Role of micronutrients: Boron and molybdenum in crops and in human health and nutrition

Current Nutrition and Food Science

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 126-136

  Gupta, Umesh C ^a   Srivastava, Prakash C ^b   Gupta, Subhas C ^c  

^a AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

^b G B PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^c LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological nitrogen fixation; Carbohydrates; Membranes; Phytohormones molybdenosis; Proteins

Indexed keywords

ABSCISIC ACID; ALDEHYDE OXIDASE; AMINO ACID; AUXIN; BORON; CALCIUM; CARBOHYDRATE; CARBON; COPPER; ESTROGEN; MOLYBDENUM; NITRATE; NITRATE REDUCTASE; NITROGEN; PHENOL; PHYTOHORMONE; PROTEIN; STARCH; SUGAR; SULFITE OXIDASE; TRACE ELEMENT; WATER; XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; BEAN; BEET; BONE DISEASE; BONE GROWTH; BORON DEFICIENCY; BRASSICA; BREAD; CALCIUM METABOLISM; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARBON FIXATION; CAULIFLOWER; CEREAL; COGNITION; COMA; COPPER DEFICIENCY; COPPER METABOLISM; CROP; CROP PRODUCTION; DERMATITIS; DIARRHEA; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GENE EXPRESSION; HEADACHE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; LEGUME; LETHARGY; MENTAL DISEASE; MOLYBDENOSIS; MOLYBDENUM DEFICIENCY; MUNG BEAN; MUSCLE CRAMP; NAUSEA; NITRATE METABOLISM; NITROGEN FIXATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OSTEOPOROSIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PASTA; PHYTOTOXICITY; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; PLANT DISEASE; PLANT METABOLISM; PLANT REPRODUCTION; PLANT ROOT; PLANT WATER RELATION; PLANT YIELD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN CONTENT; PROTEIN METABOLISM; RICE; SEED PRODUCTION; SWEET POTATO; TACHYCARDIA; THYROID FUNCTION; VOMITING; WATER METABOLISM;

ANIMALIA; BOS;

EID: 79958294857     PISSN: 15734013     EISSN: 15734013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340111795713807     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Nielsen FH. The Nutritional Importance and Pharmacological Potential of Boron for Higher Animals and Humans, In: Goldbach H, Ed. Boron in Plant and Animal Nutrition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2002; pp. 37-50
2. Maze P. Influences respectives des éléments de la solution minerale sur le développement du mais. Ann Inst Pasteur 1914; 28: 21-68.
3. Warington K. The influence of length of day on the response of plants to boron. Ann Bot (London) 1923; 37 (148): 629-672.
4. Brenchley WE, Warington K. The role of boron in the growth of plants. Ann Bot (London) 1927; 41(1): 167-187.
5. Sommer AL, Lipman CB. Evidence on the indispensable nature of zinc and boron for higher green plants. Plant Physiol 1926; 1(3): 231-249.
6. Sommer AL. The search for elements essential in only small amounts for plant growth. Science 1927; 66(1716): 482-484.
7. Anderson AJ. Molybdenum deficiencies in legumes in Australia. Soil Sci 1956; 81(3): 173-182.
8. Stout PR, Johnson CM. Molybdenum deficiency in horticultural and field crops. Soil Sci 1956; 81(3): 183-190.
9. Hewitt EJ, McCready CC. Molybdenum as a plant nutrient. VII. The effects of different molybdenum and nitrogen supplies on yields and composition of tomato plants grown in sand culture. J Hort Sci 1956; 31(4): 284-290.
10. Brown JC, Jones WE. Differential transport of boron in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Physiol Plant 1971; 25(2): 279-282.
11. Srivastava PC, Gupta UC. Trace Elements in Crop Production. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 1996; pp. 73-173.
12. Ali AHN, Jarvis BC. Effects of auxin and boron on nucleic acid metabolism and cell division during adventitious root regeneration. New Phytol 1988; 108(4): 381-391.
13. Jarvis BC, Yasmin S, Coleman MT. RNA and protein metabolism during adventitious root formation in stem cuttings of Phaseolus aureus. Physiol Plant 1985; 64(1): 53-59.
14. Jarvis BC, Ali AHN, Shaheed AI. Auxin and boron in relation to the rooting response and ageing of mung bean cuttings. New Phytol 1983; 95(4): 509-518.
15. Jarvis BC, Yasmin S, Ali AHN, et al. The interaction between auxin and boron in adventitious root development. New Phytol 1984; 97(2): 197-204.
16. Shkolnik MY. Trace Elements in Plants. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1984; pp. 463.
17. Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Anzellotti D, González-Fontes A. Changes in phenolic metabolism of tobacco plants during short-term boron deficiency. Plant Physiol Biochem 2002; 40(12): 997-1002.
18. Lewis DH. Are there interrelations between the metabolic role of boron, synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins and the gemination of pollen? New Phytol 1980; 84(2): 261-270.
19. Mozafar A. Role of Boron in Seed Production. In: Gupta UC, Ed. Boron and its Role in Crop Production. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 1993; pp. 187-208.
20. Misra SM, Patil BD. Effect of boron on seed yield in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). J Agron Crop Sci 1987; 158(1): 34-37.
21. Simjoki P. Boron deficiency in barley. Ann Agr Fenniae 1991; 30(3): 389-405.
22. Agarwala SC, Sharma PN, Chatterjee C, et al. Development and enzymatic changes during pollen development in boron deficient maize plants. J Plant Nutr 1981; 3(1-4): 329-336.
23. Hasler A, Maurizio A. Die Wirkung von Bor auf Samenansatz und Nektarsekretion bei Raps (Brassica napus L.). Phytopathol Z 1949; 15(2): 193-207.
24. Kobayashi M, Matoh T, Azuma J. Two chains of rhamnogalacturonan II are cross-linked by borate-diol ester bonds in higher plant cell walls. Plant Physiol 1996; 110(3): 1017-1020.
25. Matoh T, Kobayashi M. Boron and calcium, essential inorganic constituents of pectic polysaccharides in higher plant cell walls. J Plant Res 1998; 111(1): 179-190.
26. Camacho-Cristobal JJ, Rexach J, Gonzales-Fontes A. Boron in Plants: deficieny and Toxicity. J Integrative Plant Biol 2008; 50; (10): 1247-1255.
27. Dugger WM. Boron in plant metabolism. In: Lauchli A, Bieleski RI, Eds. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, new series, New York: Springer Verlag 1983; pp. 626-650.
28. Tanada T. Localization of boron in membranes. J Plant Nutr 1983; 6(9): 743-749.
29. Pollard AS, Parr AJ, Loughman BC. Boron in relation to membrane function in higher plants. J Exp Bot 1977; 28(4): 831-841.
30. Robertson GA, Loughman BC. Rubidium uptake and boron deficiency in Vicia faba L. J Exp Bot 1973; 24(6): 1046-1052.
31. Robertson GA, Loughman BC. Response to boron deficiency: a comparison with responses produced by chemical methods of retarding root elongation. New Phytol 1974; 73(5): 821-832.
32. Robertson GA, Loughman BC. Reversible effects of boron and on the absorption and incorporation of phosphate in Vicia faba L. New Phytol 1974; 73(5): 291-298.
33. Tang PM, Dela Fuente RK. Boron and calcium sites involved in indole-3-acetic acid transport in sunflower hypocotyl segments. Plant Physiol 1986; 81(2): 651-655.
34. Tang PM, Dela Fuente RK. The transport of indole-3-acetic acid in boron-and calcium-deficient sunflower hypocotyl segments. Plant Physiol 1986; 81(2): 646-650.
35. Reid RJ, Hayes JE, Post A, et al. A critical analysis of the causes of boron toxicity in plants. Plant Cell Environ 2004; 27(11): 1405-1414.
36. Cakmak I, Kurz H, Marschner H. Short-term effects of boron, germanium and high light intensity on membrane permeability in boron deficient leaves of sunflower. Physiol Plant 1995; 95(1): 11-18.
37. El Shintinawy F. Structural and Functional Damage Caused by Boron Deficiency in Sunflower Leaves. Photosynthetica 1999; 36(4): 565-573.
38. Torun AA, Yazici A, Erdem H, et al. Genotypic variation in tolerance to boron toxicity in 70 durum wheat genotypes. Turkish J Agric Forestry 2006; 30(1): 49-58.
39. Mateo P, Bonilla I, Fernández-Valiente E, et al. Essentiality of boron for dinitrogen fixation in Anabaena sp. PCC 7119. Plant Physiol 1986; 81(2): 430-433.
40. García-González M, Mateo P, Bonilla I. Effect of boron deficiency on photosynthesis and reductant sources and their relationship with nitrogenase activity in Anabaena PCC 7119. Plant Physiol 1990; 93(2): 560-565.
41. Bolaños L, Redondo-Nieto M, Bonilla I, et al. Boron requirement in the Discaria trinervis (Rhamnaceae) and Frankia symbiotic relationship. Its essentiality for Frankia BCU110501 growth and nitrogen fixation. Physiol Plant 2002; 115(4): 563-570.
42. Bolaños L, Esteban E, de Lorenzo C, et al. Essentiality of boron symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in pea (Pisum sativum) rhizobium nodules. Plant Physiol 1994; 104(1): 85-90.
43. Yamagishi M, Yamamoto Y. Effects of boron on nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max) plants. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 1994; 40(2): 265-274.
44. Bolaños L, Brewin NJ, Bonilla I. Effects of boron on rhizobiumlegume cell surface interaction on nodule development. Plant Physiol 1996; 110(4): 1249-1256.
45. Bolaños L, Cebrián A, Redondo-Nieto M, et al. Lectin-like glycoprotein PsNLEC-1 is not correctly glycosylated and targeted in boron-deficient pea nodules. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2001; 14(5): 663-670.
46. Bolaños L, Redondo Nieto M, Rivilla R, et al. Cell surface interactions of Rhizobium bacteroids and other bacterial strains with symbiosomal and peribacteroid membrane components from pea nodules. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2004; 17(2): 216-223.
47. Bonilla I, Mergold Villaseñor C, Campos MG, et al. The aberrant cell walls of boron deficient bean root nodules have no covalently bound hydroxyproline-/proline-rich proteins. Plant Physiol 1997; 115(4): 1329-1340.
48. Carpena Artes O, Carpena Ruiz RO. Influence of boron on amino acid contents in tomato plant. I. Sap. Agrochimica 1983; 27(5-6): 498-505.
49. Shelp BJ. Boron mobility and nutrition in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Ann Bot 1988; 61(1): 83-91.
50. Dave IC, Kannan S. Influence of boron deficiency on micronutrients absorption by Phaseolus vulgaris and protein contents in cotyledons. Acta Physiol Plant 1981; 3(1): 27-32.
51. Shelp BJ. The influence of nutrition on nitrogen partitioning in broccoli plants. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 1990; 21(1-2): 49-60.
52. Cervilla LM, Blasco B, Rios JJ, et al. Response of nitrogen metabolism to boron toxicity in tomato plants. Plant Biol 2009; 11(5): 671-677.
53. Molassiotis A, Sotiropoulos T, Tanou G, et al. Boron-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant and nucleolytic responses in shoot tips culture of the apple rootstock EM 9 (Malus domestica Borkh). Environ Exp Bot 2006; 56(1): 54-62.
54. Bohnsack CW, Albert LS. Early effects of boron deficiency on indoleacetic acid oxidase levels of squash root tips. Plant Physiol 1977; 59(6): 1047-1050.
55. Shelp BJ. Physiology and biochemistry of boron in plants. In: Gupta UC, Ed. Boron and its role in crop production. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 1993; pp. 53-85.
56. Krueger RW, Lovatt CJ, Albert LS. Metabolic requirement of Cucurbita pepo for boron. Plant Physiol 1987; 83(2): 254-258.
57. Lenoble ME, Blevins DG, Miles RJ. Prevention of aluminum toxicity with supplemental boron. II. Stimulation of root growth in acidic, high-aluminum subsoil. Plant Cell Environ 1996; 19(10): 1143-1148.
58. Chatterjee C, Sinha P, Agarwala SC. Boron nutrition of cowpeas. Proc Indian Acad Plant Sci 1990; 100(5): 311-318.
59. Lee SG, Aronoff S. Boron in plants: a biochemical role. Science 1967; 158 (802): 798-799.
60. Chatterjee C, Nautiyal N. Developmental aberrations in seeds of boron deficient sunflower and recovery. J Plant Nutr 2000; 23(6): 835-841.
61. Sinha P, Jain R, Chatterjee C. Interactive effect of boron and zinc on growth and metabolism of mustard. Commun Soil Sci Plan Anal 2000; 31(1-2): 41-49.
62. Dube BK, Sinha P, Chatterjee C. Boron stress affects metabolism and seed quality of sunflower. Trop Agr 2000; 77(2): 89-92.
63. Sinha P, Chatterjee C, Sharma CP, et al. Changes in physiology and quality of pea by boron stress. Ann Agr Res 1999; 20(3): 304-307.
64. Rashid A, Yasin M, Ashraf M, et al. Boron deficiency in calcareous soil reduces rice yield and impairs grain quality. Int Rice Res Notes 2004; 29(1): 58-60.
65. Chaitany CG, Ganesh Kumar, Raina BL, et al. Effect of zinc and boron on the shelf life of guava cv. Sardar (Psidium guajava L.). Adv Plant Sci 1997 10: (2) 45-49.
66. Sinha, P, Khurana N, Nautiyal, N. Boron stress influences economic yield and quality in crop species. Indian J Plant Physiol 2009; 14(2): 200-204.
67. Briggs GB. Effect of boron in the substrate on the rate of nitrate absorption and on nitrogen distribution in Nasturtium. Plant Physiol 1943; 18(3): 415-432.
68. Sharma PN, Ramchandra T. Water relations and photosynthesis in mustard plants subject to boron deficiency. Indian J Plant Physiol 1990; 33(2): 150-154.
69. Bergman W. The significance of the micronutrient boron in agriculture. Borax Group Symp. Intern. Trade Centre, GDR, Berlin December 20, 1984; p. 26.
70. Shorrocks VM. Boron Deficiency its Prevention and Cure. Borax Holdings Limited, Borax House, Carlisle Place, London, England, 1983; p. 43.
71. Lambert DH, Cole H, Baker DE. The role of boron in plant response to mycorrhizal infection. Plant Soil 1980; 57(2-3): 431-438.
72. Redondo-Nieto M, Rivilla R, El Hamdaoui A, et al. Boron deficiency affects early infection events in the pea-Rhizobium symbiotic interaction. Aust J Plant Physiol 2001; 28(8): 819-823.
73. Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, González-Fontes A. Boron deficiency decreases plasmalemma H+-ATPase expression and nitrate uptake, and promotes ammonium assimilation into asparagine in tobacco roots. Planta 2007; 226(2): 443-451.
74. Kobayashi M, Mutoh T, Matoh T. Boron nutrition of cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. IV. Genes induced under low boron supply. J Exp Bot 2004; 55(3): 1441-1443.
75. Takano J, Wada M, Ludewig U, et al. The Arabidopsis major intrinsic protein NIP5; 1 is essential for efficient boron uptake and plant development under boron limitation. Plant Cell 2006; 18(6): 1498-1509.
76. Kasajima I, Fujiwara T. Identification of novel Arabidopsis thaliana genes, which are induced by high levels of boron. Plant Biotech 2007; 24(3): 355-360.
77. Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Herrera Rodríguez MB, Beato VM, et al. The expression of several cell wall-related genes in Arabidopsis roots is down regulated under boron deficiency. Env Exp Bot 2008; 63(1-3): 351-358.
78. Goldbach HE, Wimmer MA. Boron in plants and animals: Is there a role beyond cell-wall structure? J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 2007; 170(1): 39-48.
79. Yu Q, Wingender R, Schulz M, et al. Short-term boron deprivation induces increased levels of cytoskeletal proteins in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Biol 2001; 3(4): 335-340.
80. Yu Q, Baluska F, Jasper F, et al. Short-term boron deprivation enhances levels of cytoskeletal proteins in maize, but not zucchini, root apices. Physiol Plant 2003; 117(2): 270-278.
81. Yu Q, Hlavacka A, Matoh T, et al. Short-term boron deprivation inhibits endocytosis of cell wall pectins in meristematic cells of maize and wheat root apices. Plant Physiol 2002; 130(1): 415-421.
82. González-Fontes A, Rexach J, Navarro-Gochicoa MT, et al. Is boron involved solely in structural roles in vascular plants? Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3(1): 24-26.
83. Schwarz G, Mendel RR. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and molybdenum enzymes. Ann Rev Plant Biol 2006; 57(1): 623-647.
84. Schwarz G, Mendel RR, Ribbe MW. Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways. Nature 2009; 460(7257): 839-847.
85. Smith BE, Eady RR. Metalloclusters of the nitrogenases. Eur J Biochem 1992; 205(1): 1-15.
86. Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ. Biological Nitrogen Fixation, New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992; p. 943.
87. Stiefel EI, Coucouvanis D, Newton WE, Eds. Molybdenum Enzymes, cofactors and model systems, Wash. D.C. American Chemical Society, 1993; p. 387.
88. Kim J, Rees DC. Structural models for metal centres in the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein. Science (Wash. D.C.) 1992; 257(5077): 1677-1682.
89. Rees DC, Chan MK, Kim J. Structure and function of nitrogenase. Adv Inorg Chem 1993; 40: 89-119.
90. Mulder EG. Importance of molybdenum in the nitrogen metabolism of microorganisms and higher plants. Plant Soil 1948; 1(1): 94-119.
91. Fedorova EE, Potatueva YuA. Ultrastructure and nitrogen-fixing activity of red clover nodules on application of molybdenum. Sov Plant Physiol 1984; 31(6 pt. 2): 876-881.
92. Hashimoto K, Yamasaki S. Effects of molybdenum application on the yield, nitrogen nutrition and nodule development of soybeans. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 1976; 22(4): 435-443.
93. Pulgar G, Moreno DA, Hernández J, et al. Optimum range of biochemical and physiological parameters of macronutrients for Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis[Lour] Rupr. cv. Nagaoka 50) grown under floating mulch. Phyton (Buenos Aires) 1999; 64(1/2): 27-32.
94. Andrade MJBD, Alvarenga PE, Carvalho JGd, et al. Effect of nitrogen, rhizobia and molybdenum on growth, root nodulation and nutrient contents in beans. Revista Ceres 1998; 45 (257): 65-79.
95. Popov N, Petkov N, Miteva N. Effect of molybdenum and some plant growth substances (regulators) on the symbiotic nitrogen fixation of winter pea cultivar 12. Rasteniev"dni Nauki 1996; 33(10): 68-71.
96. Viera RF, Viera C, Cardoso EJBN, et al. Foliar application of molybdenum in common bean. II. Nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities in a soil of low fertility. J Plant Nutr 1998; 21 (10): 2141-2151.
97. Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya I, Ghosh K, et al. New slowreleasing molybdenum fertilizer. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56(4): 1343-1349.
98. Mendel RR, Haensch R. Molybdoenzymes and molybdenum cofactor in plants. J Exp Bot 2002; 53(375): 1689-1698.
99. Agarwala SC, Hewitt EJ. Molybdenum as a plant nutrient, IV. The interelationships of molybdenum and nitrate supply in chlorophyll and ascorbic acid fractions in cauliflower plants grown in sand culture. J Hort Sci 1954; 29(4): 291-300.
100. Fido RJ, Gundry CS, Hewitt EJ, et al. Ultrastructural features of molybdenum deficiency and whiptail of cauliflower leaves: effects of nitrogen source and tungsten substitution for molybdenum. Aust J Plant Physiol 1977; 4(4): 675-689.
101. Godnev TN, Lipskaya GA. [Accumulation of chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of sugar beet under the influence of cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.] Fiziol Rast 1965; 12: 1012-1016. [Russian]
102. Lakiza EN. [Effect of molybdenum on photosynthesis in grapevines]. Mikroelement Vokruzh. Srede Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, 1980; 93-96.[Russian]
103. Agarwala SC, Hewitt EJ. Molybdenum as a plant nutrient, V. The interrelationships of molybdenum and nitrate supply in the concentration of sugars, nitrate and organic nitrogen in cauliflower plants grown in sand culture. J Hort Sci 1955; 30(3): 151-162.
104. Liu H, Hu C, Sun X, et al. Intercative effects of molybdenum and phosphorus fertilizers on photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings and grain yield of Brassica napus. Plant Soil 2009; 326(1-2): 345-353.
105. Hristozkova M, Geneva M, Stancheva I, et al. Nitrogen assimilatory enzymes and amino acid content in inoculated foliar fertilized pea plants grown at reduced molybdenum concentration. J Plant Nutr 2007; 30(9): 1409-1419.
106. Yu M, Hu CX, Wang YH. Molybdenum efficiency in winter wheat cultivars as related to molybdenum uptake and distribution. Plant Soil 2002; 245(2): 287-293.
107. Nie ZJ, Hu CX, Sun XC, et al. Effects of molybdenum on ascorbate- glutathione cycle metabolism in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis). Plant Soil 2007; 295(1-2): 13-21.
108. Hewitt EJ, Gundry CS. Molybdenum requirement of plants in relation to nitrogen supply. J Hort Sci 1970; 45(4): 351-358.
109. Agarwala SC, Hewitt EJ. Molybdenum as a plant nutrient, III. The interrelationships of molybdenum and nitrate supply in the growth and molybdenum content of cauliflower plants grown in sand culture. J Hort Sci 1954; 29(4): 278-290.
110. Agarwala SC, Hewitt EJ. Molybdenum as a plant nutrient. VI. Effect of molybdenum supply on the growth and composition of cauliflower plants given different sources of nitrogen supply in sand culture. J Hort Sci 1955; 30(3): 163-180.
111. Candela MI, Fisher EG, Hewitt EJ. Molybdenum as a plant nutrient. X. Some factors affecting the activity of nitrate reductase in cauliflower plants grown with different nitrogen sources and molybdenum levels in sand culture. Plant Physiol 1957; 32(4): 280-288.
112. Hew CS, Chai BW. Effect of light intensity, nitrate and molybdenum levels on nitrate assimilation in Choy Sam (Brassica chinensis). Proc. Sixth Intern. Congr. Soilless Culture., Lunteren, 1984; pp. 255-272.
113. Yu M, Hu C, Wang Y. Influences of seed molybdenum application on nitrate reductase activity shoot dry matter, and grain yields of winter wheat cultivars. J Plant Nutr 1999; 22(9): 1433-1441.
114. Yaneva IA, Baydanova VD, Vunkova Radeva RV. Nitrate reductase activation state in leaves of molybdenum-deficient winter wheat. J Plant Physiol 2000; 157(5): 495-501.
115. Wang ZY, Tang YL, Zhang FS. Effect of molybdenum on growth and nitrate reductase activity of winter wheat seedlings as influenced by temperature and nitrogen treatments. J Plant Nutr 1999; 22(2): 387-395.
116. Jones RW, Abbott AJ, Hewitt EJ, et al. Nitrate reductase activity and growth in Paul's Scarlet rose suspension cultures in relation to nitrogen source and molybdenum. Planta 1976; 133(1): 27-34.
117. Jones RW, Abbott AJ, Hewitt EJ, et al. Nitrate reductase activity in Paul's Scarlet rose suspension cultures and the differential role of nitrate and molybdenum in induction. Planta 1978; 141(2): 183-189.
118. Notton BA, Hewitt EJ. Structure and properties of higher plant nitrate reductase especially Spinacea oleracia. In: Hewitt EJ, Cutting CV, Ed. Nitrogen Assimilation of Plants (6th Long Ashton Symp.). London: Academic Press 1979; pp. 227-244.
119. Heimer YM, Wray JL, Filner P. The effect of tungstate on nitrate assimilation in higher plant tissues. Plant Physiol 1969; 44(8): 1197-1199.
120. Wilson RD. Molybdenum in relation to the scald disease of beans. Aust J Sci 1949; 11(6): 209-211.
121. Tanner PD. A relationship between premature sprouting on the cob and the molybdenum and nitrogen status of maize grain. Plant Soil 1978; 49(2): 427-432.
122. Srivastava TK, Ahalwat IPS, Panwar JDS. Effect of phosphorus, molybdenum and biofertilizers on productivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Indian J Plant Physiol 1998; 3(3): 237-239.
123. Viera RF, Cardoso EJBN, Viera C, et al. Foliar application of molybdenum in common bean. I. Nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities in a soil of high fertility. J Plant Nutr 1998; 21(1): 169-180.
124. Agarwala SC, Sharma CP, Farooq S, et al. Effect of molybdenum deficiency on the growth and metabolism of corn plants raised in sand culture. Can J Bot 1978; 56(16): 1905-1908.
125. Domska D, Benedycka Z, Krauze A. [Residual effect of molybdenum fertilization on the content of nitrogen compounds in beans.] [Polish] Acta Academiae Agriculturae ac Technicae Olstenensis. Agricultura 1989; 48: 99-106.
126. Ratner EI, Akimoehkina TA. [The role of molybdenum and vitamins in utilization of nitrate nitrogen by plants.] Fiziol Rast 1962; 9: 663-673. [Russian].
127. Bozhenko VP, Belyaeva VN. Content of 5-methyl cytosine in total DNA of plants under conditions of molybdenum and zinc dificiency. Sov Plant Physiol 1977; 24(2): 281-286.
128. Girenko LT. [Effect of trace elements on yield of soybeans]. Nauchnye Trudy, Ukrainskaya Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Akademiya 1975; 163: 149-152. [Russian]
129. Dutta BK, Bremner E. Trace elements as plant chemotherapeutants to control Verticillium wilt. Z Pflanzenk Pflanzenschutz 1981; 88(7): 405-412.
130. Fernando T, Jarvis BB, Bean G. Effects of micro-elements on production of Roridin E by Myrothecium roridum, a strain pathogenic to muskmelon (Cucumis melo). Trans Br Mycol Soc 1986; 86(2): 273-277.
131. Halsall DM. Effect of certain cations on the formation and infectivity of Phytophthora zoospores. 2. Effect of copper, boron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc ions. Can J Microbiol 1977; 23(8): 1002-1010.
132. Graham RD, Stangoulis JRC. Molybdenum and disease. In: Datnoff L, Elmer W, Huber D, Eds. Mineral nutrition and plant diseases. St Paul, MN: APS Pres. 2005; pp. 203-205.
133. Joham HE. Accumulation and distribution of molybdenum in the cotton plant. Plant Physiol 1953; 28(2): 275-280.
134. Sastry KSM. Effect of molybdenum nutrition on multiplication and concentration of sann hemp mosaic virus. Curr Sci 1962; 31(8): 347-349.
135. Pirone TP, Pound GS. Molybdenum nutrition of Nicotiana tabacum in relation to multiplication of tobacco masaic Virus. Phytopath 1962; 52(8): 822-827.
136. Schwenke TG, Kerridge PC. Relative responsiveness of some tropical pasture legumes to molybdenum. Trop Grasslands 2000; 34(2): 91-98.
137. Nautiyal N, Singh S, Chatterjee C. Seed reserves of chickpea in relation to molybdenum supply. J Sci Food Agric 2005; 85(5): 860-864.
138. Vasil'eva IM, Startseva AV. [Effect of the trace elements boron, molybdenum, copper and zinc on the water conditions of red clover leaves]. [Russian] Izv Kazan Fil Akad Nauk Ser Biol Nauk 1959; 7: 39-47.
139. Vunkova Radeva R, Schiemann J, Mendel RR, et al. Stress and activity of molybdenum containing complex (molybdenum cofactor) in winter wheat seeds. Plant Physiol 1988; 87(2): 533-535.
140. Zaslonkin VP. [Effect of molybdenum on rate of transpiration by pea leaves] [Russian]. Fiziol Rast 1968; 15(5): 921-923.
141. Agarwala SC, Chatterjee C, Sharma PN, et al. Pollen development in maize plants subjected to molybdenum deficiency. Can J Bot 1979; 57(18): 1946-1950.
142. Srivastava PC. Biochemical significance of molybdenum in crop plants. In: Gupta UC, Ed. Molybdenum in Agriculture. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press 1997; pp. 47-70.
143. Shaaban MM. Role of boron in plant nutrition and human health. Am J Plant Physiol 2010; 5 (5): 224-240.
144. Kenney MA, McCoy J H. Magnesium deficiency in the rat: effects of fructose, boron and copper. Magnes Res 2000; 13 (1): 19-27.
145. Nielsen FH. Boron in human and animal nutrition. Plant Soil 1997; 193 (1-2): 199-208.
146. Nielsen FH. The justification for providing dietary guidance for the nutritional intake of boron. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998; 66(1-3): 319-330.
147. Penland, J G. Dietary boron, brain function and cognitive performance. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 (Suppl 7): 65-72.
148. Naghii MR, Samman S. The effect of boron supplementation on its urinary excretion and selected cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997; 56 (3): 273-286.
149. Hunt C. Dietary boron as a factor in glucose and insulin metabolism. J Trace Elem Exp Med 2004; 17 (4): 258.
150. Newnham RE. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ Health Perspect. 1994; 102 (Suppl 7): 83-85.
151. Travers RL, Rennie GC, Newnham RE. Boron and Arthritis: the results of a double blind pilot study. J Nutr Med 1990; 1: 127-132.
152. Anthony M. 2005. Nutrition beyond the trends: Boron's a beneficial bone builder. Available at: http:www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2005/417.html.
153. Linden CH, Hall AH, Kulig KW, et al. Acute ingestion of boric acid. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1986; 24 (4): 269-279.
154. Pinto J, Huang YP, McConell RJ, et al. Increased urinary riboflavin excretion resulting from boric acid ingestion. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 92 (1): 126-134.
155. Hunt CD. Boron. In: Macrae R, Robinson RK, Sadler MJ, Eds Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition. London: Academic Press 1993; vol. 1: pp. 440-447.
156. Trumbo P, Yates AA, Schlicker S, et al. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101 (3): 294-301.
157. Sardesai VM. Molybdenum: an essential element. Nutr Clin Pract 1993;8(6): 277-281.
158. Soetan KO, Olaiya CO, Oyewole OE. The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: a review. Afr J Food Sci 2010; 4(5): 200-222.
159. Mills CF, Bremner I. Nutritional aspects of molybdenum in animals. In: Coughlan MP, Ed. Molybdenum and Molybdenum containing enzymes. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1980, pp. 517-542.
160. Anke M, Seifert M, Arnhold W, et al. The biological and toxicological importance of molybdenum in the environment and in the nutrition of plants, animals and man. Acta Alimentaria 2010; 39 (1): 12-26.
161. Feng C, Tollin G, Enemark, JH. Sulfite oxidizing enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1774 (5): 527-539.
162. Rajagopalan KV. Molybdenum-an essential trace element. Nutr Rev 1987; 45(11): 321-328.
163. Vyskocil A, Viau, C. Assessment of Molybdenum toxicity in humans. J Appl Toxicol 1999; 19 (3): 185-192.
164. Tsongas TA, Meglen RR, Walravens PA, et al. Molybdenum in the diet: an estimate of average daily intake in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33 (5): 1103-1107.
165. Food Nutrition Board, NRC (US) Committee on Dietary Allowances, 9 Th Rev. Ed. National Academy of Sciences, Wash DC, 1980; p.185.
166. Leichtmann GA, Sitrin MD. Update on trace elements. Comp Ther 1991; 17(1): 42-48.