The Global Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Present and Future

Clinics in Liver Disease

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 223-243

  McGlynn, Katherine A ^a   London, W Thomas ^b  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Aflatoxin; Alcohol; Diabetes; Hepatitis b virus; Hepatitis c virus; Incidence

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; AFLATOXIN; AFLATOXIN B1; AFLATOXIN B2; AFLATOXIN G1; AFLATOXIN G2; ANDROGEN; ANTISCHISTOSOMAL AGENT; FREE RADICAL; HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; PROTEIN P53; VIRUS DNA;

AFRICA; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL METABOLISM; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY; AMERICAN INDIAN; ASIA; ASIAN; ASPERGILLUS; AUSTRALIA; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BODY MASS; CANADA; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHINA; CHINESE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COLOMBIA; COSTA RICA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EGYPT; ETHNICITY; EUROPE; EXPOSURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FRANCE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOTYPE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HISPANIC; HISTOLOGY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; INDIA; INSULIN METABOLISM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; IRON STORAGE; ISRAEL; ITALY; JAPAN; KOREA; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MONGOLIA; MUTATION; NEW ZEALAND; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NORTH AMERICA; OBESITY; PACIFIC ISLANDER; PACIFIC ISLANDS; PAKISTAN; PERINATAL PERIOD; PORPHYRIA; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RACE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; SOUTH AMERICA; SOUTH KOREA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN; SWITZERLAND; THAILAND; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TYROSINEMIA; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION; VIET NAM; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS LOAD; ZIMBABWE;

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; FEMALE; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MALE;

EID: 79959296814     PISSN: 10893261     EISSN: 15578224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2011.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Ferlay J., Shin H., Bray F., et al. GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CANCERBase no. 10 [Internet] Available at:, Accessed November 25, 2010. http://globocan.iarc.fr.
2. Zimmerman M., Aufderheide A.C. Paleopathology Newsletter 2010, 150:16-23.
3. Frerichs F.T. A clinical treatise on diseases of the liver 1879, Wood, New York.
4. Osler W., McCrae T. The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine 1912, D. Appleton and Company, New York. 8th edition.
5. Ferlay J., Parkin D.M., Curado M.P., et al. Cancer incidence in five continents, volumes I to IX: IARC CANCERBase No. 9 [Internet] Available at:, Accessed November 9, 2010. http://ci5.iarc.fr.
6. Sun C.A., Wu D.M., Wang L.Y., et al. Determinants of formation of aflatoxin-albumin adducts: a seven-township study in Taiwan. Br J Cancer 2002, 87:966-970.
7. Altekruse S.F., McGlynn K.A., Reichman M.E. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:1485-1491.
8. Tanaka H., Imai Y., Hiramatsu N., et al. Declining incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Osaka, Japan, from 1990 to 2003. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148:820-826.
9. Perz J.F., Armstrong G.L., Farrington L.A., et al. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006, 45:529-538.
10. Gilbert C., Feschotte C. Genomic fossils calibrate the long-term evolution of hepadnaviruses. PLoS Biol 2010, 8(9):e1000495. pii.
11. Fares M.A., Holmes E.C. A revised evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus (HBV). J Mol Evol 2002, 54:807-814.
12. Simmonds P. Reconstructing the origins of human hepatitis viruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001, 356:1013-1026.
13. Edmondson H.A., Steiner P.E. Primary carcinoma of the liver: a study of 100 cases among 48,900 necropsies. Cancer 1954, 7:462-503.
14. Higginson J., Grobbelaar B.G., Walker A.R. Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in man in relation to malnutrition. Am J Pathol 1957, 33:29-44.
15. Edmondson H.A. Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile duct 1958, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC.
16. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Hepatitis viruses 1994, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (France).
17. Parkin D.M., Bray F., Ferlay J., et al. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005, 55:74-108.
18. Schutte K., Bornschein J., Malfertheiner P. Hepatocellular carcinoma-epidemiological trends and risk factors. Dig Dis 2009, 27:80-92.
19. CDC Hepatitis B Available at:, Accessed December 15, 2010. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/hepatitis-b.aspx.
20. Beasley R.P., Hwang L.Y., Lin C.C., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981, 2:1129-1133.
21. Heyward W.L., Lanier A.P., McMahon B.J., et al. Early detection of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Screening for primary hepatocellular carcinoma among persons infected with hepatitis B virus. JAMA 1985, 254:3052-3054.
22. Evans A.A., Chen G., Ross E.A., et al. Eight-year follow-up of the 90,000-person Haimen City cohort: I. Hepatocellular carcinoma mortality, risk factors, and gender differences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11:369-376.
23. Chen C.J., Iloeje U.H., Yang H.I. Long-term outcomes in hepatitis B: the REVEAL-HBV study. Clin Liver Dis 2007, 11:797-816. viii.
24. Ijima T., Saitoh N., Nobutomo K., et al. A prospective cohort study of hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in a working population. Gann 1984, 75:571-573.
25. Stevens C.E., Beasley R.P., Tsui J., et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1975, 292:771-774.
26. Okada K., Kamiyama I., Inomata M., et al. e Antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. N Engl J Med 1976, 294:746-749.
27. Marinier E., Barrois V., Larouze B., et al. Lack of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in Senegal, West Africa. J Pediatr 1985, 106:843-849.
28. Larouze B., Saimot G., Lustbader E.D., et al. Host responses to hepatitis-B infection in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma and their families. A case/control study in Senegal, West Africa. Lancet 1976, 2:534-538.
29. Hann H.W., Kim C.Y., London W.T., et al. Hepatitis B virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma: family studies in Korea. Int J Cancer 1982, 30:47-51.
30. Beasley R.P. Hepatitis B virus. The major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1988, 61:1942-1956.
31. Shafritz D.A., Shouval D., Sherman H.I., et al. Integration of hepatitis B virus DNA into the genome of liver cells in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies in percutaneous liver biopsies and post-mortem tissue specimens. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:1067-1073.
32. Brechot C., Degos F., Lugassy C., et al. Hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:270-276.
33. Ming L., Thorgeirsson S.S., Gail M.H., et al. Dominant role of hepatitis B virus and cofactor role of aflatoxin in hepatocarcinogenesis in Qidong, China. Hepatology 2002, 36:1214-1220.
34. Chen G., Lin W., Shen F., et al. Past HBV viral load as predictor of mortality and morbidity from HCC and chronic liver disease in a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101:1797-1803.
35. Chen C.J., Yang H.I., Iloeje U.H. Hepatitis B virus DNA levels and outcomes in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009, 49:S72-S84.
36. McMahon B.J. The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2009, 49:S45-S55.
37. McMahon B.J. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis 2010, 14:381-396.
38. Sumi H., Yokosuka O., Seki N., et al. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the progression of chronic type B liver disease. Hepatology 2003, 37:19-26.
39. WHO Hepatitis B Available at:, Accessed November 20, 2010. http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/hepatits_b/en/index.html.
40. Chang M.H., You S.L., Chen C.J., et al. Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccinees: a 20-year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101:1348-1355.
41. Choo Q.L., Kuo G., Weiner A.J., et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989, 244:359-362.
42. Simmonds P. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus-15 years on. J Gen Virol 2004, 85:3173-3188.
43. Simmonds P., Holmes E.C., Cha T.A., et al. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol 1993, 74(Pt 11):2391-2399.
44. Pybus O.G., Charleston M.A., Gupta S., et al. The epidemic behavior of the hepatitis C virus. Science 2001, 292:2323-2325.
45. Pybus O.G., Barnes E., Taggart R., et al. Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia. J Virol 2009, 83:1071-1082.
46. Pybus O.G., Markov P.V., Wu A., et al. Investigating the endemic transmission of the hepatitis C virus. Int J Parasitol 2007, 37:839-849.
47. Bostan N., Mahmood T. An overview about hepatitis C: a devastating virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010, 36:91-133.
48. Tanaka Y., Hanada K., Mizokami M., et al. Inaugural article: a comparison of the molecular clock of hepatitis C virus in the United States and Japan predicts that hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States will increase over the next two decades. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:15584-15589.
49. Iida F., Iida R., Kamijo H., et al. Chronic Japanese schistosomiasis and hepatocellular carcinoma: ten years of follow-up in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Bull World Health Organ 1999, 77:573-581.
50. Primary liver cancer in Japan. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Cancer 1984, 54:1747-1755.
51. Chung H., Ueda T., Kudo M. Changing trends in hepatitis C infection over the past 50 years in Japan. Intervirology 2010, 53:39-43.
52. Moriya T., Koyama T., Tanaka J., et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Japan. Intervirology 1999, 42:153-158.
53. Frank C., Mohamed M.K., Strickland G.T., et al. The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. Lancet 2000, 355:887-891.
54. Tanaka Y., Agha S., Saudy N., et al. Exponential spread of hepatitis C virus genotype 4a in Egypt. J Mol Evol 2004, 58:191-195.
55. Mizokami M., Tanaka Y. Tracing the evolution of hepatitis C virus in the United States, Japan, and Egypt by using the molecular clock. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 3:S82-S85.
56. Armstrong G.L., Alter M.J., McQuillan G.M., et al. The past incidence of hepatitis C virus infection: implications for the future burden of chronic liver disease in the United States. Hepatology 2000, 31:777-782.
57. Salomon J.A., Weinstein M.C., Hammitt J.K., et al. Empirically calibrated model of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 156:761-773.
58. Seeff L.B., Miller R.N., Rabkin C.S., et al. 45-year follow-up of hepatitis C virus infection in healthy young adults. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:105-111.
59. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene 2002, vol. 2010. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (France).
60. Ozturk M. p53 mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma after aflatoxin exposure. Lancet 1991, 338:1356-1359.
61. Bressac B., Kew M., Wands J., et al. Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature 1991, 350:429-431.
62. Hsu I.C., Metcalf R.A., Sun T., et al. Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature 1991, 350:427-428.
63. Wild C.P., Hall A.J. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries. Mutat Res 2000, 462:381-393.
64. Plymoth A., Viviani S., Hainaut P. Control of hepatocellular carcinoma through hepatitis B vaccination in areas of high endemicity: perspectives for global liver cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 2009, 286:15-21.
65. Qian G.S., Ross R.K., Yu M.C., et al. A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994, 3:3-10.
66. Ross R.K., Yuan J.M., Yu M.C., et al. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1992, 339:943-946.
67. Kuang S.Y., Lekawanvijit S., Maneekarn N., et al. Hepatitis B 1762T/1764A mutations, hepatitis C infection, and codon 249 p53 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas from Thailand. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14:380-384.
68. Liu Y., Wu F. Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:818-824.
69. Wild C.P., Gong Y.Y. Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31:71-82.
70. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Alcohol drinking 1988, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (France).
71. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective 2007, American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC.
72. Aizawa Y., Shibamoto Y., Takagi I., et al. Analysis of factors affecting the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A long term follow-up study after histologic diagnosis. Cancer 2000, 89:53-59.
73. Corrao G., Bagnardi V., Zambon A., et al. Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction 1999, 94:1551-1573.
74. Kono S., Ikeda M., Tokudome S., et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality: a cohort study of male Japanese physicians. Jpn J Cancer Res 1987, 78:1323-1328.
75. Hirayama T.A. large-scale cohort study on risk factors for primary liver cancer, with special reference to the role of cigarette smoking. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989, 23(Suppl):S114-S117.
76. Roudot-Thoraval F., Bastie A., Pawlotsky J.M., et al. Epidemiological factors affecting the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a French survey of 6,664 patients. The Study Group for the Prevalence and the Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus. Hepatology 1997, 26:485-490.
77. Shibata A., Hirohata T., Toshima H., et al. The role of drinking and cigarette smoking in the excess deaths from liver cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1986, 77:287-295.
78. Tanaka K., Hirohata T., Takeshita S. Blood transfusion, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking in causation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Fukuoka, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988, 79:1075-1082.
79. Tsukuma H., Hiyama T., Oshima A., et al. A case-control study of hepatocellular carcinoma in Osaka, Japan. Int J Cancer 1990, 45:231-236.
80. Ikeda K., Saitoh S., Suzuki Y., et al. Disease progression and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a prospective observation of 2215 patients. J Hepatol 1998, 28:930-938.
81. Chen C.J., Liang K.Y., Chang A.S., et al. Effects of hepatitis B virus, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and familial tendency on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1991, 13:398-406.
82. Oshima A., Tsukuma H., Hiyama T., et al. Follow-up study of HBs Ag-positive blood donors with special reference to effect of drinking and smoking on development of liver cancer. Int J Cancer 1984, 34:775-779.
83. Lam K.C., Yu M.C., Leung J.W., et al. Hepatitis B virus and cigarette smoking: risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Hong Kong. Cancer Res 1982, 42:5246-5248.
84. Lu S.N., Lin T.M., Chen C.J., et al. A case-control study of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer 1988, 62:2051-2055.
85. Goodman M.T., Moriwaki H., Vaeth M., et al. Prospective cohort study of risk factors for primary liver cancer in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Epidemiology 1995, 6:36-41.
86. Yu M.W., Hsu F.C., Sheen I.S., et al. Prospective study of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Am J Epidemiol 1997, 145:1039-1047.
87. Donato F., Tagger A., Gelatti U., et al. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 155:323-331.
88. Kuper H., Tzonou A., Kaklamani E., et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000, 85:498-502.
89. Yuan J.M., Govindarajan S., Arakawa K., et al. Synergism of alcohol, diabetes, and viral hepatitis on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks and whites in the U.S. Cancer 2004, 101:1009-1017.
90. Frezza M., di Padova C., Pozzato G., et al. High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:95-99.
91. Tuyns A.J., Pequignot G. Greater risk of ascitic cirrhosis in females in relation to alcohol consumption. Int J Epidemiol 1984, 13:53-57.
92. Corrao G., Arico S., Zambon A., et al. Female sex and the risk of liver cirrhosis. Collaborative groups for the study of liver diseases in Italy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997, 32:1174-1180.
93. Mukaiya M., Nishi M., Miyake H., et al. Chronic liver diseases for the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Japan. Etiologic association of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the development of chronic liver diseases. Hepatogastroenterology 1998, 45:2328-2332.
94. Hassan M.M., Spitz M.R., Thomas M.B., et al. Effect of different types of smoking and synergism with hepatitis C virus on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in American men and women: case-control study. Int J Cancer 2008, 123:1883-1891.
95. Hart C.L., Morrison D.S., Batty G.D., et al. Effect of body mass index and alcohol consumption on liver disease: analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2010, 340:c1240.
96. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010, 303:235-241.
97. McKillop I.H., Schrum L.W. Role of alcohol in liver carcinogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 2009, 29:222-232.
98. Seitz H.K., Poschl G., Simanowski U.A. Alcohol and cancer. Recent Dev Alcohol 1998, 14:67-95.
99. WHO WHO global status report on alcohol 2004 Available at:, Accessed October 20, 2010. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf.
100. Lawson D.H., Gray J.M., McKillop C., et al. Diabetes mellitus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Q J Med 1986, 61:945-955.
101. Kessler I.I. Cancer mortality among diabetics. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970, 44:673-686.
102. Ragozzino M., Melton L.J., Chu C.P., et al. Subsequent cancer risk in the incidence cohort of Rochester, Minnesota, residents with diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis 1982, 35:13-19.
103. El-Serag H.B., Richardson P.A., Everhart J.E. The role of diabetes in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study among United States Veterans. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:2462-2467.
104. Hadziyannis S., Tabor E., Kaklamani E., et al. A case-control study of hepatitis B and C virus infections in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1995, 60:627-631.
105. Beasley R.P. Diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2006, 44:1408-1410.
106. Gao C., Yao S.K. Diabetes mellitus: a "true" independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2009, 8:465-473.
107. El-Serag H.B., Hampel H., Javadi F. The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 4:369-380.
108. Adami H.O., McLaughlin J., Ekbom A., et al. Cancer risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cancer Causes Control 1991, 2:307-314.
109. Koskinen S.V., Reunanen A.R., Martelin T.P., et al. Mortality in a large population-based cohort of patients with drug-treated diabetes mellitus. Am J Public Health 1998, 88:765-770.
110. Weiderpass E., Gridley G., Nyren O., et al. Cause-specific mortality in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus: a population-based study in Sweden. J Clin Epidemiol 2001, 54:802-809.
111. Sasaki A., Uehara M., Horiuchi N., et al. 15-year follow-up study of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Osaka, Japan. Factors predictive of the prognosis of diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997, 36:41-47.
112. Adami H.O., Chow W.H., Nyren O., et al. Excess risk of primary liver cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88:1472-1477.
113. Wideroff L., Gridley G., Mellemkjaer L., et al. Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:1360-1365.
114. Balkau B., Kahn H.S., Courbon D., et al. Hyperinsulinemia predicts fatal liver cancer but is inversely associated with fatal cancer at some other sites: the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:843-849.
115. Clark J.M., Diehl A.M. Hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2002, 2:210-215.
116. Mason A.L., Lau J.Y., Hoang N., et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1999, 29:328-333.
117. Petrides A.S., DeFronzo R.A. Glucose and insulin metabolism in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1989, 8:107-114.
118. Hassan M.M., Hwang L.Y., Hatten C.J., et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology 2002, 36:1206-1213.
119. Lagiou P., Kuper H., Stuver S.O., et al. Role of diabetes mellitus in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92:1096-1099.
120. Nguyen N.T., Nguyen X.M., Lane J., et al. Relationship between obesity and diabetes in a US adult population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Obes Surg 2011, 21:351-355.
121. Saunders D., Seidel D., Allison M., et al. Systematic review: the association between obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma - epidemiological evidence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010, 31:1051-1063.
122. Larsson S.C., Wolk A. Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2007, 97:1005-1008.
123. Shaw J.E., Sicree R.A., Zimmet P.Z. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010, 87:4-14.
124. James W.P. The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med 2008, 263:336-352.
125. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Kuczmarski R.J., et al. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998, 22:39-47.
126. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002, 288:1723-1727.
127. Ludwig J., Viggiano T.R., McGill D.B., et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980, 55:434-438.
128. Brunt E.M., Janney C.G., Di Bisceglie A.M., et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:2467-2474.
129. Byron D., Minuk G.Y. Clinical hepatology: profile of an urban, hospital-based practice. Hepatology 1996, 24:813-815.
130. Farrell G.C. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: what is it, and why is it important in the Asia-Pacific region?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003, 18:124-138.
131. Bacon B.R., Farahvash M.J., Janney C.G., et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology 1994, 107:1103-1109.
132. Struben V.M., Hespenheide E.E., Caldwell S.H. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis within kindreds. Am J Med 2000, 108:9-13.
133. Bugianesi E., Leone N., Vanni E., et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:134-140.
134. Caldwell S.H., Oelsner D.H., Iezzoni J.C., et al. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology 1999, 29:664-669.
135. Poonawala A., Nair S.P., Thuluvath P.J. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis: a case-control study. Hepatology 2000, 32:689-692.
136. Powell E.E., Cooksley W.G., Hanson R., et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 1990, 11:74-80.
137. Schafer D.F., Sorrell M.F. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1999, 353:1253-1257.
138. Cotrim H.P., Parana R., Braga E., et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: natural history?. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:3018-3019.
139. Shimada M., Hashimoto E., Taniai M., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2002, 37:154-160.
140. Zen Y., Katayanagi K., Tsuneyama K., et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma arising in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Pathol Int 2001, 51:127-131.
141. Sorensen H.T., Mellemkjaer L., Jepsen P., et al. Risk of cancer in patients hospitalized with fatty liver: a Danish cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003, 36:356-359.
142. Ertle J., Dechene A., Sowa J.P., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to HCC in the absence of apparent cirrhosis. Int J Cancer 2011, 128(10):2436-2443.
143. Sanyal A., Poklepovic A., Moyneur E., et al. Population-based risk factors and resource utilization for HCC: US perspective. Curr Med Res Opin 2010, 26:2183-2191.