Misoriented faults in exhumed metamorphic complexes: Rule or exception?

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volumn 307, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 233-239

  Massironi, Matteo ^a   Bistacchi, Andrea ^b   Menegon, Luca ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

Anisotropic slip tendency; European Alps; Metamorphic complexes; Misoriented faults

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPY; COMPLEX NETWORKS; FRICTION; METAMORPHIC ROCKS;

ANISOTROPIC SLIP-TENDENCY; BRITTLE DEFORMATION; EUROPEAN ALPS; FRICTION COEFFICIENTS; FRICTIONAL SLIDING; MECHANICAL ANISOTROPY; METAMORPHIC COMPLEXES; TENDENCY ANALYSIS;

FAULT SLIPS;

BRITTLE DEFORMATION; COLLISION ZONE; FAULTING; FOLIATION; NORMAL FAULT; SHEAR ZONE; SLIP;

ANDERSONIA;

EID: 79957930550     PISSN: 0012821X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.041     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Anderson E.M. Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formations with Application to Britain 1951, Oliver & Boy, Edinburgh.
2. Angelier J. Inversion of field data in fault tectonics to obtain the regional stress III. A new rapid direct inversion method by analytical means. Geophysical J. International 1990, 103:363-376.
3. Axen G.J. Pore pressure, stress increase and fault weakening in low-angle normal faulting. J. Geophysical Res. 1992, 97(B6):8979-8991.
4. Axen G.J., Bartley J.M. Field tests of rolling hinges: existence, mechanical types, and implications for extensional tectonics. J. Geophysical Res. 1997, 102(B9):20,515-20,537.
5. Axen G., Bartley J., Selverstone J. Structural expression of a rolling hinge in the footwall of the Brenner Line normal fault, eastern Alps. Tectonics 1995, 14:1380-1392.
6. Behrmann J.H. Crustal scale extension in a convergent orogen: the Sterzing-Steinach mylonite zone in the Eastern Alps. Geodynamica Acta 1988, 2:63-73.
7. Bistacchi A., Massironi M. Post-nappe brittle tectonics and kinematic evolution of the northwestern Alps: an integrated approach. Tectonophysics 2000, 327:267-292.
8. Bistacchi A., Massironi M., Menegon L. Three-dimensional characterization of a crustal-scale fault zone: the Pusteria and Sprechenstein fault system (Eastern Alps). J. Structural Geology 2010, 32:2022-2041.
9. Brown K.M., Kopf A., Underwood M.B., Weinberger J.L. Compositional and fluid pressure controls on the state of stress on the Nankai subduction thrust: a weak plate boundary. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett. 2003, 214:589-603.
10. Buck W.R. Flexural rotation of normal faults. Tectonics 1988, 7:959-973.
11. Butler R.W.H., Bond C.E., Shipton Z.K., Jones R.R., Casey M. Fabric anisotropy controls faulting in the continental crust. J. Geological Soc. Lond. 2008, 165:449-452.
12. Byerlee J.D. Friction of rocks. Pure Appl. Geophysics 1978, 116:615-629.
13. Campani M., Herman F., Mancktelow N. Two- and three-dimensional thermal modeling of a low-angle detachment: exhumation history of the Simplon Fault Zone, central Alps. J. Geophysical Res. 2010, 115:B.10420. 10.1029/2009JB007036.
14. Campani M., Mancktelow N., Seward D., Rolland Y., Müller W., Guerra I. Geochronological evidence for continuous exhumation through the ductile-brittle transition along a crustal-scale low-angle normal fault: Simplon Fault Zone, central Alps. Tectonics 2010, 29:TC3002. 10.1029/2009TC002582.
15. Chadwick P. Continuum Mechanics: Concise Theory and Problems 1999, Dover Publications, 192 pp.
16. Champagnac J.D., Sue C., Delacou B., Tricart P., Allanic C., Burkhard M. Miocene lateral extrusion in the inner western Alps revealed by dynamic fault analysis. Tectonics 2006, 25:TC3014. 10.1029/2004TC001779.
17. Collettini C., Trippetta F. A slip tendency analysis to test mechanical and structural control on aftershock rupture planes. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett. 2007, 255:402-413.
18. Collettini C., Niemeijer A., Viti C., Marone C. Fault zone fabric and fault weakness. Nature 2009, 462:907-911.
19. Collettini C., Viti C., Smith S.A., Holdsworth S.E. Development of interconnected talc networks and weakening of continental low-angle normal faults. Geology 2009, 37:567-570.
20. De Paola N., Collettini C., Trippetta F., Barchi M.R., Minelli G. A mechanical model for complex fault patterns induced by evaporite dehydration and cyclic changes in fluid pressure. J. Struct. Geology 2007, 29:1573-1584.
21. Donath F.A. Experimental study of shear failure in anisotropic rocks. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1961, 72:985-990.
22. Donath F.A. Effects of cohesion and granularity on deformational behavior of anisotropic rocks. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 1972, 135:95-128.
23. Fagereng Å., Remitti F., Sibson R.H. Shear veins observed within anisotropic fabric at high angles to the maximum compressive stress. Nat. Geoscience 2010, 3:482-485.
24. Ferrill D.A., Morris A.P., Jones S.M., Stamatakos J.A. Extensional layer-parallel shear and normal faulting. J. Struct. Geology 1998, 20:355-362.
25. Ferrill D.A., Wyrick D.Y., Morris A.P., Sims D.W., Franklin N.M. Dilational fault slip and pit chain formation on Mars. GSA Today 2004, 14(10):4-12.
26. Fügenschuh B., Seward D., Mancktelow N.S. Exhumation in a convergent orogen: the western Tauern window. Terra Nova 1997, 9:213-217.
27. Fügenschuh B., Mancktelow N., Seward D. Cretaceous to Neogene cooling and exhumation history of the Oetztal-Stubai basement complex, Eastern Alps: a structural and fission track study. Tectonics 2000, 19:905-918.
28. Grasemann B., Mancktelow N.S. Two-dimensional thermal modelling of normal faulting: the Simplon Fault Zone, Central Alps, Switzerland. Tectonophysics 1993, 225:155-165.
29. Grosjean G., Sue C., Burkhard M. Late Neogene brittle extension in the vicinity of the Simplon fault zone, central Alps, Switzerland. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 2004, 97:33-46.
30. Healy D. Anisotropy, pore fluid pressure and low angle normal faults. J. Structural Geology 2009, 31:561-574.
31. Hoek E. Fracture of anisotropic rock. J. S. A. Inst. Min. Metal 1964, 64:501-518.
32. Işik V., Seyitoǧlu G., Çemen I. Ductile-brittle transition along the Alaşehir detachment fault and its structural relationship with the Simav detachment fault, Menderes massif, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 2003, 374:1-18.
33. Jaeger J.C. Shear failure of anisotropic rocks. Geol. Mad. 1960, XCVII:65-72.
34. Jaeger J.C., Cook N.G.W., Zimmermann R.W. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics 2007, Blackwell publishing, Oxford. 4th Edition.
35. Jefferies S.P., Holdsworth R.E., Shimamoto T., Takagi H., Lloyd G.E., Spiers C.J. Origin and mechanical significance of foliated cataclastic rocks in the cores of crustal-scale faults: examples from the Median Tectonic line, Japan. J. Geophysical Res. 2006, 111:B12303. 10.1029/2005JB004205.
36. Jolivet L., Lecomte E., Huet B., Denèle Y., Lacombe O., Labrousse L., Le Pourhiet L., Mehl C. The North Cycladic detachment system. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett. 2010, 289:87-104.
37. Lecomte E., Jolivet L., Lacombe O., Denèle Y., Labrousse L., Le Pourhiet L. Geometry and kinematics of Mykonos detachment, Cyclades, Greece: evidence for slip at shallow dip. Tectonics 2010, 29(TC5012). 2010. 10.1029/2009TC002564.
38. Lisle R.J., Srivastava D.C. Test of the frictional reactivation theory for faults and validity of fault-slip analysis. Geology 2004, 32(7):569-572.
39. Lister G.S., Davis G.A. The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, U.S.A. J. Struct. Geology 1989, 11(1/2):65-94.
40. Lister G.S., Banga G., Feenstra A. Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in the Cyclades. Aegean Sea, Greece. Geology 1984, 12:221-225.
41. Mancel P., Merle O. Kinematics of the northern part of the Simplon Line (Central Alps). Tectonophysics 1987, 135:265-275.
42. Mancktelow N.S. The Simplon Line: a major displacement zone in the western Lepontine Alps. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1985, 78(1):73-96.
43. Mancktelow N.S. Neogene lateral extension during convergence in the central Alps: evidence from interrelated faulting and backfolding around Simplonpass (Switzerland). Tectonophysics 1992, 215:295-317.
44. Mariani E., Brodie K.H., Rutter E.H. Experimental deformation of muscovite shear zones at high temperatures under hydrothermal conditions and the strength of phyllosilicate-bearing faults in nature. J. Struct. Geology 2006, 28:1569-1587.
45. Massironi M., Zampieri D., Caporali A. Miocene to Present major fault linkages through the Adriatic indenter and the Austroalpine-Penninic collisional wedge (Alps of NE Italy). Active Tectonics of the Western Mediterranean Region and North Africa 2006, 262:245-258. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. G. Moratti, A. Chalouan (Eds.).
46. McCabe W.M., Koerner R.M. High pressure shear strength investigation of an anisotropic mica schist rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr. 1975, 12:219-228.
47. Moeck I., Kwiatek G., Zimmermann G. Slip tendency analysis, fault reactivation potential and induced seismicity in a deep geothermal reservoir. J. Struct. Geology 2009, 31:1174-1182.
48. Moore D.E., Lockner D.A. Crystallographic controls on the frictional behavior of dry and water saturated sheet structure minerals. J. Geophysical Res. 2004, 109:B03401. 10.1029/2003JB002582.
49. Morley C.K., Haranya C., Phoosongsee W., Pongwapee S., Kornsawan A., Wonganan N. Activation of rift oblique and rift parallel pre-existing fabrics during extension and their effect on deformation style: examples from the rifts of Thailand. J. Struct. Geology 2004, 26:1803-1829. (2004).
50. Morris A., Ferrill A. The importance of the effective intermediate principal stress (σ'2) to fault slip patterns. J. Struct. Geology 2009, 31:950-959.
51. Morris A., Ferril A., Henderson D.B. Slip tendency analysis and fault reactivation. Geology 1996, 24(3):275-278.
52. Niemeijer A.R., Spiers C.J. Influence of phyllosilicates on fault strength in the brittle-ductile transition: insights from rock analogue experiments. High-Strain Zones: Structure and Physical Properties 2005, 245:303-327. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. D. Bruhn, L. Burlini (Eds.).
53. Numelin J., Marone C., Kirby E. Frictional properties of natural fault gouge from a low-angle normal fault, Panamint Valley, California. Tectonics 2007, 26:TC2004. doi:10.1029/2005TC001916.
54. Selverstone J. Evidence for east-west crustal extension in the Eastern Alps: implications for the unroofing history of the Tauern window. Tectonics 1988, 7:87-105.
55. Selverstone J., Axen G.J., Bartley J.M. Fluid inclusion constraints on the kinematics of footwall uplift beneath the Brenner Line normal fault, eastern Alps. Tectonics 1995, 14:264-278.
56. Sibson R.H. Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. J. Geological Soc. Lond. 1977, 133:191-213.
57. Sibson R.H. A note on fault reactivation. J. struct. Geology 1985, 7:751-752.
58. Sibson R.H. Rupture nucleation on unfavorably oriented faults. Bulletin Seismological Society America 1990, 80:1580-1604.
59. Sibson R.H. Fluid involvement in normal faulting. J. Geodynamics 2000, 29:469-499.
60. Steck A., Hunziker J. The Tertiary structural and thermal evolution of Central Alps-compressional and extensional structures in an orogenic belt. Tectonophysics 1994, 254:229-254.
61. Sue C., Delacou B., Champagnac J.D., Allanic C., Tricart P., Burkhard M. Extensional neotectonics around the bend of the Western/Central Alps: an overview. Int J Earth Sci 2007, 96:1101-1129.
62. Thöni M. A review of geochronological data from the Eastern Alps. Schweiz. Mineralogische Petrographische Mitt. 1999, 79(1):209-230.
63. Walsh J.B., Brace W.F. A fracture criterion for brittle anisotropic rock. J. Geophysical Res. 1964, 69:3449-3456.
64. Wernicke B. Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and Range Province: nappe tectonics in an extending orogen. Nature 1981, 291:645-648.
65. Wernicke B. Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1985, 22:108-125.
66. Wernicke B., Axen G.J. On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems. Geology 1988, 16:848-851.