The role of affective and cognitive empathy in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression of a Singaporean sample of boys

Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied

Volumn 145, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 313-330

  Yeo, Lay See ^a   Ang, Rebecca P ^a   Loh, Shihan ^a   Fu, Karen J ^a   Karre, Jennifer K ^b  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^b NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

aggression; elementary boys; empathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959188475     PISSN: 00223980     EISSN: 19401019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2011.568986     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Amedahe, F. K., & Owusu-Banahene, N. O. (2007). Sex differences in the forms of aggression among adolescent students in Ghana. Research in Education, 78, 54-64.
2. Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., et al. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151-173.
3. Andreou, E. (2004). Bully/victim problems and their association with Machiavellianism and self-efficacy in Greek primary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 297-309. (Pubitemid 38750741)
4. Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 41, 387-397.
5. Bachrach, R. (1986). The differential effect of observation of violence on kibbutz and city children in Israel. In L. R. Huesmann & L. D. Eron (Eds.), Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison (pp. 210-238). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and delinquents: Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal ofCommunity &AppliedSocialPsychology, 10, 17-31.
7. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Griffitt, C.A., Barrientos, S., Brandt, J. R., Sprengelmeyer, P., & Bayly, M. J. (1989). Negative-state relief and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 922-933.
8. Bergeron, N., & Schneider, B. H. (2005). Explaining cross-national differences in peerdirected aggression: A quantitative synthesis. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 116-137. (Pubitemid 40448015)
9. Bishop, G. D., & Quah, S. H. (1998). Reliability and validity ofmeasures ofanger/hostility in Singapore: Cook & Medley Ho Scale, STAXI and Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 867-878. (Pubitemid 128178778)
10. Björkqvist, K. (2001). Different names, same issue. Social Development, 10, 272-274. (Pubitemid 33287989)
11. Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends regarding direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117-127.
12. Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (2000). Social intelligence-empathy = aggression? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 191-200.
13. Chang, L. (2003). Variableeffects ofchildren's aggression, socialwithdrawal, andprosocial leadership as functions ofteacher beliefs and behaviors. Child Development, 74,535-548.
14. Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988-998.
15. Crick, N. (1995). Relational aggression: Theroleofintentattributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 313-322.
16. Crick, N., & Dodge, K. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101. (Pubitemid 24976738)
17. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
18. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885. (Pubitemid 33597824)
19. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, F. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook ofchildpsychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701-778). New York, NY: Wiley.
20. Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here. School Psychology Review, 32, 365-383. (Pubitemid 37395701)
21. Feshbach, N. D. (1987). Parental empathy and children adjustment maladjustment. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 271-291). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
22. Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1982). Empathy training and theregulation of aggression: Potentialities and limitations. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 4, 399-413.
23. Garandeau, C. F., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2006). From indirect aggression to invisible aggression: A conceptual view on bullying and peer group manipulation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 612-625. (Pubitemid 44486867)
24. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending Behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467-476.
25. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B.J.,& Anderson, R. E. (2010).Multivariatedata analysis: A globalperspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
26. Hare, R.D. (1999). Psychopathy as a risk factor for violence. Psychiatric Quarterly, 70, 181-197. (Pubitemid 29380351)
27. Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization: an information-processing approach. In Higgins, E. T., Ruble, D., & Hartup, W. (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A socio-cultural perspective (pp. 236-274). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
28. Hoffman, M. L. (1994). Discipline and internalization. Developmental Psychology, 30, 26-28.
29. Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316.
30. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476. (Pubitemid 38737432)
31. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 540-550. (Pubitemid 44770103)
32. Kaukiainen, A., Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Österman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., & Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationships between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89.
33. Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents' use of inductive discipline: Relations to children's empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263-3277. (Pubitemid 126416776)
34. Loudin, J. L., Loukas, A., & Robinson S. (2003). Relational aggression in college students: Examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 430-439. (Pubitemid 38628672)
35. Maxwell, J. P., Moores, E. J., & Chow, C. F. C. (2007). Anger rumination and selfreported aggression amongst British and Hong Kong Chinese athletes: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 9-27.
36. Mehrabian, A. (1997). Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence, and empathy: Validational evidence bearing on the Risk of Eruptive Violence scale. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 433-445. (Pubitemid 127359401)
37. Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
38. Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
39. Osterman, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Kaukiainen, A., Huesmann, L. R., & Fraczek, A. (1994). Peer and self-estimated aggression and victimization in 8-year-old children from five ethnic groups. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 411-428.
40. Peets, K., & Kikas, E. (2006). Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: Grade and gender differences, and cross-informant agreement. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 68-79. (Pubitemid 43470574)
41. Perry, D. G., Williard, J. C., & Perry, L. C. (1990). Peers' perceptions of the consequences that victimized children provide aggressors. Child Development, 61, 1310-1325.
42. Phelps, C. E. R. (2001). Children's responses to over and relational aggression. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 240-252.
43. Richardson, D., Hammock, G., Smith, S., Gardner, W., & Signo, M. (1994). Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 275-289.
44. Shechtman, Z. (2002). Cognitive and affective empathy in aggressive boys: Implications for counseling. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 24, 211-222.
45. Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R. F., & Liefooghe, A. P. D. (2002). Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-countryinternationalcomparison. Child Development, 73, 1119-1133. (Pubitemid 41692417)
46. Sutton, J., & Keogh, E. (2000). Social competition in school: The relationships with bullying, Machiavellianism and personality. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 443-456.
47. Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999a). Bullying and "theory of mind": A critique of the "social skills deficit" view of anti-social behavior. Social Development, 8, 117-127.
48. Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (1999b). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435-450
49. Thanzami, V. L., & Archer, J. (2005). Beliefs about aggression in British students from individualistic and collectivist cultures. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 350-358. (Pubitemid 41179836)
50. Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2006). Aggression and social status: The moderating roles of sex and peer-valued characteristics. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 396-408. (Pubitemid 44085972)