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The Cape Town Principles define a child soldier as 'any person under 18 years of age who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity'. Cape Town Principles and Best Practices on the Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and on Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa, Cape Town, 27-30 April 1997. Note.
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For a comprehensive account of this period, Note.
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34
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All children interviewed by, I Ruigrok, 'Whose justice? Contextualising Angola's reintegration process', African Security Review, 16(1), 2007, pp 84-98, fought for more than 10 years.
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Ruigrok, I.1
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found that the average period of service was slightly over 14 years
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Gomes Porto & Parsons, 'Sustaining the peace in Angola', p 59, found that the average period of service was slightly over 14 years.
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49
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S Gear, 'Wishing us away: challenges facing ex-combatants in the "new" South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Violence and Transition Series 8, 2002. There is, of course, a well developed literature on the distinction between negative and positive peace.
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Surveys routinely mask the extent of unemployment among former fighters, as they tend not to distinguish between formal and informal employment, or else conflate subsistence agriculture with
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Surveys routinely mask the extent of unemployment among former fighters, as they tend not to distinguish between formal and informal employment, or else conflate subsistence agriculture with 'self-employment'.
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Self-employment
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109
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79957972200
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See, for example, MDRP, which reported a selfemployment rate of 61% of ex-combatants
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See, for example, MDRP, 'Angola', which reported a selfemployment rate of 61% of ex-combatants.
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|