Flowers for homestead: A case study in archives and collective memory

American Archivist

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 113-132

  Bastian, Jeannette A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959295977     PISSN: 03609081     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17723/aarc.72.1.k751734304667050     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. From the website A Traditional Music Library, "Folk and Traditional Song Lyrics," recorded by Stekert, Songs of a New York Lumberjack RG, at http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/folk-song-lyrics/Homestead- Strike.htm, accessed 12 August 2006.
2. According to Homestead historian Paul Krause, after the Homestead Strike, "unionism in the national steel industry came to a virtual halt for four decades," The Battle for Homestead, 1888-1892, Politics, Culture and Steel (Pittburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), 4.
3. Although the AAISW was severely weakened, it survived and continued to organize strikes. The AAISW was dissolved in 1942 upon the forming of the United Steel Workers by a convention of representatives from the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers and the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, after almost six years of divisive struggles to create a new union of steelworkers. See Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United- Steelworkers#Origins-and-History, accessed 16 November 2008.
4. Krause, Battle for Homestead, 4.
5. See http://www.geocities.com/pract-history/flowers.html, accessed 16 November 2008.
6. The Dulwich Picture Gallery, built by Sir John Soane, is an art gallery in Dulwich, London. Opened in 1817, it is considered the first public art gallery in England. It houses a permanent collection of old European masters and also hosts contemporary exhibitions. See http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org. uk/#non, accessed 3 December 2008.
7. "Flowers for Homestead at Dulwich Picture Gallery," http://www.geocities.com/pract-history/flowers.html, accessed 24 June 2006.
8. For an excellent examination of the relationships between archives and memory and archival writings in this area, see Michael Piggott, "Archives and Memory," in Archives: Recordkeeping in Society, ed. Sue McKemmish, Michael Piggott, Barbara Reed, and Frank Upward, Topics in Australasian Library Studies No. 24 (Wagga Wagga, New South Wales: Centre for Information Studies, 2004), 299-328.
9. The term triggers in relationship to memory comes from a MAC session, "Triggers of Social Memory," organized by Mark Greene, in which a version of this paper was first presented in fall 2004.
10. Some of the archivists and articles examining collective memory as well as social memory include Francis Blouin, "Archivists, Mediation, and Constructs of Social Memory," Archival Issues 24, no. 2 (1999): 101-12;
11. Mark Greene, "The Messy Business of Remembering: History, Memory, and Archives," Archival Issues 28, no. 2 (2003/2004): 95-103;
12. Richard J. Cox, "Public Memory Meets Archival Memory: The Interpretation of Williamsburg's Secretary's Office," American Archivist 68 (Fall/Winter 2005): 279-96;
13. Hugh Taylor, "The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries as Heritage," Archivaria 15 (Winter 82-83): 118-30;
14. Brian Brothman, "The Past that Archives Keep: Memory, History, and the Preservation of Archival Records," Archivaria 51 (Spring 2001):.48-80;
15. Verne Harris, "Claiming Less, Delivering More: A Critique of Positivist Formulations on Archives in South Africa," Archivaria 44 (Fall 1997): 132-41.
16. Barbara A. Misztal, Theories of Social Remembering (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2003), 7.
17. Each of these has had a complex collective memory. See respectively Barry Schwartz, Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)
18. and Holly Beachley Brear, "We Run the Alamo and You Don't," in Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
19. Edmund Casey, "Public Memory in Place and Time," in Framing Public Memory, ed. Kendall R. Phillips (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 19.
20. In Patrick H. Hutton, History as an Art of Memory (Hanover, N.H.: University of Vermont, 1993), 78.
21. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 43.
22. Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, 22.
23. Quoted in Susan A. Crane, "Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory," American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (1997): 1377.
24. It should be noted that this relationship between history and memory, as well as the concept of collective memory itself, speaks directly to postmodernist theory. The ambiguous and relational question of "whose memory?" reinforces the postmodernist concept that everyone's truth is equally important. For more discussion of the postmodern view of memory, see Kerwin Lee Klein, "On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse," Representations 69 (Winter 2000): 127-50;
25. or Terry Cook and Joan Schwartz, "Archives, Records, and Power: The Making of Modern Memory," Archival Science 2, no. 1 (2002): 1-19.
26. Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire," Representations 26 (Spring 1989): 8.
27. Jay Winter, Remembering War, The Great War Between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 1.
28. Winter, Remembering War, 18-19.
29. There is a large and growing literature on the relationship between history and memory. Some notable readings include Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelan, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998);
30. John Gillis, "Memory and Identity" in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), 6-20;
31. Kerwin Lee Klein, "On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse," Representations 69 (Winter 2000); 127-150;
32. David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985):
33. David Blight, Beyond the Battlefield (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002);
34. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
35. David W. Blight, "Historians and 'Memory'," Common-Place, 2, no. 3 (April 2002), available at http://common-place.dreamhost.com/vol-02/no-03/ author/, accessed 12 October 2008.
36. Blight, "Historians and 'Memory'."
37. Alon Confino, "Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method," AHR Forum (December 1997): 1395.
38. This account of the Homestead Strike draws from several sources including Arthur G. Burgoyne, The Homestead Strike of 1892, reprint edition (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979);
39. Krause, The Battle for Homestead;
40. and William Serrin, Homestead, The Glory and Tragedy of an American Steel Town (New York: Vintage Books 1992).
41. Iwona Irwin-Zarecka, Frames of Remembrance, The Dynamics of Collective Memory (New Brunwick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 26.
42. Serrin, Homestead, 67.
43. Sheets containing partial text of this address were distributed at the Interpretive Pump House conference held at the Carnegie Public Library of Homestead, 6 July 1996. The full text of this address, originally issued by the Advisory Committee, the Knights of Labor, and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers, Homestead, Pa., 22-23 July, 1892, can be found in the National Labor Tribune, 30 July 1892
44. and the Pittsburgh Post, 23 July 1892.
45. Ronald L.Filippelli, ed., Labor Conflict in the United States, An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland Publishing, 1990), 243.
46. Filippelli, Labor Conflict, 245.
47. Casey, "Public Memory," 19.
48. Burgoyne, The Homestead Strike of 1892, iv.
49. David P. Demarest, Jr., Afterword, in Burgoyne, The Homestead Strike, 302.
50. "A Fight for Home and Honor" was written by John. W. Kelly. See David P. Demarest, Fannia Weingartner, and David Montgomery, The River Ran Red, Homestead, 1892, Pittsburgh Series in Social and Labor History (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992): 222.
51. Demarest, Afterword, 312.
52. See http://www.riversofsteel.com/, accessed 26 November 2008.
53. See http://home.earthlink.net/∼homestead1892/BoH/PHevents.html, accessed 4 January 2008.
54. See http://www.nps.gov/history/nhl/, accessed 30 March 2009.
55. See http://www.ustrek.org/odyssey/semester1/011301/011301daphnehome.html, accessed 4 January 2008.
56. Nancy Whitelaw, The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 (Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2006).
57. Demarest et al., The River Ran Red;
58. Steffi Domike and Nicole Fauteux, The River Ran Red, videoproduction, 1993.
59. The symbiotic relationship between memory and countermemory is well established. See for example, James E. Young, "Memory and Counter-Memory; The End of the Monument in Germany," Harvard Design no. 9 (Fall 1999): 1-10;
60. "The Future of the Past, Countermemory and Postmemory in Contemporary American Post-Holocaust Narratives," History and Memory 12 (2001): 56-91.
61. Bill Gaughan, former manager of Homestead Works and collector of documents and photographs of Homestead steel history, exhibit at the Interpretive Pump House Conference, 6 July 1996.
62. Tim Haggerty, "Happy History," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 May 1996, A-13.
63. See http://www.library.pitt.edu/libraries/archives/ais.html, accessed 4 January 2008.
64. The Labor Legacy website at the University of Pittsburgh Archives includes coroners' case files, union minutes, and eyewitness testimonies. See http://www.library.pitt.edu/labor-legacy/homestead.htm, accessed 4 January 2008.
65. See Robert L. Dorman, "The Creation and Destruction of the 1890 Federal Census," American Archivist 71 (Fall/Winter 2008): 350-83.
66. Angelika Menne-Haritz, "Access-The Reformulation of an Archival Paradigm," Archival Science 1 (March 2001): 59.
67. Richard Cox, No Innocent Deposits, Forming Archives by Rethinking Appraisal (Lanham, Md: Scarecrow, 2003), 234.
68. Cox, No Innocent Deposits, 241.
69. Larry Weimer, "Pathways to Provenance: DACS and Creator Descriptions," Journal of Archival Organization nos. 1/2 (2007): 41.
70. "Beta Release of Encoded Archival Context (EAC) for Name Authority Control," available at http://xml.coverpages.org/ni2004-08-24-a.html, accessed 25 November 2008.
71. Richard V. Szary, "Encoded Archival Context (EAC) and Archival Description: Rationale and Background," Journal of Archival Organization 3, no. 2 (2005): 226.
72. "Toronto Tenets," available at http://www.library.yale.edu/eac/ torontotenets.htm, accessed 25 November 2008.
73. See http://911digitalarchive.org/and http://www.ushmm.org/, both accessed 25 November 2008.
74. See http://polarbears.si.umich.edu/.
75. See also Magia Ghetu Krause and Elizabeth Yakel, "Interaction in Virtual Archives: The Polar Bear Expedition Digital Collections Next Generation Finding Aid," American Archivist 70 (Fall/Winter 2007): 282-314.
76. David Nasaw, "Billionaires to the Rescue," New York Times, 4 July 2006, A-17.