메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 139-156

Collapse of South Africa's penguins in the early 21st century

Author keywords

African penguin; Diet; Numbers breeding; Numbers moulting; Spheniscus; Survival

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ADULT; BREEDING SITE; ENDANGERED SPECIES; MOLT; POPULATION DECLINE; REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR; SEABIRD; SURVIVAL; TWENTY FIRST CENTURY;

EID: 79958847983     PISSN: 1814232X     EISSN: 18142338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2989/1814232X.2011.572377     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (141)

References (93)
  • 1
    • 46749104407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term survival of de-oiled Cape gannets after the Castillo de Bellver oil spill of 1983
    • Altwegg R, Crawford RJM, Underhill LG, Williams AJ. 2008. Long-term survival of de-oiled Cape gannets after the Castillo de Bellver oil spill of 1983. Biological Conservation 141: 1924-1929.
    • (2008) Biological Conservation , vol.141 , pp. 1924-1929
    • Altwegg, R.1    Crawford, R.J.M.2    Underhill, L.G.3    Williams, A.J.4
  • 2
    • 79958845194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anon, Unpublished report, No. MCM/2010/SWG-PEL/51. Cape Town: Branch Fisheries, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    • Anon. 2010. Island Closure Task Team report. Unpublished report, No. MCM/2010/SWG-PEL/51. Cape Town: Branch Fisheries, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
    • (2010) Island Closure Task Team Report
  • 6
    • 38349060126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex and sociality in a disconnected world: A review of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on animal social interactions
    • Banks SC, Piggott MP, Stow AJ, Taylor AC. 2007. Sex and sociality in a disconnected world: a review of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on animal social interactions. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85: 1065-1079.
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.85 , pp. 1065-1079
    • Banks, S.C.1    Piggott, M.P.2    Stow, A.J.3    Taylor, A.C.4
  • 7
    • 0027130294 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and interannual variation in the diet of two colonies of the Cape Gannet Morus capensis between 1977/1978 and 1989
    • Berruti A, Underhill LG, Shelton PA, Moloney C, Crawford RJM. 1993. Seasonal and interannual variation in the diet of two colonies of the Cape Gannet Morus capensis between 1977/1978 and 1989. Colonial Waterbirds 16: 158-175.
    • (1993) Colonial Waterbirds , vol.16 , pp. 158-175
    • Berruti, A.1    Underhill, L.G.2    Shelton, P.A.3    Moloney, C.4    Crawford, R.J.M.5
  • 8
    • 79953139491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BirdLife International, Available at, accessed 27 May 2010
    • BirdLife International. 2010. Species factsheet: Spheniscus demersus. Available at http://www.birdlife.org [accessed 27 May 2010].
    • (2010) Species Factsheet: Spheniscus Demersus
  • 9
  • 11
    • 0023583382 scopus 로고
    • Seabirds as indicators of marine food supplies
    • Cairns DK. 1987. Seabirds as indicators of marine food supplies. Biological Oceanography 5: 261-287.
    • (1987) Biological Oceanography , vol.5 , pp. 261-287
    • Cairns, D.K.1
  • 14
    • 0033305202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease of African Penguins at the Possession Island group, 1956-1995: Contrasting trends for colonial and solitary breeders
    • Cordes I, Crawford RJM, Williams AJ, Dyer BM. 1999. Decrease of African Penguins at the Possession Island group, 1956-1995: contrasting trends for colonial and solitary breeders. Marine Ornithology 27: 129-138.
    • (1999) Marine Ornithology , vol.27 , pp. 129-138
    • Cordes, I.1    Crawford, R.J.M.2    Williams, A.J.3    Dyer, B.M.4
  • 15
    • 0019234669 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal patterns in South Africa's Western Cape purse-seine fishery
    • Crawford RJM. 1980. Seasonal patterns in South Africa's Western Cape purse-seine fishery. Journal of Fish Biology 16: 649-664.
    • (1980) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.16 , pp. 649-664
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1
  • 17
    • 36949010342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food, fishing and seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system
    • Crawford RJM. 2007. Food, fishing and seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl 2): S253-S260.
    • (2007) Journal of Ornithology , vol.148 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 253-260
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1
  • 18
    • 71649101798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A recent increase of swift terns Thalasseus bergii off South Africa-the possible influence of an altered abundance and distribution of prey
    • Crawford RJM. 2009. A recent increase of swift terns Thalasseus bergii off South Africa-the possible influence of an altered abundance and distribution of prey. Progress in Oceanography 83: 398-403.
    • (2009) Progress in Oceanography , vol.83 , pp. 398-403
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1
  • 19
    • 0028684418 scopus 로고
    • Counts of moulting and breeding jackass penguins-a comparison at Robben Island, 1988-1993
    • Crawford RJM, Boonstra HGvD. 1994. Counts of moulting and breeding jackass penguins-a comparison at Robben Island, 1988-1993. Marine Ornithology 22: 213-219.
    • (1994) Marine Ornithology , vol.22 , pp. 213-219
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Boonstra, H.2
  • 20
    • 0029434791 scopus 로고
    • Recolonization of Robben Island by African penguins, 1983-1992
    • Dann P, Norman I, Reilly P (eds), Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty
    • Crawford RJM, Boonstra HGvD, Dyer BM, Upfold L. 1995b. Recolonization of Robben Island by African penguins, 1983-1992. In: Dann P, Norman I, Reilly P (eds), The penguins: ecology and management. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty. Pp 333-363.
    • (1995) The Penguins: Ecology and Management , pp. 333-363
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Boonstra, H.2    Dyer, B.M.3    Upfold, L.4
  • 21
    • 0000916499 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning of a goby resource amongst four avian predators and evidence for altered trophic flow in the pelagic community of an intense, perennial upwelling system
    • Crawford RJM, Cruickshank RA, Shelton PA, Kruger I. 1985. Partitioning of a goby resource amongst four avian predators and evidence for altered trophic flow in the pelagic community of an intense, perennial upwelling system. South African Journal of Marine Science 3: 215-228.
    • (1985) South African Journal of Marine Science , vol.3 , pp. 215-228
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Cruickshank, R.A.2    Shelton, P.A.3    Kruger, I.4
  • 24
    • 34447498634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in numbers of Cape gannets (Morus capensis), 1956/57-2005/06, with a consideration of the influence of food and other factors
    • Crawford RJM, Dundee BL, Dyer BM, Klages NTW, Meÿer MA, Upfold L. 2007b. Trends in numbers of Cape gannets (Morus capensis), 1956/57-2005/06, with a consideration of the influence of food and other factors. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64: 169-177.
    • (2007) ICES Journal of Marine Science , vol.64 , pp. 169-177
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Dundee, B.L.2    Dyer, B.M.3    Klages, N.T.W.4    Meÿer, M.A.5    Upfold, L.6
  • 25
    • 0028975997 scopus 로고
    • Responses by four seabird species to a fluctuating availability of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa
    • Crawford RJM, Dyer BM 1995. Responses by four seabird species to a fluctuating availability of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa. Ibis 137: 329-339.
    • (1995) Ibis , vol.137 , pp. 329-339
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Dyer, B.M.2
  • 26
    • 0001631266 scopus 로고
    • Breeding nomadism in southern African seabirds-constraints, causes and conservation
    • Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Brooke RK. 1994. Breeding nomadism in southern African seabirds-constraints, causes and conservation. Ostrich 65: 231-246.
    • (1994) Ostrich , vol.65 , pp. 231-246
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Dyer, B.M.2    Brooke, R.K.3
  • 28
    • 0033393782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of trends in abun dance of guano-producing seabirds in Peru and southern Africa
    • Crawford RJM, Jahncke J. 1999. Comparison of trends in abun dance of guano-producing seabirds in Peru and southern Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 21: 145-156.
    • (1999) South African Journal of Marine Science , vol.21 , pp. 145-156
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Jahncke, J.2
  • 32
    • 0033305619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa
    • Crawford RJM, Shannon LJ, Whittington PA. 1999. Population dynamics of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa. Marine Ornithology 27: 139-147.
    • (1999) Marine Ornithology , vol.27 , pp. 139-147
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Shannon, L.J.2    Whittington, P.A.3
  • 37
    • 34447501831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An altered carrying capacity of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem for African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
    • Crawford RJM, Underhill LG, Upfold L, Dyer BM. 2007a. An altered carrying capacity of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem for African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). ICES Journal of Marine Science 64: 570-576.
    • (2007) ICES Journal of Marine Science , vol.64 , pp. 570-576
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Underhill, L.G.2    Upfold, L.3    Dyer, B.M.4
  • 38
    • 77949503648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population trends of seabirds breeding in South Africa's Eastern Cape, and the possible influence of anthropogenic and environmental change
    • Crawford RJM, Whittington PA, Martin AP, Tree AJ, Makhado AB. 2009. Population trends of seabirds breeding in South Africa's Eastern Cape, and the possible influence of anthropogenic and environmental change. Marine Ornithology 37: 159-174.
    • (2009) Marine Ornithology , vol.37 , pp. 159-174
    • Crawford, R.J.M.1    Whittington, P.A.2    Martin, A.P.3    Tree, A.J.4    Makhado, A.B.5
  • 42
    • 0001327897 scopus 로고
    • Diet of the South African fur seal (1974-1985) and an assessment of competition with fisheries in southern Africa
    • David JHM. 1987. Diet of the South African fur seal (1974-1985) and an assessment of competition with fisheries in southern Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 5: 693-713.
    • (1987) South African Journal of Marine Science , vol.5 , pp. 693-713
    • David, J.H.M.1
  • 44
    • 0342984638 scopus 로고
    • The South African pilchard (Sardinops ocellata) and maasbanker (Trachurus trachurus)-bird predators, 1954-55
    • Davies DH. 1956. The South African pilchard (Sardinops ocellata) and maasbanker (Trachurus trachurus)-bird predators, 1954-55. Investigational Report of the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, South Africa 23: 1-40.
    • (1956) Investigational Report of the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, South Africa , vol.23 , pp. 1-40
    • Davies, D.H.1
  • 45
    • 55549137082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised estimates of abundance of South African sardine and anchovy from acoustic surveys adjusting for echosounder saturation in earlier surveys and attenuation effects for sardine
    • de Moor CL, Butterworth DS, Coetzee JC. 2008. Revised estimates of abundance of South African sardine and anchovy from acoustic surveys adjusting for echosounder saturation in earlier surveys and attenuation effects for sardine. African Journal of Marine Science 30: 219-232.
    • (2008) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.30 , pp. 219-232
    • de Moor, C.L.1    Butterworth, D.S.2    Coetzee, J.C.3
  • 46
    • 33845929559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planning capturere capture studies: Straightforward precision, bias, and power calculations
    • Devineau O, Choquet R, Lebreton JD. 2006. Planning capturere capture studies: straightforward precision, bias, and power calculations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 1028-1035.
    • (2006) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.34 , pp. 1028-1035
    • Devineau, O.1    Choquet, R.2    Lebreton, J.D.3
  • 49
    • 37049014958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of seabirds to depletion of food stocks
    • Furness RW. 2007. Responses of seabirds to depletion of food stocks. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl 2): S247-S252.
    • (2007) Journal of Ornithology , vol.148 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 247-252
    • Furness, R.W.1
  • 51
    • 0028671055 scopus 로고
    • Pooled population parameter estimates from mark-recapture data
    • Hargrove JW, Borland CH. 1994. Pooled population parameter estimates from mark-recapture data. Biometrics 50: 1129-1141.
    • (1994) Biometrics , vol.50 , pp. 1129-1141
    • Hargrove, J.W.1    Borland, C.H.2
  • 52
    • 0031980651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related effects of a nonbreeding event and a winter wreck on the survival of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis
    • Harris MP, Wanless S, Elston DA. 1998. Age-related effects of a nonbreeding event and a winter wreck on the survival of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Ibis 140: 310-314.
    • (1998) Ibis , vol.140 , pp. 310-314
    • Harris, M.P.1    Wanless, S.2    Elston, D.A.3
  • 53
    • 0024910665 scopus 로고
    • Foraging ranges and movements of jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) established through radio telemetry
    • Heath RGM, Randall RM. 1989. Foraging ranges and movements of jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) established through radio telemetry. Journal of Zoology 217: 367-379.
    • (1989) Journal of Zoology , vol.217 , pp. 367-379
    • Heath, R.G.M.1    Randall, R.M.2
  • 56
    • 78049508992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating seal-seabird interactions in southern Africa: A critical review
    • Kirkman SP. 2009. Evaluating seal-seabird interactions in southern Africa: a critical review. African Journal of Marine Science 31: 1-18.
    • (2009) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.31 , pp. 1-18
    • Kirkman, S.P.1
  • 57
    • 78650430033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter 2005. IECM Report No. C128. Port Elizabeth: Institute for Environmental and Coastal Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
    • Klages, NTW, Bornman, TG. 2005. Port of Ngqura marine biomonitoring programme. Winter 2005. IECM Report No. C128. Port Elizabeth: Institute for Environmental and Coastal Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
    • (2005) Port of Ngqura Marine Biomonitoring Programme
    • Klages, N.T.W.1    Bornman, T.G.2
  • 58
    • 0026490966 scopus 로고
    • Modelling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: A unified approach with case studies
    • Lebreton JD, Burnham KP, Clobert J, Anderson DR. 1992. Modelling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals: a unified approach with case studies. Ecological Monographs 62: 67-118.
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 67-118
    • Lebreton, J.D.1    Burnham, K.P.2    Clobert, J.3    Anderson, D.R.4
  • 59
    • 78650500348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving off junk: Low-energy prey dominates the diet of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Mercury Island, Namibia, between 1996 and 2009
    • Ludynia K, Roux J-P, Jones R, Kemper J, Underhill LG. 2010. Surviving off junk: low-energy prey dominates the diet of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Mercury Island, Namibia, between 1996 and 2009. African Journal of Marine Science 32: 563-572.
    • (2010) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.32 , pp. 563-572
    • Ludynia, K.1    Roux, J.-P.2    Jones, R.3    Kemper, J.4    Underhill, L.G.5
  • 60
    • 33846233849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of predation by Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus on Cape gannets Morus capensis at Malgas Island, Western Cape, South Africa
    • Makhado AB, Crawford RJM, Underhill LG. 2006. Impact of predation by Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus on Cape gannets Morus capensis at Malgas Island, Western Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 681-687.
    • (2006) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.28 , pp. 681-687
    • Makhado, A.B.1    Crawford, R.J.M.2    Underhill, L.G.3
  • 62
    • 0031545981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) predation on Cape Cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) and other birds at Dyer Island, South Africa
    • Marks MA, Brooke RK, Gildenhuys AM. 1997. Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) predation on Cape Cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) and other birds at Dyer Island, South Africa. Marine Ornithology 25: 9-12.
    • (1997) Marine Ornithology , vol.25 , pp. 9-12
    • Marks, M.A.1    Brooke, R.K.2    Gildenhuys, A.M.3
  • 63
    • 0003425763 scopus 로고
    • The pilchard of South West Africa (Sardinops ocellata) and the maasbanker (Trachurus trachurus) - bird predators, 1957-1958
    • Matthews JP. 1961. The pilchard of South West Africa (Sardinops ocellata) and the maasbanker (Trachurus trachurus) - bird predators, 1957-1958. Investigational Report South West African Marine Research Laboratory 3: 1-35.
    • (1961) Investigational Report South West African Marine Research Laboratory , vol.3 , pp. 1-35
    • Matthews, J.P.1
  • 64
    • 79958785712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Island Closure Task Team Report. Unpublished report, No. MCM/2010/SWG-PEL/16. Cape Town: Branch Fisheries, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    • Merkle D, Coetzee JC. 2010. Acoustic biomass time series data for island closure task team. Island Closure Task Team Report. Unpublished report, No. MCM/2010/SWG-PEL/16. Cape Town: Branch Fisheries, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
    • (2010) Acoustic Biomass Time Series Data for Island Closure Task Team
    • Merkle, D.1    Coetzee, J.C.2
  • 67
    • 0345953592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans at Marion Island: Longline fishing and environmental influence
    • Nel DC, Taylor F, Ryan PG, Cooper J. 2003. Population dynamics of the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans at Marion Island: longline fishing and environmental influence. African Journal of Marine Science 25: 503-517.
    • (2003) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.25 , pp. 503-517
    • Nel, D.C.1    Taylor, F.2    Ryan, P.G.3    Cooper, J.4
  • 68
    • 32444445770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is food availability limiting African Penguins at Boulders? A comparison of foraging effort at mainland and island colonies
    • Petersen SL, Ryan PG, Grémillet D. 2006. Is food availability limiting African Penguins at Boulders? A comparison of foraging effort at mainland and island colonies. Ibis 148: 14-26.
    • (2006) Ibis , vol.148 , pp. 14-26
    • Petersen, S.L.1    Ryan, P.G.2    Grémillet, D.3
  • 70
    • 37849038261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging behaviour and energetics of Cape gannets Morus capensis feeding on live prey and fishery discards in the Benguela upwelling system
    • Pichegru L, Ryan PG, van der Lingen CD, Coetzee J, Ropert-Coudert Y, Grémillet D. 2007. Foraging behaviour and energetics of Cape gannets Morus capensis feeding on live prey and fishery discards in the Benguela upwelling system. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350: 127-136.
    • (2007) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.350 , pp. 127-136
    • Pichegru, L.1    Ryan, P.G.2    van der Lingen, C.D.3    Coetzee, J.4    Ropert-Coudert, Y.5    Grémillet, D.6
  • 72
    • 0010222946 scopus 로고
    • The biology of guano-producing seabirds. 2. The distribution, abundance and feeding habits of the Cape penguin, Spheniscus demersus, off the south-western coast of the Cape Province
    • Rand RW. 1960. The biology of guano-producing seabirds. 2. The distribution, abundance and feeding habits of the Cape penguin, Spheniscus demersus, off the south-western coast of the Cape Province. Investigational Report of the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, South Africa 41: 1-28.
    • (1960) Investigational Report of the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, South Africa , vol.41 , pp. 1-28
    • Rand, R.W.1
  • 76
    • 0022845475 scopus 로고
    • The diet of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus in Algoa Bay, South Africa, and its bearing on population declines elsewhere
    • Randall RM, Randall BM. 1986. The diet of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus in Algoa Bay, South Africa, and its bearing on population declines elsewhere. Biological Conservation 37: 119-134.
    • (1986) Biological Conservation , vol.37 , pp. 119-134
    • Randall, R.M.1    Randall, B.M.2
  • 77
    • 0001279215 scopus 로고
    • A new census method for penguins tested on jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus
    • Randall RM, Randall BM, Cooper J, Frost PGH. 1986. A new census method for penguins tested on jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus. Ostrich 57: 211-215.
    • (1986) Ostrich , vol.57 , pp. 211-215
    • Randall, R.M.1    Randall, B.M.2    Cooper, J.3    Frost, P.G.H.4
  • 79
    • 39749162758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt environmental shift associated with changes in the distribution of Cape anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus spawners in the southern Benguela
    • Roy C, van der Lingen CD, Coetzee JC, Lutjeharms JRE. 2007. Abrupt environmental shift associated with changes in the distribution of Cape anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus spawners in the southern Benguela. African Journal of Marine Science 29: 309-319.
    • (2007) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.29 , pp. 309-319
    • Roy, C.1    van der Lingen, C.D.2    Coetzee, J.C.3    Lutjeharms, J.R.E.4
  • 80
    • 0033305634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus-insights from modelling
    • Shannon LJ, Crawford RJM. 1999. Management of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus-insights from modelling. Marine Ornithology 27: 119-128.
    • (1999) Marine Ornithology , vol.27 , pp. 119-128
    • Shannon, L.J.1    Crawford, R.J.M.2
  • 82
    • 0033392775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Season of moult of African penguins at Robben Island, South Africa, and its variation, 1988-1998
    • Underhill LG, Crawford RJM. 1999. Season of moult of African penguins at Robben Island, South Africa, and its variation, 1988-1998. South African Journal of Marine Science 21: 437-441.
    • (1999) South African Journal of Marine Science , vol.21 , pp. 437-441
    • Underhill, L.G.1    Crawford, R.J.M.2
  • 84
    • 29244482828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five years of monitoring African penguins Spheniscus demersus after the Apollo Sea oil spill: A success story made possible by ringing
    • Underhill LG, Whittington PA, Crawford RJM, Wolfaardt AC. 2000. Five years of monitoring African penguins Spheniscus demersus after the Apollo Sea oil spill: a success story made possible by ringing. Vogelwarte 40: 315-318.
    • (2000) Vogelwarte , vol.40 , pp. 315-318
    • Underhill, L.G.1    Whittington, P.A.2    Crawford, R.J.M.3    Wolfaardt, A.C.4
  • 85
    • 34250173498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of avian cholera Pasteurella multocida outbreaks on Dyer Island, South Africa, 2002-2005
    • Waller LJ, Underhill LG. 2007. Management of avian cholera Pasteurella multocida outbreaks on Dyer Island, South Africa, 2002-2005. African Journal of Marine Science 29: 105-111.
    • (2007) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.29 , pp. 105-111
    • Waller, L.J.1    Underhill, L.G.2
  • 86
    • 0033453305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals
    • White GC, Burnham KP. 1999. Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46: S120-139.
    • (1999) Bird Study , vol.46
    • White, G.C.1    Burnham, K.P.2
  • 87
    • 0008925761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus at Stony Point, Betty's Bay, South Africa
    • Whittington PA, Hofmeyr JH, Cooper J. 1996. Establishment, growth and conservation of a mainland colony of jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus at Stony Point, Betty's Bay, South Africa. Ostrich 67: 144-150.
    • (1996) Ostrich , vol.67 , pp. 144-150
    • Whittington, P.A.1    Hofmeyr, J.H.2    Cooper, J.3
  • 90
    • 0001094031 scopus 로고
    • An improved stomach pump for penguins and other seabirds
    • Wilson RP. 1984. An improved stomach pump for penguins and other seabirds. Journal of Field Ornithology 55: 9-12.
    • (1984) Journal of Field Ornithology , vol.55 , pp. 9-12
    • Wilson, R.P.1
  • 91
    • 0000787401 scopus 로고
    • The jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus) as a pelagic predator
    • Wilson RP. 1985. The jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus) as a pelagic predator. Marine Ecology Progress Series 25: 219-227.
    • (1985) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.25 , pp. 219-227
    • Wilson, R.P.1
  • 92
    • 78049507446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben and Dassen islands
    • Wolfaardt AC, Underhill LG, Crawford RJM. 2009a. Comparison of moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben and Dassen islands. African Journal of Marine Science 31: 19-29.
    • (2009) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.31 , pp. 19-29
    • Wolfaardt, A.C.1    Underhill, L.G.2    Crawford, R.J.M.3
  • 93
    • 78049502916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island
    • Wolfaardt AC, Underhill LG, Visagie J. 2009b. Breeding and moult phenology of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Dassen Island. African Journal of Marine Science 31: 119-132.
    • (2009) African Journal of Marine Science , vol.31 , pp. 119-132
    • Wolfaardt, A.C.1    Underhill, L.G.2    Visagie, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.