Symbolic use of decisive events: Tiananmen as a news icon in the editorials of the elite U.S. press

International Journal of Press/Politics

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 335-356

  Lee, Chin Chuan ^a   Li, Hongtao ^b   Lee, Francis L F ^c  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

media discourses; news icon; the press and foreign policy,Tiananmen; U.S. China relationship

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959202561     PISSN: 19401612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1940161211403310     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Akhavan-Majid, Roya, and Jyotika Ramaprasad. 1998. "Framing and Ideology: A Comparative Analysis of U.S. and Chinese Newspaper Coverage of the Fourth United Nations Conference on Women and the NGO Forum."Mass Communication and Society 1(3/4): 131-52.
2. Bennett, W. Lance. 1990. "Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States."Journal of Communication 40(2): 103-25.
3. Bennett, W. Lance, and Regina G. Lawrence. 1995. "News Icons and the Mainstreaming of Social Change."Journal of Communication 45(3): 20-39.
4. Bennett, W. Lance, Regina G. Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. 2007. When the Press Fails. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Chang, Tsan Kuo. 1988. "The News and US-China Policy: Symbols in Newspapers and Documents."Journalism Quarterly 65(2): 320-27.
6. Chang, Tsan Kuo. 1989. "The Impact of Presidential Statements on Press Editorials Regarding US-China Policy, 1950-1984."Communication Research 16(4): 486-509.
7. Chinoy, Mike. 1999. "Tiananmen Part, But Not All, of Modern-Day China's Legacy."CNN Special Reports (2 June). http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/06/chinoy.tiananmen.jun2/.
8. Cohen, Akiba A., Mark R. Levy, Itzhak Roeh, and Michael Gurevitch, eds. 1996. Global News-rooms, Local Audiences. London: J. Libbey.
9. Cohen, Bernard C. 1963. The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10. Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11. Dahl, Megan K., and W. Lance Bennett. 1996. "Media Agency and the Use of Icons in the Agenda-Setting Process: News Representations of George Bush's Trade Mission to Japan."Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 1(3): 41-59.
12. Denham, Bryan E. 2008. "Folk Devils, News Icons, and the Construction of Moral Panics: Heroin Chic and the Amplification of Drug Threats in Contemporary Society."Journalism Studies 9(6): 945-61.
13. Dorogi, Thomas L. 2001. Tainted Perceptions. Lanham, MD: University Press of American.
14. Edelman, Murray. 1964. Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
15. Edy, Jill A. 1999. "Journalistic Uses of Collective Memory."Journal of Communication 49(2): 71-85.
16. Edy, Jill A. 2001. "The Presence of the Past in Public Discourse."In Politics, Discourse, and American Society: New Agendas, ed. Roderick P. Hart and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
17. Edy, Jill A. 2006. Troubled Pasts. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
18. Entman, Robert M. 2003. "Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House's Frame after 9/11."Political Communication 20(4): 415-32.
19. Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1987. "The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action."Research in Political Sociology 3: 137-77.
20. Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1989. "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach."American Journal of Sociology 95(1): 1-37.
21. Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What's News. New York: Pantheon.
22. Goode, Luke. 2009. "Social News, Citizen Journalism and Democracy."New Media & Society 11: 1287-1305.
23. Graber, Doris A. 1976. Verbal Behavior and Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
24. Hackett, Robert A. and Yuezhi Zhao. 1994. "Challenging a Master Narrative: Peace Protest and Opinion/editorial Discourse in the US Press during the Gulf War."Discourse & Society 5(4): 509-41.
25. Halbwachs, Maurice. 1992. On Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Hall, Stuart. 1980. "Encoding/Decoding."In Culture, Media, Language, ed. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis. London: Hutchinson.
27. Hallin, Daniel C. 1986. The Uncensored War. New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Hallin, Daniel C. 1994. We Keep America on the Top of the World. New York: Routledge.
29. Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. 1988. Manufacturing Consent. New York: Pantheon.
30. Kim, Sung Tae. 2000. "Making a Difference: U.S. Press Coverage of the Kwangju and Tiananmen Pro-democracy Movements."Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 77(1): 22-36.
31. Kluver, Alan R. 2002. "The Logic of New Media in International Affairs."New Media & Society 4(4): 499-517.
32. Kobland, Clifford E., Liping Du, and Joongrok Kwon. 1992. "Influence of Ideology in News Reporting: Case Study of New York Times' Coverage of Student Demonstrations in China and South Korea."Asian Journal of Communication 2: 64-77.
33. Lang, Kurt, and Gladys E. Lang. (1989). "Collective Memory and the News."Communication 11: 123-39.
34. Lawrence, Regina G. 1996. "Accidents, Icons, and Indexing: The Dynamics of News Coverage of Police Use of Force."Political Communication 13(4): 437-54.
35. Le, Élisabeth. 2006. The Spiral of "Anti-other Rhetoric": Discourses of Identity and the International Media Echo. Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.
36. Lee, Chin-Chuan. 2002. "Established Pluralism: US Elite Media Discourse about China Policy."Journalism Studies 3(3): 343-57.
37. Lee, Chin-Chuan, Joseph Man Chan, Zhongdang Pan, and Clement Y. K. So. 2002. Global Media Spectacle: News War over Hong Kong. Albany: State University of New York Press.
38. Lee, Chin-Chuan, Zhongdang Pan, Joseph Man Chan, and ClementY. K. So. 2001. "Through the Eyes of U.S. Media: Banging the Democracy Drum in Hong Kong."Journal of Communication 52(2): 345-65.
39. Lee, Chin-Chuan, and Junghye Yang. 1995. "Foreign News and National Interest: Comparing U.S. and Japanese Coverage of a Chinese Student Movement."International Communication Gazette 56(1): 1-18.
40. Lee, Francis L.F., and Angel M. Y. Lin. 2006. "Newspaper Editorial Discourse and the Politics of Self-censorship in Hong Kong."Discourse & Society 17(3): 331-58.
41. Livingston, Steven, and Todd Eachus. 1996. "Indexing News after the Cold War: Reporting U.S. Ties to Latin American Paramilitary Organization."Political Communication 13: 423-36.
42. Meraz, Sharon. 2009. "Is There an Elite Hold? Traditional Media to Social Media Agenda Setting Influence in Blog Networks."Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 14: 682-707.
43. Olick, Jeffrey K. 2010. "From Collective Memory to the Sociology of Mnemonic Practices and Products."In A Companion to Cultural Memory Studies, ed. Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nunning. Berlin: De Gruyter.
44. Peng, Zengjun. 2004. "Representation of China: An across Time Analysis of Coverage in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times."Asian Journal of Communication 14(1): 53-67.
45. Said, Edward W. 1981. Covering Islam. New York: Pantheon.
46. Said, Edward W. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.
47. Schudson, Michael. 1992. Watergate in American Memory. New York: Basic Books.
48. Schudson, Michael. 1997. "Lives, Laws, and Language: Commemorative versus Non-Commemorative Forms of Effective Public Memory."The Communication Review 2(1): 3-17.
49. Sigal, Leon V. 1973. Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking. Lexington, MA: D.C. Health.
50. Stone, Gerald C., and Zhiwen Xiao. 2007. "Anointing a New Enemy: The Rise of Anti-China Coverage after the USSR's Demise."International Communication Gazette 69(1): 91-108.
51. van Dijk, Teun A. 1998. "Opinions and Ideologies in the Press."In Approaches to Media Discourses, ed. Allan Bell and Peter Garrett. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
52. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. 2003. "Current Chinese Protests and the Prism of Tiananmen."Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 8(1): 81-86.
53. Womack, Brantly. 1990. "The Dilemma of Centricity and Internationalism."In Voices of China, ed. Chin-Chuan Lee. New York: Guilford.
54. Zaller, John, and Dennis Chiu. 1996. "Government's Little Helper: US Press Coverage of Foreign Policy Crises, 1945-1991."Political Communication 13: 385-405.
55. Zelizer, Barbie, ed. 2009. The Changing Faces of Journalism. London: Routledge.
56. Zhao, Dingxin. 2001. The Power of Tiananmen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.