History man: The life of R. G. Collingwood

History Man: The Life of R. G. Collingwood

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

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References (480)

1. I owe much in this paragraph to William Empson, who understood how Freud illuminatesWordsworth. See Some Versions of Pastoral (London: Chatto and Windus, 1935).
2. The first guidebook to the Lakes came out in 1774; it was William Hutchinson's An Excursion to the Lakes. See also "The Invasion of Tourism" in my The Delicious History of the Holiday (London: Routledge, 2000).
3. See W. Rybczynski, Home: A Short History of an Idea (London: Heinemann, 1988).
4. I take this and several other details from a long and informative letter to me from Janet Gnosspelius, R. G. Collingwood's niece, as well as from her marginalia comments on Wakefield, The Collingwoods at Lanehead.
5. Children and Their Primary Schools, 2 vols. (London: HMSO, 1967).
6. Panels of her flower paintings hang in Wallington Hall, Northumberland, home of the Trevelyans.
7. Tim Hilton, John Ruskin: The Later Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 428ff.
8. London: George Allen, 1884.
9. W. G. Collingwood, The Life and Work of John Ruskin, 2 vols. (London: Methuen, 1893, revised 1911).
10. R. G. Collingwood, "Obituary: W. G. Collingwood," Times, 3 October 1932.
11. Both books reprinted in facsimile editions by Llanerch Publishers, Felinfach, Lampeter, 1989 and 1993.
12. First published by Titus Wilson of Highgate in 1909, reprinted by Llanerch Enterprises in 1990.
13. "Letters from Iceland," Collingwood Studies 3 (1996): 12.
14. Times, 3 October 1932.
15. Hilton, John Ruskin 579ff.
16. A revised edition was published as he died in 1932. The book, often reprinted, was further revised with great tact by William Rollinson, republished by J. M. Dent, in 1988.
17. W. G. Collingwood, The Lake Counties (London: J. M. Dent, 1988), 45.
18. This account is paraphrased from The Autobiography of Arthur Ransome, ed. with a prologue and epilogue by Rupert Hart-Davis (London: Jonathan Cape, 1976), 80-81.
19. There is, for example, an Arthur Ransome Society in Japan.
20. Ransome, Autobiography, 81.
21. Hugh Brogan, The Life of Arthur Ransome (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1985), 42.
22. Ransome, Autobiography, 93.
23. T. Altounyan, In Aleppo Once (London: John Murray, 1969), 162.
24. When Arthur Ransome moved house from Lakeland to near PinMill in Suffolk, he offered the haulier a bed for the night. "Nay, Mr. Ransome," said the man with a shudder, "I want to get back to England."
25. John Henry Cardinal Newman, The Idea of a University (New York: Doubleday, 1959), 8-9.
26. The Principles of History and Other Writings in the Philosophy of History, ed. W. H. Dray and W. J. Van der Dussen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 70.
27. A, preface, n.p.
28. Claire Tomalin, Samuel Pepys: The Unqualified Self (London: Viking Penguin, 2002).
29. The foregoing few sentences are sprinkled with phrases from Clifford Geertz's great essay, "Found in Translation: The Social History of the Moral Imagination," in his Local Knowledge (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 36-54.
30. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (New York: Vintage, 1966), 118
31. On the Genealogy of Morals (New York: Vintage, 1968), 3:28.
32. J. P. Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel Barnes (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969).
33. Alisdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1981), 207.
34. I have in mind Isaiah Berlin's title essay in his The Crooked Timber of Humanity (London: Hogarth Press, 1990).
35. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 208.
36. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science (New York: Random House, 1974), para. 290.
37. Alisdair MacIntyre, The Tasks of Philosophy, Selected Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 1:132.
38. Signalling from Mars: The Letters of Arthur Ransome, ed. Hugh Brogan (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997), 13 August 1917.
39. The concept and its sociology belongs to Erving Goffman. See his Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1968).
40. Thomas Hughes's celebrated novel, Tom Brown's Schooldays, presents a popular and idealised cartoon of Rugby in Arnold's day. It was first published in 1857.
41. See Roy Porter, England in the 18th Century (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), 67ff.
42. Norbert Elias, The Civilising Process, 2 vols. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1969, 1982).
43. Details from Nikolaus Pevsner and Alexandra Wedgwood, The Buildings of England: Warwickshire (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), 394-95.
44. Quoted in J. B. Hope-Simpson, Rugby since Arnold (London: Macmillan, 1967): 150.
45. As Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy fully describes, in The Public School Phenomenon (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), chap. 8.
46. Eighteen such were appointed in the thirteen years before Collingwood arrived. Rugby School Register 1824-1904, ed. A. T. Mitchell (Rugby: subscription volume). I owe my copy to the generosity of Simon Bennett.
47. Jim Hunter, The Flame (New York: Pantheon Books, 1966): 40.
48. Thucydides, History of the PeloponnesianWar, book 1, 10, 2 (London: Dent Everyman, 1983).
49. See for a selection Alan M. Boase, The Poetry of France 1400-1600 (London: Methuen, 1964).
50. Hope-Simpson, Rugby since Arnold, 134.
51. Reported in Christopher Hassall, Rupert Brooke: A Biography (London: Faber, 1972), 38-40.
52. The Meteor, 8 March 1917, 33, unsigned but attribution unmistakable.
53. Collingwood Papers, Pembroke College, Oxford, 15 May 1912.
54. Dictionary of National Biography (1941-1950), 168-70.
55. A point made by Adrian Stokes in Stones of Rimini (1934), republished by Schocken Books (New York, 1969), 59ff.
56. W. G. Collingwood, Lake Counties, 111.
57. See Alan Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979).
58. See Doreen Russo, Charlotte Mason: A Pioneer of Sane Education (Ambleside: Armitt Trust, nd).
59. Held and displayed by the Armitt Museum in Ambleside.
60. George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn (London: Searchlight Books, Secker andWarburg, 1941), reissued ed. Bernard Crick (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), 39.
61. Splendidly commemorated in Jane Renouf, The Lake Artists' Society: A Centenary Celebration (Ambleside: Lake Artists' Society, 2004).
62. See also Marshall Hall, Artists of Cumbria: An Illustrated Dictionary (Newcastle: Marshall Hall Associates, 1979).
63. Barbara carved the 1914-18 war memorial in Hawkshead.
64. I quote John Barrell's paraphrase of Ruskin in his The Political Theory of Painting from Reynolds to Hazlitt (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 338-39.
65. The original passage is in Ruskin's Modern Painters (London: Dent Everyman, 1913), 3:267, "The Moral of Landscape."
66. Joseph Conrad, Three Novels: The Shadow Line (London: Dent Everyman, 1945), 247.
67. Local colour borrowed from Christina Hardyment, Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint's Trunk (London: Cape, 1984).
68. The insolence positively celebrated in Horace Annesley Vachell's novel about Harrow, The Hill (London: Methuen, 1902).
69. James Morris, Pax Britannica (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), 3:35ff.
70. Known respectively by the names of their chairs, Newsom Report (1963) and Donnison Report (1970).
71. A phrase taken from Perry Anderson, Arguments within English Marxism (London: Verso, 1980), 98.
72. D. W. Harding, "The Hinterland of Thought," in Experience into Words (London: Chatto and Windus, 1963), 175-97. The lines from The Prelude occur in Book 1: ll. 395-400.
73. G.D.H Cole and Raymond Postgate, The Common People 1760-1814 (London: Methuen, 1962), chap. 1.
74. Max Beerbohm, Zuleika Dobson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1952 [1911]), 107, 137.
75. Its contents surely those of Rat and Mole's picnic in The Wind in the Willows (published in 1908 and set a few miles down the Thames in Streatley). "There's cold chicken inside it," replied the Rat briefly, "coldtonguecoldhamcoldbeefpickledgherkinssaladfrenchrollscresssand widgespottedmeatgingerbeerlemonadesodawater-." "O stop, stop," cried the Mole in ecstasies: "This is too much." (London: Methuen, 1961), 13.
76. These passages will all be dealt with in their turn. They cover the period 1919-1938. The essay on country life and labour has never been published.
77. "The Roman Centurion's Song," in A Choice of Kipling's Verse Made by T. S. Eliot (London: Faber and Faber, 1950), 285-87.
78. I am drawing here on Alexander Nehemas, Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985).
79. See, for example, John Watson's essay, "German Philosophy and the War" (1916), reprinted in The British Idealists, ed. David Boucher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 253-69.
80. CookWilson's lectures, manuscript fragments, and letters were posthumously published in two volumes as Statement and Inference (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926).
81. H. A. Prichard, "J. Cook Wilson," Mind (1919).
82. Quoted by John Passmore, A Hundred Years of Philosophy (1957) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), 241.
83. Published in Mind (1912), reprinted in Prichard's collection, Moral Obligation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937).
84. I take much in this account from Alasdair MacIntyre's Against the Self-Images of the Age (London: Duckworth, 1971), 152-72.
85. See also Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (London: Fontana Collins, 1985), 180-82.
86. See Farquharson's memoir "Professor H. A. Prichard: Personal Recollections," Mind (1948).
87. I depend for this summary, and later, on Isaiah Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (London: Hogarth Press, 1976).
88. Passmore, Hundred Years, 299.
89. See James Patrick's graceful narrative, The Magdalen Metaphysics (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985).
90. J. A. Smith's lecture notes for these are in the Smith Papers,Magdalen College Library.
91. R. G. Collingwood, Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923 (here quoted in the revised edition of 1932), 24.
92. See Farquharson's memorial article in Proceedings of the British Academy (1915).
93. Pembroke College Papers 1912, 60/15/65.
94. Leibniz here paraphrases the first two paragraphs of the Monadology in his correspondence with Burcher de Volder in Leyden, 1698-1706.
95. McCallum Papers, Pembroke College, 38/1/29.
96. McCallum's words, Pembroke Library Papers, in relation to Patrick Campbell's memoir (1987).
97. These are Collingwood's own phrases from The Principles of Art (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1938), 26.
98. The argument is summarised with the help of Andrew Harrison, Making and Thinking (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982).
99. Collected in a first such volume by R. P. Wright with R. G. Collingwood as The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965). Subsequent volumes have appeared since 1992.
100. George MacDonald, "Haverfield, Francis John, DNB 1912-1921" (1927 edition), 244-45.
101. Haverfield's chief opus is The Roman Occupation of Great Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924).
102. See also the biography referred to: P.M.W. Freeman, The Best Training Ground for Archaeologists: Francis Haverfield and the Invention of Romano-British Archaeology (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007).
103. A point taken from David Pears, What Is Knowledge? (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972).
104. A.J.P Taylor, English History 1914-1945, Oxford History of England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 52-55.
105. Letter to J. M. Knox, reprinted in EPP, 234.
106. A suggestion borrowed from William Johnston, The Formative Years of R. G. Collingwood (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967), 10.
107. A, all annotations from pp. 28-33.
108. One chapter survives in Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, deposit 16. When it was submitted to Macmillan in 1916, (Sir) Henry Jones in his reader's report vigorously recommended publication. EPP, 230-31.
109. Janet Gnosspelius letter to author, 22 February 2005.
110. As a term of art he formalises this in EM, although he implies it long beforehand.
111. Collingwood quotes Anselm in Lionel Rubinoff, ed., Faith and Reason: Essays in the Philosophy of Religion by R. G. Collingwood (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968), 135.
112. Quoted by James Patrick, Collingwood Studies 7 (Cardiff: R. G. Collingwood Society, 2000): 29.
113. Contributed to a collection edited by Canon Streeter, Concerning Prayer (London: Macmillan, 1916), reprinted in Rubinoff, ed., Faith and Reason.
114. See A. C. Bradley, ed., Thomas Hill Green's Prolegomena to Ethics (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1969), "The Moral Ideal and Moral Progress," 180.
115. Rubinoff, ed., Faith and Reason, 232.
116. Finally published as Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of F. H. Bradley (London: Faber and Faber, 1964). See James Patrick, "Eliot and the New Idealism, 1914-15," Collingwood Studies, 7 (2000).
117. F. R. Leavis, "Thought and Emotional Quality," in A Selection from "Scrutiny," ed. F. R. Leavis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 1:231.
118. Taylor, English History 1914-1945, 63.
119. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925), 81.
120. First published in English in 1922.
121. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963).
122. Proceedings of the Scottish Archaeological Society (1922-1923): 42:264ff.
123. I am most grateful to Douglas Templeton for the references. See also Angus Graham, Skipness: Memories of a Highland Estate (Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1993).
124. Pembroke College Library, file 38/1/29, McCallum Papers.
125. Pembroke College, 61/7/3.
126. Pembroke Papers.
127. Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1960 [1929]), 238.
128. Pembroke College, 61/7/5, letter from Edmund Esdaille.
129. Evelyn Waugh, Brideshead Revisited (London: Everyman's Library, rev. ed., 1993 [1945]).
130. Harold Acton, Memoirs of an Aesthete (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984 [1948]), 120-21.
131. Much is made of it by George Steiner, Lessons of the Masters (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003).
132. T. S. Eliot, "East Coker," in Complete Poems and Plays (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), 177.
133. Notes on "The Function of Metaphysics in Civilisation," Bodleian Papers, reel 6, dep 19/6-15.
134. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 8, dep 24/1-13, from which the observation about pessimism also comes. Reprinted in EPP.
135. John Donne, Satyre III, "On Religion," in Complete Poems, ed. H. Grierson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912).
136. Reprinted in Alan Donagan, ed., R. G. Collingwood: Essays in the Philosophy of Art (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1964), 5-41.
137. Carritt was writing his Theory of Beauty (London: Macmillan, 1914) at the time, including a chapter on Croce.
138. Dates taken from James Patrick, "Eliot and the New Idealism: Poetry and History at Oxford 1914-1915," Collingwood and British Idealism Studies (2000): 1-31. See also John Brett Langstaff 's memoir Oxford 1914 (New York: Vantage Press, 1965).
139. See Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini (London:Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1981).
140. Peter Johnson, The Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood (Swansea: Collingwood Society, 1998), 85.
141. Collingwood and Croce met face to face for the first time in 1923. See G.R.G. Mure, "Benedetto Croce and Oxford," Philosophical Quarterly 4 (1954).
142. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 9, dep 26/2-10.
143. Ruskin, Modern Painters, preface to vol. 3.
144. The quotation was first copied to me by Clifford Geertz. James Connelly identifies it as IH, 281.
145. G. Vico, Scienza Nuova, trans. T. Bergin and M. Fuch (New York: Cornell University Press, 1948), 331.
146. Benedetto Croce, An Autobiography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927), 31.
147. Guido de Ruggiero, A History of European Liberalism (London: Oxford University Press, 1927).
148. Croce, Autobiography, 31.
149. Published in a much criticised translation by Douglas Ainslie in 1920.
150. R. G. Collingwood, "Croce's Philosophy of History," Hibbert Journal 19 (1920-21): 263-78. Reprinted in W. E. Debbins, R. G. Collingwood: Essays in the Philosophy of History (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965), 15.
151. Croce, Autobiography, 109.
152. I follow Connelly's admirable essay, "Art Thou theMan: Croce, Gentile or de Ruggiero," in Philosophy, History and Civilisation, ed. Boucher, Connelly, and Madood.
153. Ruggiero, European Liberalism, 434-43.
154. I am much indebted here to Stefan Collini's excellent study of the period, Liberalism and Sociology: L. T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England 1880-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
155. In his essay of that title, "Practical Rationalities as Social Structures," The MacIntyre Reader, ed. Kelvin Knight (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
156. Ruggiero, European Liberalism, 374-75.
157. We shall return to this assertion by way of another latter-day Collingwoodian, Quentin Skinner, and his riposte to Isaiah Berlin, "The Third Concept of Liberty," JPBA (2002): 237-68.
158. Ruggiero, European Liberalism, 387.
159. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 7, dep 21/11-32.
160. Janet Gnosspelius, letter to author.
161. Reprinted in The Philosophy of Enchantment, ed. D. Boucher, W. James, P. Smallwood (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), 49-80.
162. PE, 21. He omits Wordsworth, born in 1770.
163. E. P. Thompson lists all such occasions for Morris in his classic biography, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, rev. ed. (London: Merlin Press, 1977). For Ruskin's diary of engagements, see Hilton, John Ruskin. 50. SM, 314-15.
164. I depend here and in several later places on David Wiggins, "Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life," in his Needs, Values, Truth (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 89-138.
165. Lined up in a canon by Boucher, British Idealists.
166. Bradley, Thomas Hill Green, 13-58.
167. I have here as touchstone John Ziman's Reliable Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972).
168. Above all, Hegel was derided by Karl Popper in The Open Society and Its Enemies (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1952), 2:27-80.
169. SM, 118, and see the footnote on 108.
170. Clifford Geertz illustrates this difficulty in his account of street poets in his "Art as a Cultural System," in Local Knowledge (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 109-18.
171. See From Max Weber, ed. and trans. H. H. Gerth and C.Wright Mills (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948), 139ff.
172. R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (London: G. Bell, 1921).
173. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980).
174. SM, 208.
175. SM, 211.
176. Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1951).
177. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 2.
178. RBES, vii.
179. See, e.g., F. G. Simpson, Watermills and Military Works on Hadrian's Wall: Excavations in Northumberland 1907-1913, ed. Grace Simpson (Kendal: Titus Wilton, 1976).
180. Times obituary by John Wilkes, 15 November 1995. His house at Chesterholm is now headquarters of the Vindolanda Trust.
181. These details are mostly taken from the attractive pen-portrait in Hunter Davies, A Walk along the Wall: A Journey along Hadrian's Wall (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000 [1974]).
182. RB, 6-7.
183. RB, 2-3.
184. David Hume, The History of England (London: Inskeep and Bradford, 1810).
185. I have in mind a long sequence of travesties and transvestites, from I, Claudius, for which I suppose Robert Graves's impecuniousness in 1930 was first responsible, to the truly awful Rome on the BBC in 2006.
186. RB, 8.
187. RB, 12.
188. RB, 83.
189. A, 140.
190. Dorothy Emmet became professor of philosophy at Manchester where she introduced the young AlasdairMacIntyre to Collingwood's work. The quotation is from her memoir, Philosophers and Friends, 70 Years in Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1996), 9.
191. Tamara Talbot Rice, Tamara: Memoirs of St. Petersburg, Paris, Oxford and Byzantium, ed. Elizabeth Talbot Rice (London: John Murray, 1996), 103.
192. Isaiah Berlin, Flourishing: Letters 1928-1946, ed. Henry Hardy (London: Chatto, 2004), 44.
193. Ian Richmond, obituary entry, Proceedings of the British Academy 29 (1943): 476-80.
194. Grace Simpson, "Collingwood's Latest Archaeology Misrepresented," in Collingwood Studies 5 (1998): 109-19.
195. See also her earlier paper, written with Stein Helgeby, in Collingwood Studies 2 (1995): 1-11.
196. Charles Carrington, Rudyard Kipling: The Work and the Man (London: Macmillan, 1985), 480. Carrington says the comment was made about the Autobiography. But Kipling died in 1936 and the Autobiography was not published until 1939. Boucher, omniscient in all such matters, tells us the remark was made about SM.
197. A, 107.
198. I am using the words of Quentin Skinner, a professed admirer of Collingwood, in his Visions of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 89.
199. A, 110.
200. This is forcefully evident in literary history. Everyone knows to avoid the solecism that biography explains the poetry. But biography restores vitality and precision to poetry otherwise faded by the passage of time.
201. Vigorously spoken for by Roger Poole in his Towards Deep Subjectivity (London: Allen Lane, 1972).
202. EM, 23. Williams's essay appears in his posthumous collection, The Sense of the Past, ed.Myles Burnyeat (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), quotations on 352.
203. In the Collingwood Papers at the Bodleian.
204. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953), 88.
205. Times obituary, 3 October 1932.
206. Armitt Library, ALM box 218.
207. EPP, 25. The observation comes from the 1929 lectures in moral philosophy.
208. His correspondence on these matters collected at the Armitt ALM, boxes 202 and 266. The labels are preserved in box 268.
209. Thompson's second son, E. P. Thompson (1924-1993), was the great historian; his first son, Frank, was shot while fighting with the partisans in Bulgaria in 1944.
210. W. G. Collingwood, Northumbrian Crosses of the Pre-Norman Age, facsimile ed. (Dyfed: Llanerch Enterprises, 1989 [1927]).
211. PCWAAS, 24 (1934): 1.
212. "In Memoriam," PCWAAS 34 (1933): 311.
213. Davies, A Walk along the Wall, 111.
214. Richmond, obituary entry, 478.
215. "Ten Years' Work on Hadrian's Wall," CWAAS Transactions 31 (1931).
216. Collingwood's interim report on the diggings (during 1937) appears in the CWAAS Transactions 38 (1938).
217. Emmet, Philosophers and Friends, 9.
218. Charles Tomlinson, "Descartes and the Stove," in The Way of a World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), 14-15.
219. Thomas Sharp, Oxford Replanned (London: Architectural Press, 1948), 73ff. "A Basis for Planning."
220. Richmond, Proceedings of the British Academy 779. He drew five thousand in the course of his career.
221. Tom Hopkinson, Of This Our Time: A Journalist's Story (London: Hutchinson, 1982), 85-86.
222. MacCallum Papers, Pembroke College, 1 November 1968.
223. University registration document held at Lady Margaret Hall.
224. Letter to the author from Janet Gnosspelius, 16 February 2005; and letter dated 20 November 1931 to D. S. Margoliouth, chairman of board, Pembroke Papers.
225. John Mabbott, Oxford Memories (Oxford: Thornton's, 1986), 74.
226. EPM (1933).
227. Bernard Williams, The Sense of the Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 341-60.
228. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, para. 71.
229. New Adelphi 1 (1927-28): 357-60, collected in Collingwood and British Idealism Studies, by James Connelly (Cardiff: Collingwood Society, 2000), 7:86-89.
230. "Faith and Reason," published first as a pamphlet (London: Ernest Benn), then reprinted in God in the Modern World, ed. A. A. David (New York: Putnam, 1929). Also in Rubinoff, ed. Faith and Reason, 122-27. This quotation is from Rubinoff, p. 103.
231. Rubinoff, ed., Faith and Reason, 127.
232. Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (London: Random House, 2006).
233. EPM, 184.
234. EPM, 61.
235. Nietzsche, The Gay Science, para. 290.
236. EPM, 125.
237. EM, 173.
238. EPM, 132.
239. Clifford Geertz's useful term in his Local Knowledge (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 57-58.
240. EPM, 213.
241. Michael Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933).
242. J. L. Austin's How to Do Things with Words wasn't published by Oxford until 1962, but the views on which it was based were first formed in 1939. It was in 1940 that he first gave his paper "The Meaning of a Word," to the Jowett Society in Oxford, with Collingwood present.
243. Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes, 11.
244. IH, 151-59.
245. Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes, 331-46.
246. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 69. Knox MSS 37524/ 410, University of St. Andrews.
247. Details of visit to doctor supplied in a private letter from his niece, Janet Gnosspelius.
248. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 3, 5, 17, 42, 57, 69.
249. He was appointed a delegate to the press (i.e., trustee and executive adviser) in 1928 and resigned due to ill health in October 1941.
250. Berlin, Flourishing, 14 March 1935.
251. MacCallum Papers, Pembroke College.
252. Commemorated by James Patrick, The Magdalen Metaphysics.
253. Admired by Maurice Bowra in his Memories (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966), 103.
254. I am grateful for this insight to Neville Grenyer, who has established the likeness by comparing 1920 air photographs of these areas with the paintings.
255. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 7, 21/4, folio 1.
256. RBES, 324.
257. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 7, 25/15. Discussed by Wendy James in PE, 56ff.
258. RBES, 187.
259. RBES, "Economy of the Villa," 220ff.
260. W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman, 1066 and All That (London:Methuen, 1930), 3-4.
261. RBES, 113-14.
262. RBES, 247.
263. First given in the Reith lectures of 1955. The Englishness of English Art (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964).
264. A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality (London: Macmillan, 1929)
265. Samuel Alexander, Space, Time and Deity (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1920).
266. IN, 176.
267. In many books, most recently Pierre Hadot, The Veil of Isis: An Essay on the History of the Idea of Nature (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006).
268. See Knox's prefatory note to IN, none of which was published until January 1945, much delayed by wartime paper shortages.
269. Isaiah Berlin's adjectives in Flourishing, 16 June 1934. See also Bowra, Memories, 306-7.
270. E.g., in Oxford at the time the Fascist Society, including E. C. Radcliffe, later Regis professor of divinity at Cambridge; Alan Lennox Boyd, president of the union; J. M. Tomes, president. See also Richard Griffiths, Fellow-Travellers on the Right: British Enthusiasm for Nazi Germany 1933- 1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983).
271. I borrow in what follows from Philip Fisher, The Vehement Passions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).
272. These remarks anticipate much that is to come, and they depend on two admirers of Collingwood: Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)
273. Charles Taylor, "Selfinterpreting Animals" in his Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 45-74.
274. Pevsner's judgement in his Oxfordshire: Buildings of England, with Jennifer Sherwood (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), 256.
275. As his niece Taqui Altounyan tells us in her memoir, Chimes from a Wooden Bell (London: IB Tauris, 1990), 57.
276. IH, 241, 242.
277. IH, 245.
278. I have foreshortened Bernard Williams's argument, which I take it owes something to Collingwood's, in his Truth and Truthfulness (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
279. T. S. Eliot, Little Gidding (1942), in Complete Poems and Plays (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), 192.
280. IH, 205.
281. IH, 209.
282. I owe this detail and much more to A. F. Wilson's admirable monograph, "Collingwood's Forgotten Revolution," Collingwood Studies 8 (2001), 6-72.
283. F. H. Bradley, Collected Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1935), 1: 20-21.
284. IH, 215.
285. A, 101.
286. A, "The Foundations of the Future," 101-14.
287. A, 105.
288. IH, 219, 227.
289. This was recorded by several of his students in transcriptions of his lectures, collected and duplicated by hand as The Blue Book during 1934-35. Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (London: Vintage, 1991), chap. 16.
290. Bowra, Memories, 110.
291. I take much in this account from Isaiah Berlin, Personal Impressions, ed. Henry Hardy (London: Hogarth Press, 1980), 101-15.
292. I owe this suggestion (and much else on the invaluable disk he generously gave me) to Glenn Shipley. It is hinted at by the editors of her collected essays, Child Psychotherapy, War, and the Normal Child, ed. C. Unwin and J. Hood-Williams (London: Free Association Press, 1988).
293. Stefan Collini, "R. G. Collingwood," in his AbsentMinds: Intellectuals in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 331-49.
294. A, 104.
295. Collini, "R. G. Collingwood," 341.
296. Although he left a note attached to the manuscript for his first wife, Ethel, to say it could be published after his death.
297. Until a long extract appeared in EPP in 1989 and the full text in PE in 2005.
298. Richmond, obituary entry.
299. Knox, Dictionary of National Biography (London: Oxford University Press, 1943), entry for RGC. Also introduction to IH.
300. Mabbott, Oxford Memories 76.
301. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 6, 21/3.
302. PE, 147.
303. PA, 58. I am following the lead given by David Boucher's editorial essay in PE, lxiv-lxv.
304. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, dep 8, reel 2, folio 49. These are the lectures on moral philosophy, rewritten in 1933.
305. PE, 182.
306. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, reel 6, 21/5. See also PE, lxxviii-lxxix and 132-77.
307. PE, 169.
308. I copy out this aphorism from Boucher in PE, cv. Marjorie Grene's celebrated book, The Knower and the Known (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), makes extensive use of Collingwood.
309. George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962 [1938]), 8-9.
310. A, 159.
311. The 1924 lecture notes for which are reprinted in PE, 48-80.
312. PA, 333-35.
313. I have in mind T. J. Clark's incomparable recreation of this moment in his Farewell to an Idea: Episodes in the History of Modernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), chap. 5.
314. F. R. Leavis and Denys Thompson, Culture and Environment: The Training of Critical Awareness (London: Chatto and Windus, 1933).
315. Reprinted in PE, 291-304, probably written in 1926 but everywhere present in PA. For the greatest threnodies on the vanishing countryside, see George Sturt, The Wheelwright's Shop (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934)
316. Adrian Bell, Corduroy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1940); and many others.
317. Andrew Harrison's phrase in his Making and Thinking (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1973), on which I draw substantially in what follows.
318. PA, 139.
319. My phrase with reference to Richard Wollheim's treatment of the topic, in his Painting as an Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985): chap. 1.
320. Leo Tolstoy, What Is Art? (Oxford: Oxford University Press World's Classics Edition, 1965).
321. Benedetto Croce, The Aesthetic as Science of Expression, trans. Ainslie (London: Vision Press, 1967 [1920]), chap. 2, "Intuition and Art."
322. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, part 2, p. 207.
323. PA, 149-51. My elisions mostly follow Aaron Ridley in his R. G. Collingwood: A Philosophy of Art (London: Phoenix, 1998), 24.
324. PA, 144-45.
325. Ridley, R. G. Collingwood, 27.
326. PA, 285, my italics.
327. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 25.
328. Janet Gnosspelius, letter to author.
329. Details of the yacht and of nautical knowledge assiduously provided by David Hornbrook (RNVR).
330. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 41.
331. H. Lamb, Historic Storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 166.
332. Times, 3 June 1938.
333. I owe these medical details to Sir Roger Bannister.
334. Letter to Kenneth Sisam, senior editor at the Clarendon Press, 22 March 1939. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 26-27.
335. Collini, R. G. Collingwood, 340, also 348, n. 16.
336. Raymond Williams, Raymond Williams on Television, ed., Alan O'Connor (London: Routledge, 1989), 157.
337. Collini, R. G. Collingwood, 338, suggests that this popularity is spurred on by the success of The Idea of History, but An Autobiography was the only one of his books reviewed by all the dailies and weeklies with review sections (a very interesting one by Rayner Heppenstall in the New Statesman, loud applause in the Manchester Guardian, Scotsman, Spectator).
338. Quoted from Drusilla Scott, A. D. Lindsay: A Biography (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971), 243, but see the whole of chap. 14.
339. Collingwood kept, as usual, a log of his journey, generously made available to me by David Boucher.
340. Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1940-1942), 2 vols.
341. "Notes on the Balinese Cockfight," in his The Interpretation of Cultures (London: Hutchinson, 1975).
342. Geertz, Local Knowledge, 51.
343. Quoted by W. J. van der Dussen, History as a Science: The Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1981), 61.
344. I am aware that the revisionists of the right now suggest that Chamberlain bought essential time for British war production by the sellout in Munich. But a sellout is a sellout, and Hitler in any case stuck to his own timetable.
345. NL, 124.
346. Collini, R. G. Collingwood, 335.
347. EM, viii.
348. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 26.
349. The most telling rejection of this was by a pupil of Collingwood's, Frederick Tomlin, who tore the heart out of the book in his lethal review in Scrutiny 5, 2 (1936): 200-18.
350. Since taken by BernardWilliams in an unpublished brief paper entitled "The Force of 'We,' " given at the Dworkin-Nagel seminars, New York University, April 1989.
351. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1922), 6.51.
352. Quoted by RayMonk, LudwigWittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (London: Vintage, 1996), 557.
353. Nor J. L. Austin's, in his 1939 essay "Are There a Priori Concepts," with strictures on "bad habits encouraged by talk about concepts," J. L. Austin, Philosophical Papers, ed. J. O. Urmson and G. J. Warnock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 18.
354. EM, xxxviii.
355. EM, 66. I am grateful to Mike Beaney, and the gift of his paper on presuppositional analysis, Collingwood Studies 2, 2 (2005): 2.
356. W.V.O. Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), 37-46.
357. Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (London: Chatto and Windus, 1954).
358. Alan Donagan, The Later Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
359. IH, particularly the sections on Hegel and Marx, and the mention of Darwin, p. 115. See also IN, 10-13.
360. EM, chap. 10.
361. Quoted in van der Dussen, History as a Science, 61.
362. PH, lviii.
363. W. H. Dray and W. J. van der Dussen, PH, xi-lxxxvii.
364. Summarised from IH, 18.
365. A. J. Ayer, Philosophy in the 20th Century (New York: Random House, 1982), 191-213.
366. "Scheme for a Book: The Principles of History," PH, 246, dated 9 February 1939.
367. His story is told by his brother, E. P. Thompson, in Beyond the Frontier (Suffolk: Merlin Press, 1997), and by me in The Cruel Peace: Everyday Life and the Cold War (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
368. FML, 1-2.
369. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein, 565-66.
370. Janet Gnosspelius, letter to author.
371. FML, 28-29.
372. FML, 32.
373. FML, 112-13.
374. Robin McCurdy, Past Imperfect (Lewes: Book Guild, 2003), 89.
375. FML, 51.
376. McCurdy, Past Imperfect, 90.
377. FML, 79.
378. FML, 85-86.
379. McCurdy, Past Imperfect, 89.
380. FML, 136.
381. FML, 142.
382. Because The First Mate's Log is little known, the critique isn't mentioned by Bernard Williams in his identical attacks on utilitarianism, first in J.J.C. Stuart and BernardWilliams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).
383. FML, 176.
384. PA, 335.
385. PA, 85.
386. John Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964 [1678]), 81.
387. This is how the Californian poet and critic Yvor Winters, who died in 1969, would put it. There were marked similarities between Winters's and Collingwood's aesthetics.
388. IH, 215.
389. Anthony Newman, Bach and the Baroque: A Performing Guide to Baroque Music with Special Emphasis on the Music of J. S. Bach (New York: Pendragon Press, 1985)
390. 17. See also Gary Tomlinson (who alludes to Collingwood), "The Historian, the Performer and Authentic Meaning in Music," in Authenticity and Early Music, ed. N. Kenyon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). I am grateful to James Connelly for this reference.
391. Newman, Bach and the Baroque, 20-21.
392. I borrow here from Stanley Cavell, Must We Mean What We Say? (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).
393. Louis Mink, "History and Fiction as Modes of Comprehension," New Literary History 1 (1970): 545.
394. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, dep 8, reel 2, folio 67A. 1939-40 lectures.
395. Taylor, English History, 472-75.
396. Collingwood Papers, Bodleian, dep 8, reel 2.
397. Letter dated 27March 1906, quoted by D. E.Moggridge, Keynes (London: Fontana/Collins, 1976), 13.
398. 12 April 1927. Reprinted in D. H. Lawrence, Selected Literary Criticism, Anthony Beal (London: Heinemann, 1955), 23.
399. Reprinted in EPP, 187-96.
400. EPP, 190.
401. IH, 255-56.
402. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. John Plamenatz (London: Fontana/ Collins, 1962), 143.
403. Letter to the archaeologist Osbert Crawford, 14 April 1941. Cited in O.G.S. Crawford's memoirs, Said and Done (London: John Murray, 1955), 113.
404. To T. M. Knox, 6 January 1940. Knox Papers, St. Andrews University Library, 37524/430.
405. D. H. Lawrence, 21 October 1915 to Lady Cynthia Asquith, in Selected Letters, ed. R. Aldington (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1950).
406. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein, 414.
407. I am grateful in these remarks for an unpublished paper by Simon Blackburn, "Some Wittgensteinian Themes in Collingwood," retained in the Pembroke College papers on Collingwood.
408. E.W.F. Tomlin, R. G. Collingwood, British Council Series, Writers and Their Work (London: Longmans Green, 1953), 42:34.
409. 11 March 1940. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 30.
410. NL, 311.
411. All these quotations are selected (and rearranged) from Edward Said, On Late Style: Music and Literature against the Grain (London: Bloomsbury, 2007), 137-60, 8-15.
412. NL, 124, already quoted, as well it might be.
413. NL, 232.
414. In which view he found help from, as he always called him, "the Provost of Oriel," Sir David Ross, in his The Right and Good (1935).
415. I follow David Boucher here, in his classic exposition of NL, The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 91ff.
416. NL, 332. Original italics.
417. NL, 176.
418. NL, 191.
419. 7 October 1940. Johnson, Correspondence of R. G. Collingwood, 107.
420. Their stories are finely told by Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986).
421. NL, 242-43.
422. NL, 334.
423. I borrow Quentin Skinner's title, Liberty Before Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), to which I return in the last chapter.
424. Letter from Bill to Janet Gnosspelius, 10 April 1941.
425. To W. von Leyden, 31 May 1941, quoted by von Leyden in his essay "Philosophy of Mind: An Appraisal of Collingwood's Theories of Consciousness, Language and Imagination," in Critical Essays on the Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood, ed. M. Krausz (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 20-21.
426. As reported verbatim in a letter to the author from Janet Gnosspelius.
427. John Ruskin, Modern Painters (London: J. M. Dent, 1913), 5:115-16.
428. Quoted in Patrick, The Magdalen Metaphysics, 162.
429. Letter from Janet Gnosspelius, 25 January 2005.
430. W. B. Yeats, "What Then?," in Collected Poems (London: Macmillan, 1961), 348.
431. Edwin Muir, An Autobiography (London:Methuen, 1964 [1940]), 49.
432. Ian Hamilton, In Search of J. D. Salinger (London: Heinemann, 1988), 204.
433. Used as a diagetic theme in Troy Kennedy Martin's Edge of Darkness, the greatest work of art ever broadcast as BBC television drama. It was first broadcast in 1985, and Faber published the script in 1990.
434. Quentin Skinner, Regarding Method: Visions of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1:75.
435. The details of the furniture taken, of course, from Norman Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962).
436. Passmore, A Hundred Years of Philosophy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), chapter 14.
437. Louis Mink, Mind, History and Dialectic: The Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969).
438. The story of antipositivism is excellently told by Richard Bernstein, The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978). He does not, however, mention Collingwood.
439. Van der Dussen, History as a Science.
440. Rex Martin, Historical Explanation: Re-enactment and Practical Inference (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977).
441. Geertz, Local Knowledge, 54.
442. David Boucher, The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
443. Subsequently Collingwood and British Idealism Studies.
444. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
445. Stephen Toulmin, introduction to the 1975 edition of An Autobiography.
446. Kuhn, Scientific Revolutions, 12.
447. E. H. Carr, What Is History?, rev. ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990 [1961]), 21. I am grateful to Martin Minogue for help with this passage.
448. IH, 218.
449. Carr, What is History, 24.
450. Quoting Knox's introduction to IH, xii.
451. First caricatured by Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931).
452. Carr, What is History, 121.
453. Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). He followed this with a compressed version adjusted to its different title, Hegel and Modern Society (1978).
454. Reprinted in his Philosophical Papers, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
455. Collected in Philosophical Papers, vol. 1: Human Agency and Language, 45-76.
456. Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).
457. Quentin Skinner, "Who Are 'We'? Ambiguities of the Modern Self," Inquiry 34 (1990), 133-53.
458. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007).
459. Geertz, Local Knowledge.
460. Fred Inglis, Clifford Geertz: Custom, Culture, Ethics (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000).
461. PA, 8, n1. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft: Oracles andMagic among the Azande (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937).
462. Peter Winch, The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958).
463. This would also be the occasion to discuss the classical work of John Pocock, forerunner to Skinner, but Skinner has a longer historical reach, and brevity demands ruthlessness.
464. Quentin Skinner, "On Encountering the Past: Interview with P. Koikkalainen and S. Syrjamaki," in Finnish Yearbook of Political Thought (University of Jyvaskyla, Department of History, 2002), 5:32-63.
465. Another early and important paper of his was published in Patrick Gardiner's collection The Philosophy of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974). The paper was Skinner's "SocialMeaning and the Explanation of Social Action," and the first chapter of the collection was Collingwood's "Human Nature and Human History."
466. E.g., Jonathan Ree, "The Vanity of Historicism," New Literary History 22 (1991): 961-83.
467. Skinner's method (and Collingwood's) is explored, criticised, and developed by Mark Bevir in his excellent study, The Logic of the History of Ideas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
468. This is the extended version of his Regius inaugural, "Liberty Before Liberalism," already referred to (Skinner, Liberty Before Liberalism).
469. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 262.
470. The most relevant of which for this book is David Boucher's The British Idealists.
471. As eponymously performed by Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Random House, 1994). A dozen years later, he took it all back.
472. A. J. Ayer, Philosophical Essays (London: Macmillan, 1975), 245.
473. Alisdair MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967), 1.
474. Alasdair MacIntyre, Marxism and Christianity (London: Duckworth, 1969).
475. MacIntyre in K. Knight, A MacIntyre Reader (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), 199.
476. MacIntyre, The Tasks of Philosophy, 1:132.
477. See Connelly's excellent essay, "Character, Duty and Historical Consciousness," in British Idealism: Moral, Social and Political Philosophy, ed. W. Sweet (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2007). I also borrow here (and quote) from an unpublished paper by Connelly entitled "Knowing the Difference: Collingwood's Refutation of Realism."
478. T. S. Eliot, "Burnt Norton," 171.
479. Eliot, Complete Poems, 179.
480. Richard Rorty's name must be invoked here, and his doctrine of edification. See his Philosophy and theMirror of Nature (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980).