jiang, S., & Fisher-Giorlando, M. (2002). Inmate misconduct: A test of the deprivation, importation, and situational models. The Prison Journal, 82, 335-358.
33. Johnston, D. (1995). Effects of parental incarceration. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 59-88). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
34. Jose-Kampfner, C. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 89-99). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
35. Kemper, K.J., & Rivara, F.P. (1993). Parents in jail. Pediatrics, 92, 261-264.
36. Levitt, L., & Loper, A.B. (2009). The influence of religious participation on the adjustment of female inmates. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 1-7.
37. Lindqvis, J., Daderman, A., & Hellstrom, A. (2005). Internal reliability and construct validity of the Novaco Anger Scale 1998-S in a sample of violent prison inmates in Sweden. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 11, 223-237.
38. Lipsey, M.W., & Derzon, J.H. (1998). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In D. P. Farrington & R. Loeber (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders (pp. 86-105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Loper, A.B. (2003). The relationship of maladaptive beliefs to personality and behavioral adjustment among incarcerated women. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17, 253-266.
40. Loper, A.B., Carlson, W., Levitt, L., & Scheffel, K. (2009). Parenting stress, alliance, child contact and adjustment of imprisoned mothers and fathers. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48, 483-503.
41. McCabe, K.M., Lansing, A.E., Garland, A., & Hough, R. (2002). Gender differences in psychopathology, functional impairment, and familial risk factors among adjudicated delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 860-867.
42. Mills, J.F., & Kroner, D.G. (2003). Anger as a predictor of institutional misconduct and recidivism in a sample of violent offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 282-294.
43. Mills, J.F., Kroner, D.G., & Forth, A.E. (1998). Novaco Anger Scale: Reliability and validity within an adult criminal sample. Assessment, 5, 237-248.
44. Mills, J.F., Kroner, D.G., & Weeks, J. (1998). Measuring alcohol abuse and the incidence of serious misconduct in violent offenders. The Prison Journal, 78, 45-54.
45. Murray, J., & Farrington, D.P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys' antisocial behavior and delinquency through the life-course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1269-1278.
46. Murray, J., & Farrington, D.P. (2008a). The effects of parental imprisonment on children. In M. Tony (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 37, pp. 133-206). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
47. Murray, J., & Farrington, D.P. (2008b). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys' internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 273-290.
48. Murray, J., Janson, C., & Farrington, D.P. (2007). Crime in adult offspring of prisoners: A cross-national comparison of two longitudinal samples. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 133-149.
49. Murray, J., & Murray, L. (2010). Parental incarceration, attachment, and child psychopathology. Attachment and Human Development, 12, 289-309.
50. Novaco, R.W. (1994). Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered. In J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman (Eds.), Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment (pp. 21-59). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
51. Novaco, R. (2003). The Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation Inventory. Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
52. Novaco, R.W., & Taylor, J.L. (2004). Assessment of anger and aggression in male offenders with developmental disabilities. Psychological Assessment, 16, 42-50.
53. Phillips, S.D., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G.P., Costello, E.J., & Angold, A. (2006). Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children's exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy, 5, 677-703.
54. Poehlmann, J. (2005a). Children's family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1275-1285.
55. Poehlmann, J. (2005b). Representations of attachment relationships in children of incarcerated mothers. Child Development, 76, 679-696.
56. Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A.B., & Shear, L.D. (2010). Children's contact with their incarcerated parents. American Psychologist, 65, 575-598.
57. Sabol, W.J., West, H.C., & Cooper, M. (2009). Prisoners in 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
58. Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2008). Inmate versus environmental effects on prison rule violations. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 438-456.
59. Stephan, J.J. (1997). Census of state and federal correctional facilities 1995 (NCJ 164266). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
60. Stephan, J.J., & Karberg, J.C. (2003). Census of state and federal correctional facilities 2000 (NCJ 198272). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
61. Suter, J.M., Byrne, M.K., Byrne, S., Howells, K., & Day, A. (2002). Anger in prisoners: Women are different from men. Personality & Individual Differences, 32, 1087-1100.
62. Thompson, C., & Loper, A.B. (2005). Adjustment patterns in incarcerated women: An analysis of differences based on sentence length. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 714-732.
63. Thornberry, T.P., Freeman-Gallant, A., Lizotte, A.J., Krohn, M.D., & Smith, C.A. (2003). Linked lives: The intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 171-184.
64. Trice, A.D., & Brewster, J. (2004). The effects of maternal incarceration on adolescent children. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 19, 27-35.
65. Warren, J.I., Hurt, S., Loper, A.B., Bale, R., Friend, R., & Chauhan, P. (2002). Psychiatric symptoms, history of victimization, and violent behavior among incarcerated female felons: An American perspective. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25, 129-149.
66. Warren, J.I., Hurt, S.J., Loper, A.B., & Chauhan, P. (2004). Exploring prison adjustment among female inmates: Issues of measurement and prediction. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 624-645.
67. Warren, J., Jackson, S., Loper, A., & Burnette, M. (2009). Risk markers for sexual predation and victimization in prison (Tech. rep. to National Institute of Justice Programs). Unpublished manuscript.
68. Warren, J.I., Loper, A.B., & Komarovskaya, I. (2009). Symptom patterns related to traumatic exposure among female inmates with and without a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 37, 294-305.
69. West, H.C., & Sabol, W.J. (2008). Prisoners in 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
70. Wilbur, M.B., Marani, J.E., Appugliese, D., Woods, R., Siegel, J.A., Cabral, H.J., & Frank, D.A. (2007). Socioemotional effects of fathers' incarceration on low-income, urban, school-aged children. Pediatrics, 210, e678-e685.
71. Williams, T.Y., Boyd, J.C., Cascardi, M.A., & Poythress, N. (1996). Factor structure and convergent validity of the Aggression Questionnaire in an offender population. Psychological Assessment, 8, 398-403.
72. Wolff, N., Blitz, C.L., Shi, J., Siegel, J., & Bachman, R. (2007). Physical violence inside prisons: Rates of victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 588-599.
73. Zamble, R., & Porporino, F. (1988). Coping, behavior, and adaptation in prison inmates. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.