A re-evaluation of the timing of the earliest reported human occupation of Britain: The age of the sediments at Happisburgh, eastern England

Proceedings of the Geologists' Association

Volumn 122, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 383-396

  Westaway, Rob ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biostratigraphy; England; Happisburgh; Palaeolithic; Pleistocene

Indexed keywords

ARTIFACT; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; LITHOLOGY; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; OCCUPATION; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOLITHIC; PLEISTOCENE; SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE;

ENGLAND; NORFOLK [ENGLAND]; PAKEFIELD; SUFFOLK; THAMES RIVER [ENGLAND]; UNITED KINGDOM;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 79958769043     PISSN: 00167878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Ashton N., Parfitt S.A., Lewis S.G., Coope G.R., Larkin N. Happisburgh site 1 (TG388307). The Quaternary of Northern East Anglia: Field Guide 2008, 151-156. The Quaternary Research Association, London. I. Candy, J.R. Lee, A.M. Harrison (Eds.).
2. Augustin L., et al. Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 2004, 429:623-628.
3. Azzaroli A. Early and Middle Pleistocene equids from Norfolk and northern Suffolk. The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe 1996, 45-51. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Turner (Ed.).
4. Bassinot F.C., Labeyrie L.D., Vincent E., Quidelleur X., Shackleton N.J., Lancelot Y. The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1994, 126:91-108.
5. Bridgland D.R. The Pleistocene fluvial stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Essex. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 99 1988, 291-314.
6. Candy I., Rose J., Lee J. A seasonally "dry" interglacial climate in eastern England during the early middle Pleistocene; palaeopedological and stable isotopic evidence from Pakefield, UK. Boreas 2006, 35:255-265.
7. Champion D., Lanphere M., Kuntz M. Evidence for a new geomagnetic reversal from lava flows in Idaho: discussion of short polarity reversals in the Brunhes and late Matuyama polarity chrons. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93(B10):11667-11680.
8. Channell J.E.T., Curtis J.H., Flower B.P. The Matuyama-Brunhes boundary interval (500-900ka) in North Atlantic drift sediments. Geophysical Journal International 2004, 158:489-505.
9. Coles J.M. Ancient man in Europe. Studies in Ancient Europe 1968, 17-43. Leicester University Press. J.M. Coles, D.D.A. Simpson (Eds.).
10. Davies S.M., Rose J., Branch N.P., Candy I. West Runton (TG 188 432 & TG 185 432). Pre-glacial Freshwater Muds and Coastal Sands and Gravels. The Quaternary of Norfolk & Suffolk; Field Guide 2000, 61-65. The Quaternary Research Association, London. S.G. Lewis, C.A. Whiteman, R.C. Preece (Eds.).
11. Foronova I.V. Evolution of the mammoth lineage in Eurasia. Sborník Geologických Věd. Antropozoikum 2001, 23:99-109.
12. Foronova I.V. Thin-enamel dental specialization in mammoth evolution: an example of direction selection. Quaternary International 2007, 169-170:95-104.
13. Funnell B.M. Global sea-level and the (pen-)insularity of Late Cenozoic Britain. Island Britain: a Quaternary Perspective 1995, 3-13. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 96. R.C. Preece (Ed.).
14. Green C.P., Coope G.R., Currant A.P., Holyoak D.T., Ivanovich M., Keen D.H., Jones R.L., McGregor D.F.M., Robinson J.E. Evidence for two temperate episodes in late Pleistocene deposits at Marsworth, Buckinghamshire. Nature 1984, 309:778-781.
15. Grützner J., Giosan L., Franz S.O., Tiedemann R., Cortijo E., Chaisson W.P., Flood R.D., Hagen S., Keigwin L.D., Poli S., Rio D., Williams T. Astronomical age models for Pleistocene drift sediments from the western North Atlantic (ODP Sites 1055-1063). Marine Geology 2002, 189:5-23.
16. Guyodo Y., Valet J.-P. Global changes in geomagnetic intensity during the past 800 thousand years. Nature 1999, 399:249-252.
17. Das Pleistozän von Voigtstedt. Paläontologische Abhandlungen A 1965, II(2/3). 221-692+40 plates (Berlin, Germany).
18. Kahlke R.-D. The Quaternary large mammal faunas of Thuringia (central Germany). The Quaternary of Central Germany (Thuringia & Surroundings): Field Guide 2002, 59-78. The Quaternary Research Association, London. R.A. Meyrick, D.C. Schreve (Eds.).
19. Keigwin L.D., Rio D., Acton G.D., et al. Deep Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge, Sites 1060, 1061, and 1062. Initial Reports 1998, 172(5). 94 pp.
20. Knipping M. Early and Middle Pleistocene pollen assemblages of deep core drillings in the northern Upper Rhine Graben, Germany. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2008, 87:51-65.
21. von Koenigswald W., van Kolfschoten T. The stratigraphical interpretation of large mammal remains from the Cromer Forest-bed Formation. The Early Middle Pleistocene in Europe 1996, 211-226. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Turner (Ed.).
22. van Kolfschoten T., Turner E. Early Middle Pleistocene mammalian faunas from Kärlich and Miesenheim I and their biostratigraphical implications. The Early Middle Pleistocene in Europe 1996, 227-253. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Turner (Ed.).
23. Laj C., Channell J.E.T. Geomagnetic excursions. Treatise on Geophysics 2007, 5:373-416.
24. 39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks. Quaternary Research 2000, 53:294-301.
25. Lee J.R., Hamblin R.J.O., Jarrow A.M., Kessler A.M., Moorlock B.S.P., Morigi A.N., Palmer A., Pawley S.M., Riding J.B., Rose J. A new stratigraphy for the glacial deposits around Lowestoft, Great Yarmouth, North Walsham and Cromer, East Anglia, UK. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk 2004, 53:3-60.
26. Lee J.R., Pawley S.M., Rose J., Moorlock B.S.P., Riding J., Hamblin R.J.O., Candy I., Barendregt R.W., Booth S.J., Harrison A.M. Pre-Devensian lithostratigraphy of shallow marine, fluvial and glacial sediments in northern East Anglia. The Quaternary of Northern East Anglia; Field Guide 2008, 42-59. The Quaternary Research Association, London. I. Candy, J.R. Lee, A.M. Harrison (Eds.).
27. Lee J.R., Rose J., Candy I., Barendregt R.W. Sea-level changes, river activity, soil development and glaciation around the western margins of the southern North Sea basin during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene: evidence from Pakefield, Suffolk, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 2006, 21:155-179.
28. Lee J.R., Rose J., Hamblin R.J.O., Moorlock B.S.P. Dating the earliest lowland glaciation of eastern England: a pre-MIS 12 early middle Pleistocene Happisburgh glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1551-1566.
29. Lewis S.G., Bridgland D.R. Ingham (TL 855715) and Timworth (TL 853692), Suffolk. Central East Anglia and the Fen Basin: Field Guide 71-83 1991, Quaternary Research Association, London. S.G. Lewis, C.A. Whiteman, D.R. Bridgland (Eds.).
30. Lewis S.G., Parfitt S.A., Preece R.C., Sinclair J., Coope G.R., Field M.H., Maher B.A., Scaife R.G., Whittaker J.E. Age and palaeoenvironmental setting of the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna at Norton Subcourse, Norfolk. The Quaternary Mammals of Southern and Eastern England: Field Guide 2004, 5-17. The Quaternary Research Association, London. D.C. Schreve (Ed.).
31. 18O records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:PA1003. 17 pp. (with 2005 correction: Paleoceanography, 20, PA2007, doi:10.1029/2005PA001164, 1 pp.). 10.1029/2004PA001071.
32. Lister A.M. The stratigraphical interpretation of large mammal remains from the Cromer Forest-bed Formation. The Early Middle Pleistocene in Europe 1996, 25-44. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Turner (Ed.).
33. Lister A.M., Sher A.V. The origin and evolution of the woolly mammoth. Science 2001, 294:1094-1097.
34. Lund S.P., Stoner J.S., Channell J.E.T., Acton G. A summary of Brunhes paleomagnetic field variability recorded in Ocean Drilling Program cores. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2006, 156:194-204.
35. Lund S.P., Williams T., Acton G.D., Clement B., Okada M. Brunhes Chron magnetic field excursions recovered from Leg 172 sediments. Scientific Results 2001, 172(10):1-18.
36. McFadden P.L., McElhinny M.W. The combined analysis of remagnetization circles and direct observations in palaeomagnetism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1988, 87:161-172.
37. McMillan A.A. A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework for Great Britain. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2005, 84:87-107.
38. Maul L.C. The Quaternary small mammal faunas of Thuringia (central Germany). The Quaternary of Central Germany (Thuringia & Surroundings): Field Guide 2002, 79-95. The Quaternary Research Association, London. R.A. Meyrick, D.C. Schreve (Eds.).
39. Maul L.C., Markova A.K. Similarity and regional differences in Quaternary arvicolid evolution in Central and Eastern Europe. Quaternary International 2007, 160:81-99.
40. Meijer T., Preece R.C. Malacological evidence relating to the stratigraphical position of the Cromeriann. The Early Middle Pleistocene in Europe 1996, 53-82. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Turner (Ed.).
41. Parfitt S.A., et al. The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature 2005, 438:1008-1012.
42. Parfitt S.A., et al. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe. Nature 2010, 466:229-233.
43. Penkman K.E.H., Preece R.C., Keen D.H., Collins M.J. Amino acid geochronology of the type Cromerian of West Runton, Norfolk, UK. Quaternary International 2010, 228:25-37.
44. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A. The Cromer Forest-bed Formation; new thoughts on an old problem. The Quaternary of Norfolk & Suffolk; Field Guide 2000, 1-27. The Quaternary Research Association, London. S.G. Lewis, C.A. Whiteman, R.C. Preece (Eds.).
45. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A. The Cromer Forest-bed Formation: some recent developments relating to early human occupation and lowland glaciation. The Quaternary of Northern East Anglia; Field Guide 2008, 60-83. The Quaternary Research Association, London. I. Candy, J.R. Lee, A.M. Harrison (Eds.).
46. Preece R.C., Parfitt S.A., Coope G.R., Penkman K.E.H., Ponel P., Whittaker J.E. Biostratigraphic and aminostratigraphic constraints on the age of the Middle Pleistocene glacial succession in north Norfolk, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 2009, 24:557-580.
47. Quidelleur X., Gillot P.-Y., Carlut J., Courtillot V. Link between excursions and paleointensity inferred from abnormal field directions recorded at La Palma around 600ka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 168:233-242.
48. Reid C. The Geology of the Country Around Cromer 1882, Memoir of the Geological Survey, England and Wales.
49. Reid Moir J. The Antiquity of Man in East Anglia 1927, Cambridge University Press, 172 pp.
50. Rice J. Distribution and provenance of the Baginton Sand and Gravel in the Wreake Valley, northern Leicestershire, England: Implications for inter-regional correlation. Journal of Quaternary Science 1991, 6:39-54.
51. Roberts A.P. Geomagnetic excursions: knowns and unknowns. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35:L17308. 10.1029/2008GL034719.
52. Roberts A.P., Grün R. Early human northerners. Nature 2010, 466:189-190.
53. Roebroeks W. Life on the Costa del Cromer. Nature 2005, 438:921-922.
54. Rose J. Castle Bytham. West Midlands: Field Guide 1987, 117-122. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge. D.H. Keen (Ed.).
55. Rose J. Early and Middle Pleistocene landscapes of eastern England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2009, 120:3-33.
56. Rose J., Moorlock B.S.P., Hamblin R.J.O. Pre-Anglian fluvial and coastal deposits in Eastern England: lithostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments. Quaternary International 2001, 79:5-22.
57. Rose J., Juby C., Bullen M., Davies S., Branch N., Gammage Z., Candy I., Palmer A. The stratigraphy, sedimentology, palaeoenvironments and duration of the early Middle Pleistocene sediments at West Runton, north Norfolk. The Quaternary of Northern East Anglia; Field Guide 2008, 157-181. The Quaternary Research Association, London. I. Candy, J.R. Lee, A.M. Harrison (Eds.).
58. Rose J., Candy I., Moorlock B.S.P., Wilkins H., Lee J.A., Hamblin R.J.O., Lee J.R., Riding J.B., Morigi A.N. Early and early Middle Pleistocene river, coastal and neotectonic processes, southeast Norfolk. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2002, 113:47-67.
59. Rose J., Whiteman C.A., Allen P., Kemp R.A. The Kesgrave Sands and Gravels: 'pre-glacial' Quaternary deposits of the River Thames in East Anglia and the Thames valley. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 1999, 110:93-116.
60. Schreve D.C. Mammalian evidence from fluvial sequences for complex environmental change at the oxygen isotope substage level. Quaternary International 2001, 79:65-74.
61. Schreve D.C. Differentiation of the British late Middle Pleistocene interglacials: the evidence from mammalian biostratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 2001, 20:1693-1705.
62. Short S.K., Andrews J.T., Mode W.N. Modern and Late Quaternary pollen spectra of fiord sediments, eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Marine Micropaleontology 1989, 15:181-202.
63. Singer B.S., Relle M.K., Hoffman K.A., Battle A., Laj C., Guillou H., Carracedo J.C. Ar/Ar ages from transitionally magnetized lavas on La Palma, Canary Islands, and the geomagnetic instability timescale. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107(B11). 20 pp. (published online). 10.1029/2001JB001613.
64. Singer B.S., Hoffman K.A., Schnepp E., Guillou H. Multiple Brunhes Chron excursions recorded in the West Eifel (Germany) volcanics: support for long-held mantle control over the non-axial dipole field. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2008, 169:28-40.
65. Stephens M., Challis K., Graf A., Howard A.J., Rose J., Schreve D. New exposures of Bytham River deposits at Brooksby, Leicestershire, UK: context and importance. Quaternary Newsletter 2008, 115:14-27.
66. Valet J.-P., Plenier G., Herrero-Bervera E. Geomagnetic excursions reflect an aborted polarity state. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 274:472-478.
67. Vandenberghe J. A global perspective of the European chronostratigraphy for the past 650ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:1701-1707.
68. Wagner G., Beer J., Laj C., Kissel C., Masarik J., Muscheler R., Synal H.-A. Chlorine-36 evidence for the Mono Lake event in the Summit GRIP ice core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 181:1-6.
69. West R.G. The Pre-glacial Pleistocene of the Norfolk and Suffolk Coasts 1980, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
70. West R.G. From Brandon to Bungay: an exploration of the landscape history and geology of the Little Ouse and Waveney Rivers 2009, Suffolk Naturalists' Society, Ipswich.
71. West R.G., Wilson D.G. Cromer forest bed series. Nature 1966, 209:497-498.
72. Westaway R. Quaternary vertical crustal motion and drainage evolution in East Anglia and adjoining parts of southern England: chronology of the Ingham River terrace deposits. Boreas 2009, 38:261-284.
73. Westaway R. Calibration of decomposition of serine to alanine in Bithynia opercula as a quantitative dating technique for Middle and Late Pleistocene sites in Britain. Quaternary Geochronology 2009, 4:241-259.
74. Westaway R. Improved age constraint for pre- and post-Anglian temperate-stage deposits in north Norfolk, UK, from analysis of serine decomposition in Bithynia opercula. Journal of Quaternary Science 2010, 25:715-723.
75. Westaway R The Pleistocene terrace staircase of the River Thame, central-southern England, and its significance for regional stratigraphic correlation, drainage development, and vertical crustal motions. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 2011, 122:92-112.
76. Westaway R., Maddy D., Bridgland D. Flow in the lower continental crust as a mechanism for the Quaternary uplift of southeast England: constraints from the Thames terrace record. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:559-603.
77. Whiteman C.A., Rose J. Thames River sediments of the British Early and Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 1992, 11:363-375.
78. Wymer J.J., Lewis S.G., Bridgland D.R. Warren Hill, Mildenhall, Suffolk (TL 744743). Central East Anglia and the Fen Basin: Field Guide, 50-58 1991, Quaternary Research Association, London. S.G. Lewis, C.A. Whiteman, D.R. Bridgland (Eds.).