Entomovectoring in plant protection

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 81-95

  Mommaerts, Veerle ^a,b   Smagghe, Guy ^a,b  

^a FREE UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Apis mellifera; Biological control agent; Bombus terrestris; Crop protection; Dispenser; Formulation; Microbial control; Pollinator; Vector

Indexed keywords

BIOCONTROL AGENT; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; CROP PERFORMANCE; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE VECTOR; PEST CONTROL; PLANT DEFENSE; POLLINATION; POLLINATOR;

APIS MELLIFERA; BOMBUS (GENUS); BOMBUS TERRESTRIS; HEXAPODA;

EID: 79957958079     PISSN: 18728855     EISSN: 18728847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11829-011-9123-x     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Abramson CI, Squire J, Sheridan A, Mulder PG (2004) The effect of insecticides considered harmless to honey bees (Apis mellifera): proboscis conditioning studies by using the insect growth regulators tebufenozide and diflubenzuron. Environ Entomol 33: 378-388.
2. ® biofungicide (Trichoderma harzianum, strain T-22) in a strawberry crop. Hell Plant Prot J 2: 57-66.
3. Alexandrova M, Bazzi C, Lameri P (2002) Bacillus subtilis strain BS-F3: colonisation of pear organs and its action as a biocontrol agent. Acta Hort 590: 291-297.
4. Al-mazra'awi MS, Shipp JL, Broadbent AB, Kevan PG (2006a) Dissemination of Beauveria bassiana by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for control tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on canola. Biol Control 35: 1569-1577.
5. Al-mazra'awi MS, Shipp JL, Broadbent AB, Kevan PG (2006b) Biological control of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Frankiniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) vectored Beauveria bassiana in greenhouse sweet pepper. Biol Control 37: 89-97.
6. Al-mazra'awi MS, Kevan PG, Shipp L (2007) Development of Beauveria bassiana dry formulation for vectoring by honey bees Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the flowers of crops for pest control. Biocontrol Sci Technol 17: 733-741.
7. Bardas GA, Myresiotis CK, Karaoglanidis GS (2008) Stability and fitness of anilinopyrimidine-resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathol 98: 443-450.
8. Bilu A, Dag A, Elad Y, Shafir S (2004) Honey bee dispersal of biocontrol agents: an evaluation of dispensing devices. Biocontrol Sci Technol 14: 607-617.
9. Bosch J, Kemp WP (2002) Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and fruit trees. Bull Entomol Res 92: 3-16.
10. Brimmer TA, Boland GJ (2003) A review of the non-target effects of fungi used to biologically control plant diseases. Agri Ecos Environ 100: 3-16.
11. Butt TM, Carreck NL, Ibrahim L, Williams IH (1998) Honey bee-mediated infection of pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus Fab.) by the insect-pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Biocontrol Sci Technol 8: 533-538.
12. Card SD, Pearson MN, Clover GRG (2007) Plant pathogens transmitted by pollen. Austr Plant Pathol 36: 455-461.
13. Carreck NL, Butt TM, Clark SJ, Ibrahim L, Isger EA, Pell JK, Williams IH (2007) Honey bees can disseminate a microbial control agent to more than one inflorescence pest of oilseed rape. Biocontrol Sci Technol 17: 179-191.
14. Cota LV, Maffia LA, Mizubuti ESC, Macedo PEF (2009) Biological control by Clonostachys rosea as a key component in the integrated management of strawberry gray mold. Biol Control 50: 222-230.
15. Cribb DM, Hand DW (1993) A comparative study of the effects of using the honeybee as a pollinating agent of glasshouse tomato. J Hortic Sci 68: 79-88.
16. Dag A, Weinbaum SA, Thorp R, Eiskowitch D (2000) Evaluation of pollen dispensers ('inserts') effect on fruit set and yield in almond. J Apic Res 39: 117-123.
17. Decourtye A, Lacassie E, Pham-Delegue MH (2003) Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season. Pest Manag Sci 59: 269-278.
18. Decourtye A, Armengaud C, Renou M et al (2004a) Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Pestic Biochem Physiol 78: 83-92.
19. Decourtye A, Devillers J, Cluzeau S et al (2004b) Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57: 410-419.
20. Dedej S, Delaplane KS, Scherm H (2004) Effectiveness of honey bees in delivering the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis to blueberry flowers to suppress mummy berry disease. Biol Control 31: 422-427.
21. Dedryver CA, Le Ralec A, Fabre F (2010) The conflicting relationships between aphids and men: a review of aphid damage and control strategies. C R Biol 333: 539-553.
22. Desneux N, Decourtye A, Delpuech JM (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol 52: 81-106.
23. Dianez F, Santos M, Blanco R, Tello JC (2002) Fungicide resistance in Botrytis cinerea isolates from strawberry crops in Huelva (southwestern Spain). Phytoparasitica 30: 529-534.
24. Droby S, Wisniewski M, Macarisin D, Wilson C (2009) Twenty years of posthavest biocontrol research: is it time for a new paradigm? Postharv Biol Technol 52: 137-145.
25. El Hassani AK, Dacher M, Gauthier M, Armengaud C (2005) Effects of sublethal doses of fipronil on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 82: 30-39.
26. Elad Y, Freeman S (2002) Biological control of fungal plant pathogens. In: Kempken F (ed) The Mycota, a comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
27. Elad Y, Zimand G, Zaqs Y, Zuriel S, Chet I (1993) Use of Trichoderma harzianum in combination or alternation with fungicides to control cucumber grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) under commercial greenhouse conditions. Plant Pathol 42: 324-332.
28. Elad Y, Kirshner B, Sztejnberg A (1998) Management of powdery mildew and gray mold of cucumber by Trichoderma harzianum T39 and Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10. Biocontrol 43: 241-251.
29. Errampalli D, Brubacher NR (2006) Biological and integrated control of postharvest blue mold (Penicillium expansum) of apples by Pseudomonas syringae and cyprodinil. Biol Control 36: 49-56.
30. Escande AR, Laich FS, Pedraza MV (2002) Field testing of honeybee-dispersed Trichoderma spp. to manage sunflower head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Plant Pathol 51: 346-351.
31. Evidente A, Andolfi A, Cimmino A, Ganassi S, Altomare C, Favilla M, De Cristofaro A, Vitagliano S, Sabatini MA (2009) Bisorbicillinoids produced by the fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride affect feeding preference of the aphid schizaphis graminum. J Chem Ecol 35: 533-541.
32. Farina WM, Gruter C, Acosta L, SMc Cabe (2007) Honeybees learn floral odors while receiving nectar from foragers within the hive. Naturwissensch 94: 55-60.
33. Forrest J, Thomson JD (2009) Background complexity affects colour preference in bumblebees. Naturwissensch 96: 921-925.
34. Gil M (2010) Reward expectations in honeybees. Commun Integr Biol 3: 95-100.
35. Goulson D (2010) Bumblebees behaviour and ecology. Oxford University Press, New York, p 317.
36. Gross HR, Hamm JJ, Carpenter JE (1994) Design and application of a hive-mounted device that uses honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to disseminate Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Biol Control 23: 492-501.
37. Guerra-Sanz JM (2008) Crop pollination in greenhouses. In: James RR, Pitts-Singer T (eds) Bee pollination in agriculture ecosystems. Oxford University Press, New York.
38. Guetsky R, Shtienberg D, Elad Y (2001) Combining biocontrol agents to reduce the variability of biological control. Phytopathol 92: 621-622.
39. Guetsky R, Elad DSY, Fischer E, Dinoor A (2002) Improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression. Biol Control 92: 976-985.
40. Guez D, Suchail S, Gauthier M, Maleszka R, Belzunces LP (2001) Contrasting effects of imidacloprid on habituation in 7- and 8-day-old honeybees (Apis mellifera). Neurobiol Learn Mem 76: 183-191.
41. Hjeljord LG, Stensvand A, Tronsmo A (2000) Effect of temperature and nutrient stress on the capacity of commercial Trichoderma products to control Botrytis cinerea and Mucor piriformis in greenhouse strawberries. Biol Control 19: 149-160.
42. Hokkanen HMT, Menzler-Hokkanen I (2007) Use of honeybees in the biological control of plant diseases. Entomol Res 37: A62-A63.
43. Hokkanen HMT, Menzler-Hokkanen I (2009) Successful use of honey bees for grey mould biocontrol on strawberries and raspberries in Finland. Apidologie 40: 659.
44. Hokkanen HMT, Zeng QQ, Menzler-Hokkanen I (2004) Assessing the impact of Metarhizium and Beauveria on bumblebees. In: Hokkanen H, Hajek EA (eds) Environmental impacts of microbial insecticides, needs and methods for risk assessment, vol 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
45. Hokkanen HMT, Menzler-Hokkanen I, Mustalahti A-M (2011) Honey bees (Apis mellifera) for precision biocontrol of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) with Gliocladium catenulatum on strawberries and raspberries in Finland. Arthropod-Plant Interact.
46. Israel MS, Boland GJ (1993) Influence of formulation on efficacy of honey bees to transmit biological controls for management of Sclerotinia stem rot of canola. Can J Plant Pathol 14: 244.
47. James RR, Hayes GW, Leland JE (2006) Field trials on the microbial control of varroa with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Am Bee J 146: 968-972.
48. Johnson KB, Stockwell VO, Mclaughlin RJ (1993a) Effect of antagonistic bacteria on establishment of honey bee-dispersed Erwinia amylovora in pear blossoms and on fire blight control. Phytopathol 83: 995-1002.
49. Johnson KB, Stockwell VO, Burgett DM, Sugar D, Loper JE (1993b) Dispersal of Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas fluorescens by honeybees from hives to apple and pear blossoms. Phytopathol 83: 478-484.
50. Jones RA (2004) Using epidemiological information to develop effective integrated virus disease management strategies. Virus Res 100: 5-30.
51. Jyoti JL, Brewer GJ (1999) Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as vector of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of branded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ Entomol 28: 1172-1176.
52. Kangha LHB, James RR, Boucias DG (2002) Hirsutella thompsonii and Metarhizium anisopliae as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor, a honey bee parasite. J Invertebr Pathol 81: 175-184.
53. Kangha LHB, Jones WA, Gracia C (2006) Efficacy of strips coated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bee colonies in Texas and Florida. Exp Appl Acarol 40: 249-258.
54. Kapongo JP, Shipp L, Kevan P, Sutton JC (2008a) Co-vectoring of Beauveria bassiana and Clonostachys rosea by bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) for control of insect pests and suppression of grey mould in greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper. Biol Control 46: 508-514.
55. Kapongo JP, Shipp L, Kevan P (2008b) Optimal concentration of Beauveria bassiana vectored by bumble bees in relation to pest and bee mortality in greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper. Biocontrol 53: 797-812.
56. Kevan PG, Kapongo J-P, Al-mazra'awi M, Shipp L (2008) Honey bees, bumble bees and biocontrol. In: James RR, Pitts-Singer T (eds) Bee pollination in agriculture ecosystems. Oxford University Press, New York.
57. Kovach J, Petzoldt R, Harman GE (2000) Use of honeybees and bumble bees to disseminate Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22 to strawberries for Botrytis control. Biol Control 18: 235-242.
58. Kretschmer M, Leroch M, Mosbach A, Walker AS, Fillinger S, Mernke D, Schoonbeek HJ, Pradier JM, Leroux P, De Waard MA, Hahn M (2009) Fungicide-driven evolution and molecular basis of multidrug resistance in field populations of the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Pathog 5(12): e1000696. doi: 10. 1371/journal. ppat. 1000696.
59. Laloi D, Sandoz JC, Picard-Nizou AL, Marchesi A, Pouvreau A, Tasei JN, Poppy G, Pham-Delegue MH (1999) Olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension in bumble bees. Entomol Exp Appl 90: 123-129.
60. Lambin M, Armengaud C, Raymond S (2001) Imidacloprid induced facilitation of the proboscis extension reflex habituation in the honeybee. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 48: 129-134.
61. Lunau K, Unseld K, Wolter F (2009) Visual detection of diminutive floral guides in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris and in the honeybee Apis mellifera. J Comp Physiol 195A: 1121-1130.
62. Maccagnani B, Mocioni M, Gullino ML, Ladurner E (1999) Application of Trichoderma harzianum by using Apis mellifera as a vector for the control of grey mold of strawberry: first results. IOBC Bull 22: 161-164.
63. Maccagnani B, Mocioni M, Ladurner E, Gullino ML, Maini S (2005) Investigation of hive-mounted devices for the dissemination of microbiological preparations by Bombus terrestris. Bull Insectol 58: 3-8.
64. Maccagnani BBC, Biondi E, Tesoriero D, Maini S (2006) Potential of Osmia cornuta as a carrier of antagonist bacteria in biological control of fire blight: a comparison with Apis mellifera. Acta Hort (ISHS) 704: 379-386.
65. Mertley JC, Mackenzie SJ, Legard DE (2002) Timing of fungicide applications for Botrytis cinerea based on development stage of strawberry flowers and fruit. Plant Dis 86: 1019-1024.
66. Molet M, Chittka L, Raine NE (2009) How floral odours are learned inside the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nest? Naturwissensch 96: 213-219.
67. Møller K, Kristensen K, Yohalem D, Larsen J (2009) Biological management of gray mold in pot roses by co-inoculation of the biocontrol agent Ulocladium atrum and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Biol Control 49: 120-125.
68. Mommaerts V, Sterk G, Smagghe G (2006) Hazards and uptake of chitin synthesis inhibitors in bumblebees Bombus terrestris. Pest Manag Sci 62: 752-758.
69. Mommaerts V, Platteau G, Boulet J, Sterk G, Smagghe G (2008) Trichoderma-based biological control agents are compatible with the pollinator Bombus terrestris: a laboratory study. Biol Control 46: 463-466.
70. Mommaerts V, Sterk G, Hofmann L, Smagghe G (2009) A laboratory evaluation to determine the compatibility of microbiological control agents with the pollinator Bombus terrestris. Pest Manag Sci 65: 949-955.
71. Mommaerts V, Jans K, Smagghe G (2010a) Side effects of commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides on micro-colonies of Bombus terrestris. Pest Manag Sci 66: 520-525.
72. Mommaerts V, Kurt P, Vandeven J, Jans K, Sterk G, Hoffmann L, Smagghe G (2010b) Development of a new dispenser for microbiological control agents and evaluation of dissemination by bumblebees in greenhouse strawberries. Pest Manag Sci 66: 1199-1207.
73. Mommaerts V, Reynders S, Boulet J, Besard L, Sterk G, Smagghe G (2010c) Risk assessment for side-effects of neonicotinoids against bumblebees with and without impairing foraging behavior. Ecotoxicology 19: 207-215.
74. Myresiotis CK, Karaoglanidis GS, Tzavella-Monari K (2007) Resistance of Botrytis cinerea isolates from vegetable crops to anilinopyrimidine, phenylpyrrole, hydroxyanilide, benzimidazole, and dicarboximide fungicides. Plant Dis 91: 407-413.
75. Nallathambi P, Ulmamaheswari C, Thakore BBL, More TA (2009) Post-harvest management of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) fruit rot (Alternaria alternate Fr. Keissler) using Trichoderma species, fungicides and their combinations. Crop Prot 28: 525-532.
76. Ngugi HK, Scherm H, Lehman JS (2002) Relationship between blueberry flower age, pollination and conidal infection by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi. Ecol Popul Biol 92: 1104-1109.
77. Nilsson U, Gripwall E (1999) Influence of application technique on the viability of the biological control agents Verticillium lecanii and Stenernema feltiae. Crop Prot 18: 53-59.
78. Noma T, Strickler K (2000) Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) feeding and oviposition. Environ Entomol 29: 394-402.
79. Osborne JL, Martin AP, Carreck NL, Swain JL, Knight ME, Goulson D, Hale RJ, Sanderson RA (2008) Bumblebee flight distances in relation to the forage landscape. J Anim Ecol 77: 401-415.
80. Peng G, Sutton JC, Kevan PG (1992) Effectiveness of honeybees for applying the biocontrol agent Gliocladium rosea to strawberry flowers to suppress Botrytis cinerea. Can J Plant Pathol 14: 117-129.
81. Pettis JS, Kochansky J, Feldlaufer MF (2004) Larval Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) mortality after topical application of antibiotics and dusts. J Econ Entomol 97: 171-176.
82. Pitts-Singer TL (2008) Past and present management of alfalfa bees. In: James RR, Pitts-Singer T (eds) Bee pollination in agriculture ecosystems. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 105-122.
83. Raine NE, Chittka L (2007) The adaptive significance of sensory bias in a foraging context: floral colour preferences in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. PLoS ONE 2(6): e556. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0000556.
84. Rands SA, Whitney HM (2008) Floral temperature and optimal foraging: Is heat a feasible floral reward for pollinators? PLoS ONE 3(4): e2007. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0002007.
85. Reynolds DR, Riley JR (2002) Remote-sensing, telemetric and computer-based-technologies for investigating insect movement: a survey of existing and potential techniques. Comput Electron Agric 35: 271-307.
86. Robinson-Boyer L, Jeger MJ, Xu X-M, Jeffries P (2009) Management of strawberry grey mould using mixtures of biocontrol agents with different mechanisms of action. Biocontrol Sci Technol 19: 1051-1065.
87. Roldàn-Serrano AS, Guerra-Sanz JM (2005) Reward attractions of zucchini flowers (Cucurbita pepo L.) to bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.). Europ J Hort Sci 70: 23-28.
88. Scherm H, Ngugi HK, Savelle AT, Edwards JR (2004) Biological control of infection of blueberry flowers caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi. Biol Control 29: 199-206.
89. Sgolastra F, Bosch J, Molowny-Horas R, Maini S, Kemp WP (2010) Effect of temperature regime on diapause intensity in an adult-wintering Hymenopteran with obligate diapause. J Insect Physiol 56: 185-194.
90. Shafir S, Dag A, Bilu A, Abu-Toamy M, Elad Y (2006) Honeybee dispersal of the biocontrol agent and Trichoderma harzianum T39: effectiveness in suppressing Botrytis cinerea on strawberry under field conditions. Eur J Plant Pathol 116: 119-128.
91. Sharma RR, Singh D, Singh R (2009) Biological control of postharvest of fruits and vegetables by microbial antagonists: a review. Biol Control 50: 205-221.
92. Spaethe J, Tautz J, Chittka L (2001) Visual constraints in foraging bumblebees: flower size and color affect search time and flight behaviour. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 3898-3903.
93. Stout JC, Goulson D (2002) The influence of nectar secretion rates on the responses of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) to previously visited flowers. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 52: 239-246.
94. Sugar D, Basile SR (2008) Timing and sequence of postharvest fungicide and biocontrol agent applications for control of pear decay. Postharv Biol Technol 49: 107-112.
95. Thompson HM, Hunt LV (1999) Extrapolation from honeybees to bumblebees in pesticide risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 8: 147-166.
96. Thomson SV, Hansen DR, Flint KM, Vandenberg JD (1992) Dissemination of bacteria antagonistic to Erwinia amylovora by honey bees. Plant Dis 76: 1052-1056.
97. Toda NRT, Song J, Nieh JC (2009) Bumblebees exhibit the memory spacing effect. Naturwissensch 96: 1185-1191.
98. van der Steen JJM, Langerak CJ, van Tongeren CAM, Dik AJ (2003) Aspects of the use of honeybees and bumblebees as vector of antagonistic micro-organisms in plant disease control. Proc Neth Entomol Soc Meeting 15: 41-46.
99. Vandenberg JD, Shimanuki H (1986) Two commercial preparations of the beta exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis influence the mortality of caged adult honeybees Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Environ Entomol 15: 166-169.
100. Vandenbergi JD (1990) Safety of four entomopathogens for caged adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Econ Entomol 83: 755-759.
101. Vanneste JL (1996) Honey bees and epiphytic bacteria to control fire blight, a bacterial disease of apple and pear. Biocont News Inform 17: 67N-78N.
102. Vicens N, Bosch J (2000) Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Apidae) on 'Red Delicious' apple. Environ Entomol 29: 235-240.
103. Vinale F, Sivasithamparam K, Ghisalberti EL, Marra R, Barbetti MJ, Li H, Woo SL, Lorito M (2008) A novel role for Trichoderma secondary metabolites in the interactions with plants. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 72: 80-86.
104. Whitney HM, Dyer A, Chittka L, Rands SA, Glover BJ (2008) The interaction of temperature and sucrose concentration on foraging preferences in bumblebees. Naturwissensch 95: 845-850.
105. Williamson B, Tudzynski B, Tudzynski P, van Kan JAL (2007) Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mold disease. Mol Plant Pathol 8: 561-580.
106. Wilson M, Lindow SE (1993) Interactions between the biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Erwinia amylovora in pear blossoms. Phytopathol 83: 117-123.
107. Wilson M, Epton HAS, Sigee DC (1992) Interactions between Erwinia herbicola and E. amylovora on the stigma of hawthorn blossoms. Phytopathol 82: 914-918.
108. Wolf S, Moritz RFA (2008) Foraging distance in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie 39: 419-427.
109. Wolf TJ, Ellington CP, Begley IS (1999) Foraging costs in bumblebees: field conditions cause large individual differences. Insectes Soc 46: 291-295.
110. Yu H, Sutton JC (1997) Effectiveness of bumblebees and honeybees for delivering inoculum of Gliocladium roseum to raspberry flowers to control Botrytis cinerea. Biol Control 10: 113-122.
111. Zhang SW, Bartsch K, Srintvasan MV (1996) Maze learning by honeybees. Neurobiol Learn Mem 66: 267-282.
112. Zhou T, Northover J, Schneider KE, Lu XW (2002) Interactions between Pseudomonas syringae MA-4 and cyprodinil in the control of blue mold and gray mold of apples. Can J Plant Pathol 24: 154-161.