Age- and gender-related macro- and micro-architecture changes in bone structure and implications for treatment

International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 359-369

  Cavalli, Loredana ^a   Brandi, Maria Luisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

aging; biphosphonates; bone macro and micro architecture; bone strength nosteoporosis; parathyroid hormone; strontium ranelate

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; DENOSUMAB; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; IBANDRONIC ACID; LYMPHOTOXIN; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PROTEIN ANTIBODY; RALOXIFENE; RISEDRONIC ACID; SCLEROTIN ANTIBODY; STRONTIUM RANELATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

AGING; BONE DENSITY; BONE FRAGILITY; BONE MASS; BONE REMODELING; BONE STRENGTH; BONE STRUCTURE; BONE TURNOVER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; IMAGING; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UPREGULATION;

EID: 79959469944     PISSN: 17584272     EISSN: 17584280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/ijr.11.24     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Bouxsein ML: Determinant of skeletal fragility. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 19, 897-911 (2005).
2. Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievänen H, et al. Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis player. Bone 27, 351-357 (2000). (Pubitemid 30658117)
3. Brandi ML: Microarchitecture, the key to bone quality. Rheumatology 48, iv3-iv8 (2009).
4. Olszynki WP, Shawn DK, Adachi JD, et al. Osteoporosis in men: epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Clin. Ther. 26(1), 15-28 (2004).
5. Sigurdsson G, Zhao S, Lu Y, et al. Increasing sex difference in bone strength in old age: The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility- Reykjavik study (ages-Reykjavik). Bone 39, 644-651 (2006). (Pubitemid 44149281)
6. Seeman E: Sexual dimorphism in skeletal size, density, and strength. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4576-4584(2001). (Pubitemid 33020488)
7. Carpenter RD, Sigurdsson S, Zhao S, et al. Effects of age and sex on the strength and cortical thickness of the femoral neck. Bone 48(4), 741-747 (2011).
8. Karasik D, Ferrari SL: Contribution of gender-specific genetic factors to osteoporosis risk. Ann. Hum. Genet. 72, 696-714(2008).
9. Reno PL, Meindi RS, McCollum MA, et al. Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100(16), 9404-9409 (2003). (Pubitemid 37033941)
10. Seeman E: An exercise in geometry. J. Bone Miner. Res. 17(3), 373-380 (2002). (Pubitemid 34171751)
11. Nieves JW, Formica C, Ruffing J, et al. Males have larger skeletal size and bone mass than females, despite comparable body size. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(3), 529-535 (2005). (Pubitemid 40293502)
12. Looker AC, Beck TJ, Orwoll ES, et al. Does body size account for gender differences in femur bone density and geometry? J. Bone Miner. Res. 16(7), 1291-1299 (2001). (Pubitemid 32574658)
13. Seeman E: Bone quality. Osteoporos. Int. 14(Suppl. 5), S3-S7 (2003).
14. Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd, Achenbach SJ, et al. Hormonal and biochemical determinants of trabecular microstructure at the ultradistal radius in women and men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91(3), 885-891 (2006). (Pubitemid 43357754)
15. Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH, et al. Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(4), 327-334(2003). (Pubitemid 36886238)
16. Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd: A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13(5), 763-773 (1998). (Pubitemid 28224192)
17. Melton LJ 3rd, Khosla S, Achenbach SJ, et al. Effects of body size and skeletal site on the estimated prevalence of osteoporosis in women and men. Osteoporos. Int. 11(11), 977-983 (2000). (Pubitemid 32044079)
18. Chevalley T, Rizzoli R, Hans D, et al. Interaction between calcium intake and menarcheal age on bone mass gain: an eight-year follow-up study from prepuberty to postmenarche. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(1), 44-51 (2005). (Pubitemid 40116632)
19. Smith EP, Boyd J, Frank GR, et al. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 1056-1061 (1994). (Pubitemid 24317698)
20. Bilezikian JP, Morishima A, Bell J, et al. Increased bone mass as a result of estrogen therapy in a man with aromatase deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 599-603 (1998). (Pubitemid 28385657)
21. Amin S, Zhang Y, Sawin CT, et al. Association of hypogonadism and estradiol levels with bone mineral density in elderly men from the Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med. 133, 951-963 (2000). (Pubitemid 32003511)
22. Khosla S, Riggs BL, Atkinson EJ, et al. Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 124-131 (2006). (Pubitemid 43023234)
23. Mellstrom, Johnell O, Ljunggren O, et al. Free testosterone is an independent predictor of BMD and prevalent fractures in elderly men: MrOS Sweden. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 529-535 (2006).
24. Windahl S,Galien R, Chiusaroli R, et al. Bone protection by estrens occurs through non-tissue-selective activation of the androgen receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 2500-2509 (2006). (Pubitemid 44330149)
25. Callewaert F, Sinnesael M, Gielen E, et al. Skeletal sexual dimorphism: relative contribution of sex steroids, GH-IGF1, and mechanical loading. J. Endocrinol. 207, 127-134(2010).
26. Venken K, Movérare-Skrtic S, Kopchick JJ, et al. Impact of androgens, growth hormone, and IGF-I on bone and muscle in male mice during puberty. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(1), 72-82 (2007). (Pubitemid 46032599)
27. Schoenau E: Muscle mass during childhood - relationship to skeletal development. J. Musculoskel. Neuron. Interact. 4(1), 105-108 (2004). (Pubitemid 38714801)
28. Pietschmann P, Rauner M, Sipos W, et al. Osteoporosis: an age-related and gender-specific disease - a mini-review. Gerontology 1255, 3-12 (2009).
29. Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton J 3rd: Estrogen, bone homeostasis, and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis 3(2), 1012-1039 (2008).
30. Kanis JA, Reginster JY: European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 19, 399-428 (2008).
31. Riggs BL, Parfitt AM: Drugs used to treat osteoporosis: the critical need for a uniform nomenclature based on their action on bone remodeling. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20, 177-184(2005).
32. Cummings SR: How drugs decrease fracture risk: lessons from trials. J. Musculoskel. Neuron. Interact. 2(3), 198-200 (2002). (Pubitemid 34223801)
33. Beck TJ, Stone KL, Oreskovic TL, et al. Effects of current and discontinued estrogen replacement therapy on hip structural geometry: the study of ostoporotic fractures (SOF). J. Bone Miner. Res. 16, 2103-2110 (2001). (Pubitemid 32995402)
34. Ringe JD, Dorst A, Faber H, et al. Intermittent intravenous ibandronate injections reduce vertebral fracture risk in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: results from a long-term comparative study. Osteoporos. Int. 14, 801-807 (2003). (Pubitemid 37462129)
35. Li EK, Zhu TY, Hung VY, et al. Ibandronate increases cortical bone density in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on long-term glucocorticoid. Arthritis Res. Ther. 12, 198 (2010).
36. Glatt M, Pataki A, Evans GP, et al. Loss of vertebral bone and mechanical strength in estrogendeficient rats is prevented by long-term administration of zoledronic acid. Osteoporos. Int. 15, 707-715 (2004). (Pubitemid 39222653)
37. Recker RR, Delmas PD, Halse J, et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronic acid once yearly on bone remodeling and bone structure. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23(1), 6-16 (2008).
38. Brennan TC, Rybchyn MS, Halbout P, et al. Strontium ranelate effects in human osteoblasts support its uncoupling effect on bone formation and bone formation and bone resorption. Calcif. Tissue Int. 80, S72-S73 (2007).
39. Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 459-468 (2004). (Pubitemid 38133766)
40. Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC, et al. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: treatment of peripheral osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 2816-2822 (2005). (Pubitemid 40686329)
41. Reginster JY, Felsenberg D, Boonen S, et al. Effects of long term strontium ranelate treatment on the risk of non vertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis:results of a 5-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 58, 1687-1695 (2008). (Pubitemid 351847521)
42. Reginster JY, Bruyére O, Sawicki A, et al. Long-term treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with strontium ranelate: results at 8 years. Bone 45(6), 1059-1064(2009). nIn postmenopausal women, strontium ranelate shows long-term efficacy.
43. McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, et al. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 821-831 (2006). (Pubitemid 43290920)
44. Whyte MP: The long and the short of bone therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 861-863 (2006).
45. Recker RR, Bare SP, Smith SY, et al. Cancellous and cortical bone architecture and turnover at the iliac crest of postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with parathyroid hormone 1-84. Bone 44, 113-119 (2009).
46. Miyakoshi N: Effects of parathyroid hormone on cancellous bone mass and structure in osteoporosis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10(21), 2615-2627 (2004). (Pubitemid 38997437)
47. Adami S, Brandi ML, Canonico PL, et al. Appropriate use of anabolic treatment for severe osteoporosis. Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab. 7(2), 114-122 (2010).
48. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, et al. Ten years experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1189-1199 (2004). (Pubitemid 38339363)
49. Kaufman JM, Orwoll E, Goemaere S, et al. Teriparatide effects on vertebral fractures and bone mineral density in men with osteoporosis: treatment and discontinuation of therapy. Osteoporos. Int. 16, 510-516 (2005).
50. Finkelstein JS, Wyland JJ, Leder BZ, et al. Effects of teriparatide retreatment in osteoporotic men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 2495-2501 (2009).
51. Cosman F, Nieves JW, Zion M, et al. Retreatment with teriparatide one year after the first teriparatide course in patients on continued long-term alendronate. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24, 1110-1115 (2009).
52. Eastell R, Nickelsen T, Marin F, et al. Sequential treatment of severe postmenopausal osteoporosis after teriparatide: final results of the randomized, controlled European study of Forsteo (EUROFORS). J. Bone Miner. Res. 24, 726-736 (2009).
53. Leder BZ, Neer RM, Wyland JJ, et al. Effects of teriparatide treatment and discontinuation in postmenopausal women and eugonadal men with osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 2915-2921 (2009).
54. Lindsay R, Scheele WH, Neer R, et al. Sustained vertebral fracture risk reduction after withdrawal of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 2024-2030 (2004). (Pubitemid 39390560)
55. Devogelaer JP, Boutsen Y, Manicourt DH: Biologicals in osteoporosis: teriparatide and parathyroid hormone in women and men. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 8, 154-161 (2010).
56. Okazaki N: Anti-sclerostin antibodies. Clin. Calcium 21(1), 94-98 (2011).
57. Kawate H, Takayanagi R: Secondary osteoporosis update. Treatment of male osteoporosis. Clin. Calcium 20(5), 744-751 (2010).
58. Orwoll E, Ettinger M, Weiss S, et al. Alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 604-610 (2000). (Pubitemid 30659471)
59. Ringe JD, Faber H, Dorst A: Alendronate treatment of established primary osteoporosis in men: results of a 2-years prospective study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 5252-5255 (2001). (Pubitemid 33070244)
60. Ringle JD, Orwoll E, Daifotis A, et al. Treatment of male osteoporosis: recent advances with alendronate. Osteoporos. Int. 13, 195-199 (2002). (Pubitemid 34408184)