Factors influencing equine chorionic gonadotrophin production in the mare

Equine Veterinary Journal

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 430-438

  Wilsher, S ^a,b   Allen, W R ^a  

^a The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction   (United Kingdom)

^b Equine Fertility Unit   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Body condition; Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG); Exercise; Horse; Mare; Parity

Indexed keywords

CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; BODY WEIGHT; EATING; FEMALE; HORSE; PARITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY;

ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; EATING; FEMALE; HORSES; PARITY; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; PREGNANCY;

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE;

EID: 79957944341     PISSN: 04251644     EISSN: 20423306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00309.x     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Aggarwal, B.B. and Papkoff, H. (1981) Studies on the disappearance of equine chorionic gonadotrophin from the circulation in the rat: Tissue uptake and degradation. Endocrinol. 109, 1242-1247.
2. Allen, W.R. (1969a) Factors influencing pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin production. Nature 223, 64-66.
3. Allen, W.R. (1969b) The immunological measurement of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. J. Endocrinol. 43, 593-598.
4. Allen, W.R. (1970) Equine Gonadotrophins. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
5. Allen, W.R. (1975) The influence of fetal genotype upon endometrial cup development and PMSG and progestagen production in equids. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 23, 405-413.
6. Allen, W.R. (1979) Maternal recognition of pregnancy and immunological implications of trophoblast-endometrium interactions in equids. In: Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, Ciba Foundation Symposium 64, Ed: R.B. Heap, Excerpta Medica Oxford, Oxford. pp 323-352.
7. Allen, W.R. and Moor, R.M. (1972) The origin of the equine endometrial cups. I. Production of PMSG by fetal trophoblast cells. J. Reprod. Fert. 29, 313-316.
8. Allen, W.R. and Sanderson, M.W. (1987) The value of a rapid progesterone assay (AELIA) in equine stud veterinary medicine and management. Proceedings of the 9th Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures, Australian Equine Veterinary Association, Sydney. pp 75-82.
9. Allen, W.R., Gower, S. and Wilsher, S. (2007a) Immunohistochemical localisation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and it two receptors (Flt-1 and KDR) in the endometrium and placenta of the mare during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 42, 516-526.
10. Allen, W.R., Kolling, M. and Wilsher, S. (2007b) An interesting case of early pregnancy loss in a mare with persistent endometrial cups. Equine vet. Educ. 19, 539-544.
11. Allen, W.R., Hamilton, D.W. and Moor, R.M. (1973) The origin of the equine endometrial cups. II. Invasion of the endometrium by trophoblast. Anat. Rec. 177, 485-502.
12. Allen, W.R., Kydd, J.H., Miller, J. and Antczak, D.F. (1984) Immunological studies of foeto-maternal relationships in equine pregnancy. In: Immunological Aspects of Reproduction in Mammals, Ed: D.B. Crighton, Butterworths, London. pp 183-193.
13. Allen, W.R., Skidmore, J.A., Stewart, F. and Anctzak, D.F. (1993) Effects of fetal genotype and uterine environment on placental development in equids. J. Reprod. Fert. 97, 55-60.
14. Allen, W.R., Kydd, J.H., Donaldson, W.L., Oriol, J.G. and Antczak, D.F. (1987) Expression of maternal immune responses to fetal antigens in equine pregnancy. In: Reproductive Immunology: Materno-Fetal Relationship, Vol. 154, Ed: G. Chaouat, Colloque Inserm, Paris. pp 255-268.
15. Allen, W.R., Wilsher, S., Stewart, F., Osuey, J.C. and Fowden, A.L. (2002) Influence of maternal size on placental, fetal and postnatal growth in the horse: II. Endocrinology of pregnancy. J. Endocrinol. 172, 237-246.
16. Amoroso, E.C. (1955) Endocrinology of pregnancy. Br. Med. Bull. 11, 117-125.
17. Antczak, D.F. (1984) Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. III. ELY-21 a lymphocyte alloantigen not coded by the MHC. Anim. Genet. 15, 103-115.
18. Antczak, D.F., Miller, J.M. and Remick, L.H. (1984) Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse: II. Antibodies to ELA antigens produced during equine pregnancy. J. Reprod. Immunol. 6, 283-297.
19. Antczak, D.F., Bright, S.M., Remick, L.H. and Bauman, B. (1982) Lypmphocyte alloantigens of the horse. I. Serologic and genetic studies. Tissue Antigens 20, 172-187.
20. Aupperle, H., Schoon, H.-A., Özgen, S., Klug, E. and Bartmann, C.P. (1997) Immunohistochemical methods for the characterisation of physiological and pathological endometrial functions. Pferdeheilkunde 13, 551. (Abstract).
21. Aylward, F. and Ottway, C.W. (1945) The collection and examination of plasma from pregnant mares for gonadotrophic hormone. J. Comp. Pathol. Theriogenol. 55, 159-167.
22. Bell, R.J. and Bristol, F.M. (1991) Equine chorionic gonadotrophin in mares that conceive at foal oestrus. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 44, 719-721.
23. Bielanski, W., Ewy, Z. and Pigoniowa, H. (1956) Differences in the level of gonadotrophin in the serum of pregnant mares. In: Third International Congress of Animal Reproduction, Cambridge. pp 110-111.
24. Bonen, A., Campagna, P., Gilchrist, L., Young, D.C. and Beresford, P. (1992) Substrate and endocrine responses during exercise at selected stages of pregnancy. J. appl. Physiol. 73, 134-142.
25. Bright, S., Antczak, D.F. and Ricketts, S. (1978) Studies on equine leukocyte antigens. J. equine Med. Surg., Suppl. 1, 229-236.
26. Catchpole, H.R., Cole, H.H. and Pearson, P.B. (1935) Studies on the rate of disappearance and fate of mare gonadotrophic hormone following intravenous injection. Am. J. Physiol. 112, 21-26.
27. Causey, R.C., Ginn, P.S. and LeBlanc, M.M. (1997) Mucus production of the equine endometrium: effect of cycle stage and susceptibility to equine endometritis. Pferdeheilkunde 13, 543 (Abstract).
28. Chan, C.C.W., Ng, E.H.Y., Chan, M.M.Y., Tang, O.S., Lau, E.Y.L., Yeung, W.S.B. and Ho, P. (2003) Bioavailability of hCG after intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in obese and non-obese women. Hum. Reprod. 18, 2294-2297.
29. Clegg, M.T., Boda, J.M. and Cole, H.H. (1954) The endometrial cups and allantochorionic pouches in the mare with emphasis on the source of equine gonadotrophin. Endocrinol. 54, 448.
30. Clegg, M.T., Cole, H.H., Howard, C.B. and Pigon, H. (1962) The influence of foetal genotype on equine gonadotrophin secretion. J. Endocrinol. 25, 245-248.
31. Cole, H.H. (1938) High gonadotrophic hormone concentration in pregnant ponies. Proc. Soc. exp. biol. Med. 38, 193-194.
32. Cole, H.H. and Goss, H. (1943) The source of equine gonadotropin. In: Essays in Biology in Honor of Herbert M Evans., Ed: H.H. Cole, University of California Press, Berkeley. p 107.
33. Cole, H.H. and Hart, G.H. (1930) The potency of blood serum of mares in progressive stages of pregnancy in effecting the sexual maturity of the immature rat. Am. J. Physiol. 83, 57-68.
34. Cole, H.H., Bigelow, M., Finkel, J. and Rupp, G.R. (1967) Biological half-life of endogenous PMS following hysterectomy and studies on losses in urine and milk. Endocrinol. 81, 927-930.
35. Crump, A., Donaldson, W.L., Miller, J., Kydd, J.H., Allen, W.R. and Antczak, D.F. (1987) Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on horse trophoblast. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 35, 379-388.
36. Czarkowska-Paczek, B., Bartlomiejczyk, I. and Przybylski, J. (2006) The serum levels of growth factors: PDGF, TGF-beta and VEGF are increased after strenuous physical exercise. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 57, 189-197.
37. Day, F.T. and Rowlands, I.W. (1940) The time and rate of appearance of gonadotrophin in the serum of pregnant mares. J. Endocrinol. 2, 255-261.
38. Day, F.T. and Rowlands, I.W. (1947) Serum gonadotrophin in Welsh and Shetland ponies. J. Endocrinol. 5, 1-8.
39. Dobbs, K.E., Dumesic, D.A., Dumesic, J.A. and Shapiro, S.S. (1994) Differences in serum follicle-stimulating hormone uptake after intramuscular and subcutaneous human menopausal gonadotrophin injection. Fertil. Steril. 62, 987-983.
40. Donaldson, W.L., Zhang, C.H., Oriol, J.G. and Antczak, D.F. (1990) Invasive equine trophoblast expresses conventional class I major histocompatibility complex antigens. Development 110, 63-71.
41. Donaldson, W.L., Oriol, J.G., Plavin, A. and Antczak, D.F. (1992) Developmental regulation of class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by equine trophoblastic cells. Differentiation 52, 69-78.
42. Donaldson, W.L., Oriol, J.G., Pelkaus, C.L. and Antczak, D.F. (1994) Paternal and major histocompatibility complex class I antigens are expressed co-dominantly by equine trophoblast. Placenta 15, 123-135.
43. Dos Santos, E., Dieudonné, M.N., Leneveu, M.C., Pecquary, R., Serazin, V. and Giudicelli, Y. (2007) In vitro effects of chorionic gonadotrophin hormone on human adipose development. J. Endocrinol. 194, 313-325.
44. Elkind-Hirsch, K.E., Bello, S., Esparcia, L., Phillips, K., Sheiko, A. and McNichol, M. (2001) Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin levels are correlated with body mass index rather than route of administration in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer using human menopausal gonadotropin and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil. Steril. 75, 700-704.
45. Gerstenberg, C., Allen, W.R. and Stewart, F. (1999) Factors controlling epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene expression in the endometrium of the mare. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 53, 255-265.
46. Grünig, G., Triplett, L., Canady, L.K., Allen, W.R. and Antczak, D.F. (1995) The maternal leukocyte response to the endometrial cups in horses is correlated with the developmental stages in the invasive trophoblast cells. Placenta 16, 539-559.
47. Hamilton, D.W., Allen, W.R. and Moor, R.M. (1973) The origin of equine endometrial cups. III. Light and electron microscopic study of fully developed equine endometrial cups. Anat. Rec. 177, 503-518.
48. Henneke, D.R., Potter, G.D., Kreider, J.L. and Yeates, B.F. (1983) Relationship between body condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine vet. J. 15, 371-372.
49. Herring, S., Jost, C., Schulz, H., Hellmich, B. and Schatz and Pfieffer, H. (2002) Circulating transforming growth factor beta-1 (TFG beta1) is elevated by extensive exercise. Eur. J. appl. Physiol. 86, 406-410.
50. Jellinck, P.H. and Lewis, J. (1965) Inactivation of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin by oestrogens in vitro. J. Endocrinol. 33, 321-322.
51. Kenney, R.M. (1993) Proceedings of the John P Hughes International Workshop on equine endometritis. Equine vet. J. 25, 184-187.
52. Kirschner, M.A., Schnieder, G., Ertel, N.H. and Worton, E. (1982) Obesity, androgens, estrogens and cancer risk. Cancer Res. Suppl. 42, 3281s-3285s.
53. Kydd, J.H., Miller, J., Antczak, D.F. and Allen, W.R. (1982) Maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 32, 361-369.
54. Lennard, S.N., Stewart, F. and Allen, W.R. (1995) Transforming growth factor b1 (TGF b1) expression in the endometrium of the mare during placentation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 42, 131-140.
55. Lippold, O.C.J. and Winton, F.R. (1979) General metabolism. In: Human Physiology, 7th edn., Eds: O.C.J. Lippold and F.R. Winton, Churchill Livingstone, New York. pp 325-331.
56. McMurray, R.G., Hackney, A.C., Guion, W.K. and Katz, V.L. (1996) Metabolic and hormonal responses to low-impact aerobic dance during pregnancy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28, 41-46.
57. Manning, A.W., Rajkumar, K., Bristol, F., Flood, P.F. and Murphy, B.D. (1987) Genetic and temporal variation in serum concentrations and biological activity of horse chorionic gonadotrophin. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 35, 389-397.
58. Martinuk, S.D., Bristol, F. and Murphy, B.D. (1990) Effects of the dam on equine chorionic gonadotropin concentrations during pregnancy. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 7, 551-557.
59. Meadows, S., Allen, W.R. and Antczak, D.F. (1995) Factors affecting the maturation and invasiveness in vitro of chorionic girdle cells of different genotypes. Biol. Reprod. Monogr. Ser. 1, 171-180.
60. Mönke, U. and Franz, A. (1985) Investigations on the sex ratio of horse embryos and its importance for PMSG production in mares. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 53, Abstract 7359.
61. Moor, R.M., Allen, W.R. and Hamilton, D.W. (1975) Origin and histogenesis of equine endometrial cups. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 23, 391-395.
62. Murphy, B.D., Rajkumar, K., Bristol, F. and Flood, P.F. (1985) Equine chorionic gonadotrophin: The effect of sire on immunological and biological activity from day 50-100 of pregnancy. Annual Conference of the Society for the Study of Fertility Aberdeen. p 115.
63. Noble, R.L. and Graham, R.C.B. (1953) Lithosperm-like action of certain quinines and related compounds. Can. med. Ass. J. 69, 576-581.
64. Ousey, J.C., Fowden, A.L., Wilsher, S. and Allen, W.R. (2008) The effects of maternal health and body condition on the endocrine responses of neonatal foals. Equine vet. J. 40, 673-679.
65. Rhoades, R. and Bell, D.R. (2008) Reproductive physiology. In: Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, 3rd edn., Eds: R. Rhoades and D.R. Bell, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. p 712.
66. Rowlands, I.W. (1949) Serum gonadotrophin and ovarian activity in the pregnant mare. J. Endocrinol. 6, 184-191.
67. Schauder, W. (1912) Untersuchungen uber die eithaute und Embryotrophe des pferdes. Arch. Anat. Physiol. 192, 259-302.
68. Spincemaille, J., Bouters, R., Vandeplassche, M. and Bonte, P. (1975) Some aspects of endometrial cup formation and PMSG production. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 23, 415-418.
69. Steiner, J., Antczak, D.F., Wolfsdorf, K., Saville, K., Brooks, S., Miller, D., Barley, E. and Zent, W. (2006) Persistent endometrial cups. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 94, 274-275. (Abstract).
70. Stewart, F. (1996) Roles of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and hepatocyte growth factor-scatter factor (HGF-SF) in placental development. Rev. Reprod. 1, 144-148.
71. Stewart, F., Power, C.A., Lennard, S.N., Allen, W.R., Amet, L. and Edwards, R.M. (1994) Identification of the horse epidermal growth factor (EGF) coding sequence and its use in monitoring EGF gene expression in the endometrium of the pregnant mare. J. mol. Endocrinol. 12, 341-350.
72. Wilsher, S. and Allen, W.R. (2006) Effects of a Streptococcus equi infection-mediated nutritional insult during mid-gestation in primiparous Thoroughbred fillies. Part 1: Placental and fetal development. Equine vet. J. 38, 549-557.
73. Wooding, F.B., Morgan, G., Fowden, A.L. and Allen, W.R. (2001) A structural and immunological study of chorionic gonadotrophin production by equine trophoblast girdle and cup cells. Placenta 22, 749-767.