Venous and arterial bubbles at rest after no-decompression air dives

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 990-995

  Ljubkovic, Marko ^a   Dujic, Zeljko ^a   MØllerlØkken, Andreas ^b   Bakovic, Darija ^a   Obad, Ante ^a   Breskovic, Toni ^a   Brubakk, Alf O ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SPLIT   (Croatia)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

gas Emboli grading; left ventricular gas Emboli; no decompression diving tables; Scuba diving

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AIR EMBOLISM; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; DIVING; ECHOGRAPHY; HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE; HUMAN; MALE; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PULMONARY ARTERY; REST;

ADULT; CORONARY CIRCULATION; DIVING; EMBOLISM, AIR; FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT; HEART ATRIA; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; MALE; PULMONARY ARTERY; REST;

EID: 79958018944     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820618d3     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Bakovic D, Glavas D, Palada I, et al. High-grade bubbles in left and right heart in an asymptomatic diver at rest after surfacing. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79(6):626-628. (Pubitemid 351770015)
2. Behnke AR. Decompression Sickness Following Exposure to High Pressures. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1951. p. 53-89.
3. Brubakk AO, Duplancic D, Valic Z, et al. A single air dive reduces arterial endothelial function in man. J Physiol. 2005;566(pt 3): 901-906. (Pubitemid 41122669)
4. Brubakk AO, Mollerlokken A. The role of intra-vascular bubbles and the vascular endothelium in decompression sickness. Diving Hyperb Med. 2009;39(3):162-169.
5. Brubakk AO, Peterson R, Grip A, et al. Gas bubbles in the circulation of divers after ascending excursions from 300 to 250 msw. J Appl Physiol. 1986;60(1):45-51. (Pubitemid 16024011)
6. Divers Alert Network. A Report on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration. 2003 Edition. The DAN Annual Review of Recreational Scuba Diving Injuries and Fatalities Based on 2001 Data. Durham (NC): Divers Alert Network; .2003. p. 132.
7. Dujic Z, Duplancic D, Marinovic-Terzic I, et al. Aerobic exercise before diving reduces venous gas bubble formation in humans. J Physiol. 2004;555(pt 3):637-642. (Pubitemid 38404586)
8. Dujic Z, Obad A, Palada I, Valic Z, Brubakk AO. A single open sea air dive increases pulmonary artery pressure and reduces right ventricular function in professional divers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97(4):478-485. (Pubitemid 43951035)
9. Dujic Z, Palada I, Obad A, Duplancic D, Brubakk AO, Valic Z. Exercise-induced intrapulmonary shunting of venous gas emboli does not occur after open-sea diving. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(3): 944-949. (Pubitemid 41214507)
10. Eckenhoff RG, Olstad CS, Carrod G. Human dose-response relationship for decompression and endogenous bubble formation. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(3):914-918. (Pubitemid 20338691)
11. Eftedal O, Brubakk AO. Agreement between trained and untrained observers in grading intravascular bubble signals in ultrasonic images. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1997;24(4):293-299. (Pubitemid 127455733)
12. Eldridge MW, Dempsey JA, Haverkamp HC, Lovering AT, Hokanson JS. Exercise-induced intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunting in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(3):797-805. (Pubitemid 39121397)
13. Garrett JL. The role of patent foramen ovale in altitude-induced decompression sickness. In: Pilmanis AA, editor. Hypobaric Decompression Sickness: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks AFB, TX, 16-18 October 1990. Alexandria (VA): Aerospace Medical Association & Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society; 1995. p. 81-96.
14. Gerriets T, Tetzlaff K, Liceni T, et al. Arteriovenous bubbles following cold water sport dives: relation to right-to-left shunting. Neurology. 2000;55(11):1741-1743.
15. Hennessy TR, Hempleman HV. An examination of the critical released gas volume concept in decompression sickness. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1977;197(1128):299-313. (Pubitemid 8115577)
16. Ljubkovic M, Marinovic J, Obad A, Breskovic T, Gaustad SE, Dujic Z. High incidence of venous and arterial gas emboli at rest after trimix diving without protocol violations. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(6):1670-1674.
17. Moon RE, Camporesi EM, Kisslo JA. Patent foramen ovale and decompression sickness in divers. Lancet. 1989;1(8637): 513-514. (Pubitemid 19075203)
18. Nossum V, Hjelde A, Brubakk AO. Small amounts of venous gas embolism cause delayed impairment of endothelial function and increase polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;86(3):209-214. (Pubitemid 36067472)
19. Obad A, Palada I, Ivancev V, et al. Sonographic detection of intrapulmonary shunting of venous gas bubbles during exercise after diving in a professional diver. J Clin Ultrasound. 2007;35(8): 473-476. (Pubitemid 47502862)
20. Obad A, Palada I, Valic Z, et al. The effects of acute oral antioxidants on diving-induced alterations in human cardiovascular function. J Physiol. 2007;578(pt 3):859-870. (Pubitemid 46165514)
21. Pfleger S, Konstantin Haase K, Stark S, et al. Haemodynamic quantification of different provocation manoeuvres by simultaneous measurement of right and left atrial pressure: implications for the echocardiographic detection of persistent foramen ovale. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2001;2(2):88-93. (Pubitemid 32677328)
22. Pollock N. Use of ultrasound in decompression research. Diving Hyperb Med. 2007;37(2):68-72. (Pubitemid 47322211)
23. Shields TG, Duff PM, Wilcock SE. Decompression sickness from commercial offshore air-diving operations on the UK continental shelf during 1982 to 1988. In: Proceedings of the Subtech '89. Aberdeen (UK): Kluwer; 1989. p. 259-278.
24. Verstappen FT, Bernards JA, Kreuzer F. Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. I. Effects on circulation. Pflugers Arch. 1977;368(1-2):89-96. (Pubitemid 8037422)
25. Wilmshurst PT, Byrne JC, Webb-Peploe MM. Relation between interatrial shunts and decompression sickness in divers. Lancet. 1989;2(8675):1302-1306. (Pubitemid 20005672)