Who is Egypt's "hero of war and peace"?: The contest over representation

History and Memory

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 150-183

  Meital, Yoram ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958760367     PISSN: 0935560X     EISSN: 15271994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/ham.2003.0004     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. John Waterbury, The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes (Princeton, 1983).
2. Anwar al-Sadat, Those I have Known (New York, 1985), 106.
3. For a comprehensive discussion of poetics dedicated to the October War, see Hassan al-Najar, al-Shi'r fi al-ma'raka (Poetry in the battlefield) (Cairo, 1978).
4. For a study on the representations of the October War in Arab novels, see Ahmad Muhammad 'Atiya, Harb uktubir fi al-adab al-'arabi al-hadith (The October War in modern Arabic literature) (Cairo, 1982).
5. For the representation of the war in cinema, see Viola Shafik, Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity (Cairo, 1998).
6. Leon Balian, Catalogue Stamps of Egypt (Cairo, 1998).
7. The numbers of the stamps reproduced below are taken from this catalogue. The stamps themselves are in the author's possession. For further reading on Egyptian stamps as a source for historical writing, see Donald Reid, "Egyptian History through Stamps," The Muslim World 62, no. 3 (1972): 209-29.
8. For Hakim's article, see al-Ahram, 9 Oct. 1973.
9. For Mahfuz's article, see al-Thaqafa, Nov. 1973.
10. Several weeks earlier Mahfuz had published an article, "'Awdat al-ruh" (The return of the spirit), which was the title of Hakim's famous book published in 1933. See al-Ahram, 10 Oct. 1973.
11. Yusuf al-Qa'id, War in the Land of Egypt (London, 1986), 93-94.
12. Balian, Catalogue Stamps of Egypt, stamp no. 807.
13. http://aljazeera.net/programs/century-witness/articles/2001/3/3-21.htm
14. The Glorious Qur'an, trans. Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall (New York, 1953), 76.
15. Najib Mahfuz, Amama al-'arsh (Cairo, 1983).
16. For a discussion on al-Wafd, which turned from a delegation of nationalists into a party that dominated the country's political life for many years, see Janice Terry, The Wafd, 1919-1952 (London, 1982);
17. Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: The Wafd and Its Rivals, 1914-1939 (London, 1979).
18. Mahfuz, Amama al-'arsh, 200.
19. The narrative Mahfuz puts into Sadat's mouth here is very similar to the one presented in Anwar al-Sadat, In Search of Identity: An Autobiography (New York, 1978).
20. See also: al-Sadat, Those I Have Known.
21. Mahfuz, Amama al-'arsh, 201.
22. Al-Shazly, who found himself in a series of profound disputes with Sadat on the management of the last phases of the war, published his views in his book The Crossing of the Suez: The October War 1973 (London, 1980). Following the book's publication he was put on trial in absentia, charged with divulging military secrets. The martial court sentenced him to three years in prison. On 14 March 1992 he returned to Egypt demanding a retrial. His request was denied and he was sent to prison. He was released after a year and a half, a little before the 20th anniversary of the October War.
23. Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Defense, Panorama: The Epic of 10th Ramadan 1393, 6th October 1973 (Cairo, n.d.), 12.
24. See Mubarak's speech to the nation, al-Ahram, 6 Oct. 1998, in which he emphasized the importance that the younger generation should give to the October War, which was "a crossing into new dawn" for the Arab nation in general and for Egypt in particular.
25. Mubarak's speech at a symposium organized by the al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies, 5 Oct. 1998.
26. Al-Ahram al-Iqtisadi, 12 Oct. 1998.
27. Sa'ad al-Din Ibrahim, I'adat al-i'tibar li'l-Ra'is al-Sadat (Cairo, 1992). The first version of this book was published in 1992 as a research report (in English) by the Washington Institute, where Ibrahim was a visiting fellow.
28. Al-Ahram Weekly, 2 March 1995.
29. Mubarak's speech at a symposium celebrating the 25th anniversary of the October War (5 October 1998), al-Ahram al-Iqtisadi, 12 Oct. 1998.
30. 'Abdallah Imam, Haqiqat al-Sadat (Cairo, 1986).
31. Musa Sabri, al-Sadat: al-Haqiqa wa-'l-Ustura (Cairo, 1985).
32. Imam, Haqiqat al-Sadat, 280-81.
33. Heikal, 'Ind muftaraq al-turuq (At the crossroads) (Beirut, 1983), 13-14.
34. No wonder, then, that Heikal entitled his most comprehensive book on the 1973 war Uktubir 73: al-silah wa-'l-siyasa (October 73: Arms and politics) (Cairo, 1993), in which he examines the conduct of the war in light of Sadat's personality and decisions.
35. For similar contentions, see Imam, 'Ali Sabri yatadhakkar ('Ali Sabri remembers) (Cairo, 1987), 96.
36. Al-Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez, 10.
37. Mohamed H. Heikal, Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (London, 1983), 281.
38. Al-Siyasa al-Dawliyya (Oct. 1976): 248.
39. Hassan Nafi', Misr wal-sira' al-'arabi al-isra'ili (Egypt and the Arab-Israeli conflict) (Beirut, 1986), 50-92.
40. Al-Ahram Weekly, 25 Jan. 2001.
41. Shawqi Khaled, Muhakamat far'un (The trial of pharaoh) (Cairo, 1986), especially chaps. 11 and 13.
42. The assassins' overall agenda was presented in a pamphlet by 'Abd al- Salam Faraj, al-Farida al-gha'iba (The neglected duty)
43. later issued as a book by Jamal al-Bana, al-Farida al-gha'iba: Jihad al-sayf ? Am Jihad al-'aql? (The neglected duty: The Jihad of sword or Jihad of reason?) (Cairo, 1984).
44. For an English translation of the pamphlet with introductory chapters, see Johannes Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York, 1986).
45. Al-Da'wa (Dec. 1977): 15;
46. see also al-I'tisam (Dec. 1977): 3.
47. See 'Umar al-Tilmsani, Dhikrayat ... la' mudhakkirat (Memories not notes) (Cairo, 1985);
48. Ayyam ma'a al-Sadat (Days with Sadat) (Cairo, 1984).
49. See the detailed interview with Khan, Cairo Times, 28 June 2001, 5, 17.
50. Al-Sadat, In Search of Identity;
51. Jehan al-Sadat, A Woman of Egypt (New York, 1987).
52. For details about the script, see Cairo Times, 28 June 2001, 5, 17;
53. al-Ahram Weekly, 23 March 2000.
54. For an illuminating collection of articles on the broad issue of historical representation in the cinematic genre of realism, see Robert Stam, ed., Film and Theory: An Anthology (Oxford, 2000).
55. See http://www.sadatfilm.com
56. http://news.excite.ca/news/ap/010719/sadat-on-film
57. For his writing on contemporary Egyptian history, see 'Abd al-'Azim Ramadan, Misr fi 'Asr al-Sadat (Egypt in Sadat's time), 2 vols. (Cairo, 1986, 1989);
58. The October War in History (Cairo, 1997);
59. Awraq min ta'rikh Misr (Papers from Egypt's history) (Cairo, 1995).
60. "Sadat Film Reveals an Egypt Divided," 19 July 2000, in: http://news.excite.ca/news/ap/010719/sadat-on-film
61. http://www.arabia.com/life/article/english/0,1690,58557,00.html
62. Al-Kawakib, 26 June 2001.