Collective trauma transmission and traumatic reactions among descendants of Armenian refugees

International Journal of Social Psychiatry

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 327-337

  Karenian, Hatsantour ^a   Livaditis, Miltos ^a   Karenian, Sirpouhi ^a   Zafiriadis, Kyriakos ^a   Bochtsou, Valentini ^a   Xenitidis, Kiriakos ^b  

^a DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE   (Greece)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Armenian; post traumatic stress; transgenerational transmission

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARMENIA; ARTICLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CYPRUS; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; GREECE; HISTORY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INJURY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REFUGEE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ARMENIA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; CYPRUS; FEMALE; GREECE; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRES; REFUGEES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WOUNDS AND INJURIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79959422512     PISSN: 00207640     EISSN: 17412854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020764009354840     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Altounian, J. (1999) Putting into words, putting to rest and putting aside the ancestors: How an analysand who was heir to the Armenian genocide of 1915 worked through mourning. (Autobiographical case report). The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80 (3). 439-448. (Pubitemid 29286624)
2. Auerhahn, N. c. & Laub, D. (1998) Intergenerational memory of the Holocaust. Central to the intergenerational response to trauma. In International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma (ed. Y. Danieli). pp. 21-41. New York: Plenum.
3. Baranowsky, A.B., Young, M., Johnson-Douglas, S., Williams-Keeler, L. & McCarrey, M. (1998) PTSD transmission: A review of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivors' families. Canadian Psychology - Psychologie Canadienne, 39 (4). 247-256.
4. Barocas, H.A. & Barocas, C.B. (1973) Manifestation of concentration camp effects on the second generation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 820-821.
5. Barocas, H.A. & Barocas, C.B. (1980) Separation - Individuation conflicts in children of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 11 (1). 6-14. (Pubitemid 11242353)
6. Bar-On, D., Eland, J., Kleber, R.J., Krel, R., Moore, Y., Sagi, A., Soriano, E., Suedfeld, P., Van Der Velden, P.G. & Van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (1998) Multigenerational perspectives on coping with the Holocaust experience: An attachment perspective for understanding the developmental sequelae of trauma across generations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22 (2). 315-338. (Pubitemid 128469196)
7. Campaign for Recognition of the Armenian Genocide (n.d.). Resolutions and Declarations by National States and Parliaments. Campaign for Recognition of the Armenian Genocide.
8. Cohen, E., Dekel, R. & Solomon, Z. (2002) Long-term adjustment and the role of attachment among Holocaust child survivors. Personality and Individual Differences, 33 (2). 299-310.
9. Cohen, M., Brom, D. & Dasberg, H. (2001) Child survivors of the Holocaust: Symptoms and coping after fifty years. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 38 (1). 3-12. (Pubitemid 33771353)
10. Danieli, Y. (1981) Differing adaptational styles in families of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. Children Today, 10 (5). 6-10.
11. Danieli, Y. (1985) The treatment and prevention of long-term effect and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. In Trauma and Its Wake. Volume 1: The Study and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (ed. C.R. Figley). pp. 295-313. New York: Brunner / Mazel.
12. Daud, A., Skoglund, E. & Rydelius, P.A. (2005) Children in families of torture victims: Transgenerational transmission of parents' traumatic experiences to their children. International Journal of Social Welfare, 14 (1). 23-32. (Pubitemid 40162154)
13. Davidson, J.R., Book, S.W., Colket, J.T., Tupler, L.A., Roth, S., David, D., Hertzberg, M., Mellman, T., Beckham, J.C., Smith, R.D., Davison, R.M., Katz, R. & Feldman, M.E. (1997) Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 27 (1). 155-160.
14. Felsen, I.V. (1998) Transgenerational transmission of effects of the Holocaust: The North American research perspective. In International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma (ed. Y. Danieli). pp. 43-68. New York & London: Plenum Press.
15. Felsen, I.V. & Erlich, S. (1990) Identification patterns of offspring of Holocaust survivors with their parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60 (4). 506-520.
16. Gertler, R.J. (1986) A study of interpersonal adjustment in children of Holocaust survivors (PhD dissertation, Palo Alto: Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 4298.
17. Kellermann, N.P. (2001 a) Transmission of Holocaust trauma - An integrative view. Psychiatry, 64 (3). 256-267. (Pubitemid 33049641)
18. Kellermann, N.P. (2001 b) The long-term psychological effects and treatment of Holocaust trauma. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 6 (3). 197-218. (Pubitemid 33689552)
19. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M. & Nelson, C.B. (1995) Post-traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
20. Kira, I.A. (2001) Taxonomy of trauma and trauma assessment. Traumatology, 7 (2). 73-86.
21. Lev-Wiesel, R. (2007) Intergenerational transmission of trauma across three generations: A preliminary study. Qualitative Social Work, 6 (1). 75-94.
22. Linder, E.G. (2001) Humiliation - Trauma that has been overlooked: An analysis based on fieldwork in Germany, Rwanda/Burundi and Somalia. Traumatology, 7, 43-68.
23. Major, E.F. (1996) The impact of the Holocaust on the second generation: Norwegian Jewish Holocaust survivors and their children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9 (3). 441-454. (Pubitemid 26349143)
24. Nagata, D.K. (1990) The Japanese American internment: Exploring the transgenerational consequences of traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3 (1). 47-69.
25. Ofman, J. (1981) Separation - Individuation in children of Nazi Holocaust survivors and its relationship to perceived parental overvaluation (PhD dissertation, Berkeley: California School of Professional Psychology, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 3434.
26. Papageorgiou, C. & Kontoagelos, C. (under submission) Validation of PTSD Self-Rating Scale in a Greek population.
27. Prince, R.M. (1985) Second-generation effects of historical trauma. The Psychoanalytic Review, 72, 9-29.
28. Rose, S.L. & Garske, J. (1987) Family environment, adjustment and coping among children of Holocaust survivors: A comparative investigation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57 (3). 332-344. (Pubitemid 17129828)
29. Rowland-Klein, D. & Dunlop, R. (1998) The transmission of trauma across generations: Identification with parental trauma in children of Holocaust survivors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32 (3). 358-369. (Pubitemid 28306357)
30. Schwartz, S., Dohrenwend, B.P. & Levav, I. (1994) Non-genetic familial transmission of psychiatric disorders: Evidence from children of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35 (4). 385-402.
31. Shiryon, S. (1988) The second generation leaves home: The function of the sibling subgroup in the separation-individuation process of the survivor family. Family Therapy, 15, 239-253.
32. Sigal, J.J. & Weinfeld, M. (1989) Trauma and Rebirth: Intergenerational Effects of the Holocaust. New York: Praeger Publisher.
33. Sorcher, N. & Cohen, L.J. (1997) Trauma in children of Holocaust survivors transgenerational effect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67 (3). 493-500. (Pubitemid 27315164)
34. Vila, G., Porch, L.M. & Mouren-Simeoni, M.C. (1999) An 18-month longitudinal study of post-traumatic disorder in children who were taken hostage in their school. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 746-754.
35. Volman, V.D. (1999) The tree model: A comprehensive psychopolitical approach to unofficial diplomacy and the reduction of ethnic tension. Mind and Human Interaction, 10, 142-206.
36. Weingarten, K. (2004) Witnessing the effects of political violence in families: Mechanism of intergenerational transmission and clinical intervention. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30 (1). 45-59. (Pubitemid 38157031)
37. Weiss, M. & Weiss, S. (2000) Second generation to Holocaust survivors: Enhanced differentiation of trauma transmission. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54 (3). 372-385. (Pubitemid 32488515)
38. Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Giller, E.L., Siever, L.J. & Binder-Brynes, K. (1998) Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (6). 841-843. (Pubitemid 28252670)
39. Zlotnick, C., Warshaw, M., Shea, T., Allsworth, J., Pealstein, T. & Keller, M.B. (1999) Chronicity in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of course of comorbid PTSD in patients with anxiety disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12 (1). 89-100. (Pubitemid 29071829)