Cancer Cell Invasion: Treatment and Monitoring Opportunities in Nanomedicine

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 63, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 582-596

  Veiseh, Omid ^a   Kievit, Forrest M ^a   Ellenbogen, Richard G ^b   Zhang, Miqin ^a,b  

^a University of Washington   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Contrast agents; Drug delivery; Gene therapy; Imaging; Metastasis; Molecular targets; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER BIOLOGY; CANCER CELLS; CANCER METASTASIS; CANCER PROGRESSION; CELL INVASION; CELLULAR PATHWAY; CONTRAST AGENT; EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES; EXTRACELLULAR MATRICES; EXTRACELLULAR STIMULI; METASTASIS; MOLECULAR TARGETS; NEW SOLUTIONS; POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS; THERAPEUTIC TARGETS;

CYTOLOGY; DISEASES; DRUG DELIVERY; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY; MOLECULAR PHYSICS; PATHOLOGY; TISSUE;

CELLS;

2 (2 AMINO 3 METHOXYPHENYL)CHROMONE; 2 MORPHOLINO 8 PHENYLCHROMONE; 32 O [1 (2 HYDROXYETHYL) 5 INDOLYL]ASCOMYCIN; BUMETANIDE; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CHARYBDOTOXIN; CHLOROTOXIN; CILENGITIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DOPAMINE; DOXORUBICIN; ETARACIZUMAB; FASUDIL; FERUMOXYTOL; INTETUMUMAB; ION CHANNEL; MACROGOL; MARIMASTAT; NANOPARTICLE; PLERIXAFOR; PROTEINASE; SCORPION VENOM; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; TACROLIMUS; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WORTMANNIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER CELL; CANCER INVASION; CELL ADHESION; CELL INVASION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG UPTAKE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; METASTASIS; NANOIMAGING; NANOMEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CELL MOVEMENT; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NANOMEDICINE; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 79957794004     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: 18728294     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.010     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. Wodarz A., Nathke I. Cell polarity in development and cancer. Nat. Cell Biol. 2007, 9:1016-1024.
2. Steeg P.S., Theodorescu D. Metastasis: a therapeutic target for cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2008, 5:206-219.
3. Weigelt B., Peterse J.L., van't Veer L.J. Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5:591-602.
4. Mehlen P., Puisieux A. Metastasis: a question of life or death. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2006, 6:449-458.
5. Weber G.F. Molecular mechanisms of metastasis. Cancer Lett. 2008, 270:181-190.
6. Jain R.K., Stylianopoulos T. Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2010.
7. Davis M.E., Chen Z.G., Shin D.M. Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7:771-782.
8. Zhang L., Gu F.X., Chan J.M., Wang A.Z., Langer R.S., Farokhzad O.C. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 83:761-769.
9. LaRocque J., Bharali D.J., Mousa S.A. Cancer detection and treatment: the role of nanomedicines. Mol. Biotechnol. 2009, 42:358-366.
10. Sanvicens N., Marco M.P. Multifunctional nanoparticles - properties and prospects for their use in human medicine. Trends Biotechnol. 2008, 26:425-433.
11. Peer D., Karp J.M., Hong S., Farokhzad O.C., Margalit R., Langer R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2:751-760.
12. Heidel J.D., Davis M.E. Clinical Developments in Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy. Pharm. Res. 2011, 28:187-199.
13. Chen A.M., Zhang M., Wei D., Stueber D., Taratula O., Minko T., He H. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA by mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Small 2009, 5:2673-2677.
14. Sinha Roy R., Soni S., Harfouche R., Vasudevan P.R., Holmes O., de Jonge H., Rowe A., Paraskar A., Hentschel D.M., Chirgadze D., Blundell T.L., Gherardi E., Mashelkar R.A., Sengupta S. Coupling growth-factor engineering with nanotechnology for therapeutic angiogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:13608-13613.
15. Bharali D.J., Mousa S.A. Emerging nanomedicines for early cancer detection and improved treatment: current perspective and future promise. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 128:324-335.
16. Lauffenburger D.A., Horwitz A.F. Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell 1996, 84:359-369.
17. Herron G.S., Unemori E., Wong M., Rapp J.H., Hibbs M.H., Stoney R.J. Connective tissue proteinases and inhibitors in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Involvement of the vasa vasorum in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1991, 11:1667-1677.
18. Vine N., Powell J.T. Metalloproteinases in degenerative aortic disease. Clin. Sci. 1991, 81:233-239. (Lond).
19. Muroski M.E., Roycik M.D., Newcomer R.G., Van den Steen P.E., Opdenakker G., Monroe H.R., Sahab Z.J., Sang Q.X. Matrix metalloproteinase-9/gelatinase B is a putative therapeutic target of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and multiple sclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2008, 9:34-46.
20. Friedl P., Wolf K. Plasticity of cell migration: a multiscale tuning model. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 188:11-19.
21. Friedl P., Gilmour D. Collective cell migration in morphogenesis, regeneration and cancer. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10:445-457.
22. Vaughan R.B., Trinkaus J.P. Movements of epithelial cell sheets in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 1966, 1:407-413.
23. Yilmaz M., Christofori G. Mechanisms of motility in metastasizing cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2010, 8:629-642.
24. Friedl P., Wolf K. Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3:362-374.
25. Lyons J.G., Lobo E., Martorana A.M., Myerscough M.R. Clonal diversity in carcinomas: its implications for tumour progression and the contribution made to it by epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2008, 25:665-677.
26. Thiery J.P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2:442-454.
27. Werner S., Grose R. Regulation of wound healing by growth factors and cytokines. Physiol. Rev. 2003, 83:835-870.
28. Coussens L.M., Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002, 420:860-867.
29. Pages F., Galon J., Dieu-Nosjean M.C., Tartour E., Sautes-Fridman C., Fridman W.H. Immune infiltration in human tumors: a prognostic factor that should not be ignored. Oncogene 2010, 29:1093-1102.
30. Carmeliet P., Jain R.K. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000, 407:249-257.
31. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000, 100:57-70.
32. Matsumura Y., Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res. 1986, 46:6387-6392.
33. Maeda H., Sawa T., Konno T. Mechanism of tumor-targeted delivery of macromolecular drugs, including the EPR effect in solid tumor and clinical overview of the prototype polymeric drug SMANCS. J. Control. Release 2001, 74:47-61.
34. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 1971, 285:1182-1186.
35. Paez-Ribes M., Allen E., Hudock J., Takeda T., Okuyama H., Vinals F., Inoue M., Bergers G., Hanahan D., Casanovas O. Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer Cell 2009, 15:220-231.
36. Blouw B., Haase V.H., Song H., Bergers G., Johnson R.S. Loss of vascular endothelial growth factor expression reduces vascularization, but not growth, of tumors lacking the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. Oncogene 2007, 26:4531-4540.
37. Du R., Lu K.V., Petritsch C., Liu P., Ganss R., Passegue E., Song H., Vandenberg S., Johnson R.S., Werb Z., Bergers G. HIF1alpha induces the recruitment of bone marrow-derived vascular modulatory cells to regulate tumor angiogenesis and invasion. Cancer Cell 2008, 13:206-220.
38. Pennacchietti S., Michieli P., Galluzzo M., Mazzone M., Giordano S., Comoglio P.M. Hypoxia promotes invasive growth by transcriptional activation of the met protooncogene. Cancer Cell 2003, 3:347-361.
39. Cook K.M., Figg W.D. Angiogenesis inhibitors: current strategies and future prospects. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2010, 60:222-243.
40. Tammela T., Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and future promise. Cell 2010, 140:460-476.
41. Wang Y., Oliver G. Current views on the function of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. Genes Dev. 2010, 24:2115-2126.
42. Alitalo K., Tammela T., Petrova T.V. Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease. Nature 2005, 438:946-953.
43. Nakada M., Nakada S., Demuth T., Tran N.L., Hoelzinger D.B., Berens M.E. Molecular targets of glioma invasion. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2007, 64:458-478.
44. Sahai E. Illuminating the metastatic process. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7:737-749.
45. Weiss L. Metastatic inefficiency. Adv. Cancer Res. 1990, 54:159-211.
46. Wong C.W., Lee A., Shientag L., Yu J., Dong Y., Kao G., Al-Mehdi A.B., Bernhard E.J., Muschel R.J. Apoptosis: an early event in metastatic inefficiency. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:333-338.
47. Desgrosellier J.S., Cheresh D.A. Integrins in cancer: biological implications and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010, 10:9-22.
48. Kessenbrock K., Plaks V., Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2010, 141:52-67.
49. Joyce J.A., Pollard J.W. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9:239-252.
50. Onder T.T., Gupta P.B., Mani S.A., Yang J., Lander E.S., Weinberg R.A. Loss of E-cadherin promotes metastasis via multiple downstream transcriptional pathways. Cancer Res. 2008, 68:3645-3654.
51. Avraamides C.J., Garmy-Susini B., Varner J.A. Integrins in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2008, 8:604-617.
52. Beekman K.W., Colevas A.D., Cooney K., Dipaola R., Dunn R.L., Gross M., Keller E.T., Pienta K.J., Ryan C.J., Smith D., Hussain M. Phase II evaluations of cilengitide in asymptomatic patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer: scientific rationale and study design. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer 2006, 4:299-302.
53. Nabors L.B., Mikkelsen T., Rosenfeld S.S., Hochberg F., Akella N.S., Fisher J.D., Cloud G.A., Zhang Y., Carson K., Wittemer S.M., Colevas A.D., Grossman S.A. Phase I and correlative biology study of cilengitide in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25:1651-1657.
54. MacDonald T.J., Stewart C.F., Kocak M., Goldman S., Ellenbogen R.G., Phillips P., Lafond D., Poussaint T.Y., Kieran M.W., Boyett J.M., Kun L.E. Phase I clinical trial of cilengitide in children with refractory brain tumors: Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Study PBTC-012. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:919-924.
55. Reardon D.A., Fink K.L., Mikkelsen T., Cloughesy T.F., O'Neill A., Plotkin S., Glantz M., Ravin P., Raizer J.J., Rich K.M., Schiff D., Shapiro W.R., Burdette-Radoux S., Dropcho E.J., Wittemer S.M., Nippgen J., Picard M., Nabors L.B. Randomized phase II study of cilengitide, an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide, in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:5610-5617.
56. Junxia W., Ping G., Yuan H., Lijun Z., Jihong R., Fang L., Min L., Xi W., Ting H., Ke D., Huizhong Z. Double strand RNA-guided endogeneous E-cadherin up-regulation induces the apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of breast carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci. 2010, 101:1790-1796.
57. Huang Y.T., Lai P.C., Wu C.C., Cheng C.C., Chiu T.H. TrkB antibody elicits cytotoxicity and suppresses migration/invasion of transitional cell carcinoma cells. Int. J. Oncol. 2010, 37:943-949.
58. Mao Q., Li Y., Zheng X., Yang K., Shen H., Qin J., Bai Y., Kong D., Jia X., Xie L. Up-regulation of E-cadherin by small activating RNA inhibits cell invasion and migration in 5637 human bladder cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 375:566-570.
59. Chakraborti S., Mandal M., Das S., Mandal A., Chakraborti T. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: an overview. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2003, 253:269-285.
60. Sabeh F., Shimizu-Hirota R., Weiss S.J. Protease-dependent versus -independent cancer cell invasion programs: three-dimensional amoeboid movement revisited. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 185:11-19.
61. Boire A., Covic L., Agarwal A., Jacques S., Sherifi S., Kuliopulos A. PAR1 is a matrix metalloprotease-1 receptor that promotes invasion and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. Cell 2005, 120:303-313.
62. Dufour A., Sampson N.S., Zucker S., Cao J. Role of the hemopexin domain of matrix metalloproteinases in cell migration. J. Cell. Physiol. 2008, 217:643-651.
63. Zhao F., Zhang Q., Kang C., Cui X., Wang T., Xu P., Zhou X., Liu J., Song X. Suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by RNA interference inhibits SGC7901 gastric adenocarcinoma cell growth and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Med. Oncol. 2010, 27:774-784.
64. Nalla A.K., Gorantla B., Gondi C.S., Lakka S.S., Rao J.S. Targeting MMP-9, uPAR, and cathepsin B inhibits invasion, migration and activates apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 2010, 17:599-613.
65. Sun Y., Liu M., Yang B., Lu J., Li B. Inhibition of laryngeal cancer cell invasion and growth with lentiviral-vector delivered short hairpin RNA targeting human MMP-9 gene. Cancer Invest. 2008, 26:984-989.
66. Mochizuki S., Okada Y. ADAMs in cancer cell proliferation and progression. Cancer Sci. 2007, 98:621-628.
67. Wang W., Eddy R., Condeelis J. The cofilin pathway in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7:429-440.
68. Narumiya S., Tanji M., Ishizaki T. Rho signaling, ROCK and mDia1, in transformation, metastasis and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2009, 28:65-76.
69. Verkman A.S., Hara-Chikuma M., Papadopoulos M.C. Aquaporins-new players in cancer biology. J. Mol. Med. 2008, 86:523-529.
70. Habela C.W., Ernest N.J., Swindall A.F., Sontheimer H. Chloride accumulation drives volume dynamics underlying cell proliferation and migration. J. Neurophysiol. 2009, 101:750-757.
71. Haas B.R., Sontheimer H. Inhibition of the Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter Isoform-1 reduces glioma invasion. Cancer Res. 2010, 70:5597-5606.
72. Olsen M.L., Schade S., Lyons S.A., Amaral M.D., Sontheimer H. Expression of voltage-gated chloride channels in human glioma cells. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:5572-5582.
73. Schwab A., Reinhardt J., Schneider S.W., Gassner B., Schuricht B. K(+) channel-dependent migration of fibroblasts and human melanoma cells. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 1999, 9:126-132.
74. Deshane J., Garner C.C., Sontheimer H. Chlorotoxin inhibits glioma cell invasion via matrix metalloproteinase-2. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:4135-4144.
75. Chigurupati S., Venkataraman R., Barrera D., Naganathan A., Madan M., Paul L., Pattisapu J.V., Kyriazis G.A., Sugaya K., Bushnev S., Lathia J.D., Rich J.N., Chan S.L. Receptor channel TRPC6 is a key mediator of Notch-driven glioblastoma growth and invasiveness. Cancer Res. 2010, 70:418-427.
76. Mancini M., Toker A. NFAT proteins: emerging roles in cancer progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9:810-820.
77. Martinez-Martinez S., Redondo J.M. Inhibitors of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Curr. Med. Chem. 2004, 11:997-1007.
78. Aramburu J., Yaffe M.B., Lopez-Rodriguez C., Cantley L.C., Hogan P.G., Rao A. Affinity-driven peptide selection of an NFAT inhibitor more selective than cyclosporin A. Science 1999, 285:2129-2133.
79. Nierodzik M.L., Chen K., Takeshita K., Li J.J., Huang Y.Q., Feng X.S., D'Andrea M.R., Andrade-Gordon P., Karpatkin S. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is required and rate-limiting for thrombin-enhanced experimental pulmonary metastasis. Blood 1998, 92:3694-3700.
80. Even-Ram S., Uziely B., Cohen P., Grisaru-Granovsky S., Maoz M., Ginzburg Y., Reich R., Vlodavsky I., Bar-Shavit R. Thrombin receptor overexpression in malignant and physiological invasion processes. Nat. Med. 1998, 4:909-914.
81. Even-Ram S.C., Maoz M., Pokroy E., Reich R., Katz B.Z., Gutwein P., Altevogt P., Bar-Shavit R. Tumor cell invasion is promoted by activation of protease activated receptor-1 in cooperation with the alpha vbeta 5 integrin. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:10952-10962.
82. Grivennikov S.I., Karin M. Dangerous liaisons: STAT3 and NF-kappaB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010, 21:11-19.
83. Yu H., Pardoll D., Jove R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9:798-809.
84. Yang J., Mani S.A., Donaher J.L., Ramaswamy S., Itzykson R.A., Come C., Savagner P., Gitelman I., Richardson A., Weinberg R.A. Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 2004, 117:927-939.
85. Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4:540-550.
86. Muller A., Homey B., Soto H., Ge N., Catron D., Buchanan M.E., McClanahan T., Murphy E., Yuan W., Wagner S.N., Barrera J.L., Mohar A., Verastegui E., Zlotnik A. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2001, 410:50-56.
87. De Clercq E. The bicyclam AMD3100 story. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2:581-587.
88. Kim M., Koh Y.J., Kim K.E., Koh B.I., Nam D.H., Alitalo K., Kim I., Koh G.Y. CXCR4 signaling regulates metastasis of chemoresistant melanoma cells by a lymphatic metastatic niche. Cancer Res. 2010, 70:10411-10421.
89. Vu T.K., Hung D.T., Wheaton V.I., Coughlin S.R. Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation. Cell 1991, 64:1057-1068.
90. Micuda S., Rosel D., Ryska A., Brabek J. ROCK inhibitors as emerging therapeutic candidates for sarcomas. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2010, 10:127-134.
91. Mulgrew K., Kinneer K., Yao X.T., Ward B.K., Damschroder M.M., Walsh B., Mao S.Y., Gao C., Kiener P.A., Coats S., Kinch M.S., Tice D.A. Direct targeting of alphavbeta3 integrin on tumor cells with a monoclonal antibody, Abegrin. Mol. Cancer. Ther. 2006, 5:3122-3129.
92. Delbaldo C., Raymond E., Vera K., Hammershaimb L., Kaucic K., Lozahic S., Marty M., Faivre S. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of etaracizumab (Abegrin), a humanized monoclonal antibody against alphavbeta3 integrin receptor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest. New Drugs 2008, 26:35-43.
93. McNeel D.G., Eickhoff J., Lee F.T., King D.M., Alberti D., Thomas J.P., Friedl A., Kolesar J., Marnocha R., Volkman J., Zhang J., Hammershaimb L., Zwiebel J.A., Wilding G. Phase I trial of a monoclonal antibody specific for alphavbeta3 integrin (MEDI-522) in patients with advanced malignancies, including an assessment of effect on tumor perfusion. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:7851-7860.
94. Trikha M., Zhou Z., Nemeth J.A., Chen Q., Sharp C., Emmell E., Giles-Komar J., Nakada M.T. CNTO 95, a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits alphav integrins, has antitumor and antiangiogenic activity in vivo. Int. J. Cancer 2004, 110:326-335.
95. Chen Q., Manning C.D., Millar H., McCabe F.L., Ferrante C., Sharp C., Shahied-Arruda L., Doshi P., Nakada M.T., Anderson G.M. CNTO 95, a fully human anti alphav integrin antibody, inhibits cell signaling, migration, invasion, and spontaneous metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2008, 25:139-148.
96. Martin P.L., Jiao Q., Cornacoff J., Hall W., Saville B., Nemeth J.A., Schantz A., Mata M., Jang H., Fasanmade A.A., Anderson L., Graham M.A., Davis H.M., Treacy G. Absence of adverse effects in cynomolgus macaques treated with CNTO 95, a fully human anti-alphav integrin monoclonal antibody, despite widespread tissue binding. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:6959-6965.
97. Mullamitha S.A., Ton N.C., Parker G.J., Jackson A., Julyan P.J., Roberts C., Buonaccorsi G.A., Watson Y., Davies K., Cheung S., Hope L., Valle J.W., Radford J.A., Lawrance J., Saunders M.P., Munteanu M.C., Nakada M.T., Nemeth J.A., Davis H.M., Jiao Q., Prabhakar U., Lang Z., Corringham R.E., Beckman R.A., Jayson G.C. Phase I evaluation of a fully human anti-alphav integrin monoclonal antibody (CNTO 95) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13:2128-2135.
98. Coussens L.M., Fingleton B., Matrisian L.M. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations. Science 2002, 295:2387-2392.
99. Goldberg G.I., Strongin A., Collier I.E., Genrich L.T., Marmer B.L. Interaction of 92-kDa type IV collagenase with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases prevents dimerization, complex formation with interstitial collagenase, and activation of the proenzyme with stromelysin. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:4583-4591.
100. Riento K., Guasch R.M., Garg R., Jin B., Ridley A.J. RhoE binds to ROCK I and inhibits downstream signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23:4219-4229.
101. Asano T., Ikegaki I., Satoh S., Suzuki Y., Shibuya M., Takayasu M., Hidaka H. Mechanism of action of a novel antivasospasm drug, HA1077. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987, 241:1033-1040.
102. Veiseh O., Gunn J.W., Kievit F.M., Sun C., Fang C., Lee J.S., Zhang M. Inhibition of tumor-cell invasion with chlorotoxin-bound superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Small 2009, 5:256-264.
103. Zelenina M., Zelenin S., Bondar A.A., Brismar H., Aperia A. Water permeability of aquaporin-4 is decreased by protein kinase C and dopamine. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2002, 283:F309-F318.
104. Liu J., Farmer J.D., Lane W.S., Friedman J., Weissman I., Schreiber S.L. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 1991, 66:807-815.
105. Karanam B.V., Miller R.R., Colletti A., Montgomery T., Carey K.D., Hawkins T., Tang Y.S., Lavin M., Stearns R.A., Chiu S.H., Vincent S.H. Disposition of L-732, 531, a potent immunosuppressant, in rats and baboons. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1998, 26:949-957.
106. Abel M.D., Aspeslet L.J., Freitag D.G., Naicker S., Trepanier D.J., Kneteman N.M., Foster R.T., Yatscoff R.W. ISATX247: a novel calcineurin inhibitor. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 2001, 20:161.
107. Webster T.J. Nanomedicine: what's in a definition?. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2006, 1:115-116.
108. Patra C.R., Bhattacharya R., Mukhopadhyay D., Mukherjee P. Fabrication of gold nanoparticles for targeted therapy in pancreatic cancer. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62:346-361.
109. Burda C., Chen X., Narayanan R., El-Sayed M.A. Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105:1025-1102.
110. Matsuura N., Rowlands J.A. Towards new functional nanostructures for medical imaging. Med. Phys. 2008, 35:4474-4487.
111. Sonavane G., Tomoda K., Makino K. Biodistribution of colloidal gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration: Effect of particle size. Colloids Surf., B 2008, 66:274-280.
112. Longmire M., Choyke P.L., Kobayashi H. Clearance properties of nano-sized particles and molecules as imaging agents: considerations and caveats. Nanomedicine 2008, 3:703-717.
113. Veiseh O., Gunn J.W., Zhang M. Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62:284-304.
114. Liu Z., Cai W., He L., Nakayama N., Chen K., Sun X., Chen X., Dai H. In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2:47-52.
115. Geng Y., Dalhaimer P., Cai S.S., Tsai R., Tewari M., Minko T., Discher D.E. Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2:249-255.
116. Weissleder R., Pittet M.J. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008, 452:580-589.
117. Venkatraman S.S., Ma L.L., Natarajan J.V., Chattopadhyay S. Polymer- and liposome-based nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery. Front. Biosci. 2010, 2:801-814. (Schol Ed).
118. Stinchcombe T.E. Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel: a novel Cremphor-EL-free formulation of paclitaxel. Nanomedicine 2007, 2:415-423. (Lond).
119. Barbas A.S., Mi J., Clary B.M., White R.R. Aptamer applications for targeted cancer therapy. Future Oncol. 2010, 6:1117-1126.
120. Chiu G.N., Wong M.Y., Ling L.U., Shaikh I.M., Tan K.B., Chaudhury A., Tan B.J. Lipid-based nanoparticulate systems for the delivery of anti-cancer drug cocktails: Implications on pharmacokinetics and drug toxicities. Curr. Drug Metab. 2009, 10:861-874.
121. Schroeder A., Levins C.G., Cortez C., Langer R., Anderson D.G. Lipid-based nanotherapeutics for siRNA delivery. J. Intern. Med. 2010, 267:9-21.
122. Biju V., Mundayoor S., Omkumar R.V., Anas A., Ishikawa M. Bioconjugated quantum dots for cancer research: present status, prospects and remaining issues. Biotechnol. Adv. 2010, 28:199-213.
123. Boisselier E., Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38:1759-1782.
124. Minelli C., Lowe S.B., Stevens M.M. Engineering Nanocomposite Materials for Cancer Therapy. Small 2010, 6:2336-2357.
125. Zamboni W.C. Concept and clinical evaluation of carrier-mediated anticancer agents. Oncologist 2008, 13:248-260.
126. Zamboni W.C. Liposomal, nanoparticle, and conjugated formulations of anticancer agents. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:8230-8234.
127. Szakacs G., Paterson J.K., Ludwig J.A., Booth-Genthe C., Gottesman M.M. Targeting multidrug resistance in cancer. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5:219-234.
128. Jabr-Milane L.S., van Vlerken L.E., Yadav S., Amiji M.M. Multi-functional nanocarriers to overcome tumor drug resistance. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2008, 34:592-602.
129. Dong X., Mumper R.J. Nanomedicinal strategies to treat multidrug-resistant tumors: current progress. Nanomedicine 2010, 5:597-615. (Lond).
130. Nobili S., Landini I., Giglioni B., Mini E. Pharmacological strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance. Curr. Drug Targets 2006, 7:861-879.
131. Danson S., Ferry D., Alakhov V., Margison J., Kerr D., Jowle D., Brampton M., Halbert G., Ranson M. Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of pluronic polymer-bound doxorubicin (SP1049C) in patients with advanced cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2004, 90:2085-2091.
132. Laurent S., Forge D., Port M., Roch A., Robic C., Elst L.V., Muller R.N. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108:2064-2110.
133. Sun C., Lee J.S.H., Zhang M.Q. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60:1252-1265.
134. McCarthy J.R., Weissleder R. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for targeted imaging and therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60:1241-1251.
135. Wang Y.X.J., Hussain S.M., Krestin G.P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. Eur. Radiol. 2001, 11:2319-2331.
136. Bonnemain B. Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: Physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications - A review. J. Drug Target. 1998, 6:167-174.
137. Harisinghani M.G., Barentsz J., Hahn P.F., Deserno W.M., Tabatabaei S., van de Kaa C.H., de la Rosette J., Weissleder R. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:2491-U5.
138. Singh A., Patel T., Hertel J., Bernardo M., Kausz A., Brenner L. Safety of Ferumoxytol in Patients With Anemia and CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2008, 52:907-915.
139. Heidel J.D., Yu Z., Liu J.Y., Rele S.M., Liang Y., Zeidan R.K., Kornbrust D.J., Davis M.E. Administration in non-human primates of escalating intravenous doses of targeted nanoparticles containing ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 siRNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:5715-5721.
140. Davis M.E., Zuckerman J.E., Choi C.H., Seligson D., Tolcher A., Alabi C.A., Yen Y., Heidel J.D., Ribas A. Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles. Nature 2010, 464:1067-1070.
141. Serda R.E., Godin B., Blanco E., Chiappini C., Ferrari M. Multi-stage delivery nano-particle systems for therapeutic applications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2010, 1810:317-329.
142. Ruoslahti E., Bhatia S.N., Sailor M.J. Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors. J. Cell Biol. 2010, 188:759-768.
143. Wang M., Thanou M. Targeting nanoparticles to cancer. Pharmacol. Res. 2010, 62:90-99.
144. Debbage P., Jaschke W. Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf actors. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2008, 130:845-875.
145. Yang H. Nanoparticle-mediated brain-specific drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis. Pharm. Res. 2010, 27:1759-1771.
146. Maeda H., Wu J., Sawa T., Matsumura Y., Hori K. Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review. J. Control. Release 2000, 65:271-284.
147. Maeda H. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature: the key role of tumor-selective macromolecular drug targeting. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 2001, 41:189-207.
148. Hobbs S.K., Monsky W.L., Yuan F., Roberts W.G., Griffith L., Torchilin V.P., Jain R.K. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:4607-4612.
149. Mnneil S.E. Nanotechnology for the biologist. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2005, 78:585-594.
150. Zalipsky S. Chemistry of polyethylene glycol conjugates with biologically active molecules. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1995, 16:157-182.
151. Moghimi S.M., Szebeni J. Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog. Lipid Res. 2003, 42:463-478.
152. Klibanov A.L., Maruyama K., Torchilin V.P., Huang L. Amphipathic polyethyleneglycols effectively prolong the circulation time of liposomes. FEBS Lett. 1990, 268:235-237.
153. Papahadjopoulos D., Allen T.M., Gabizon A., Mayhew E., Matthay K., Huang S.K., Lee K.D., Woodle M.C., Lasic D.D., Redemann C., et al. Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88:11460-11464.
154. Lee C.C., Gillies E.R., Fox M.E., Guillaudeu S.J., Frechet J.M., Dy E.E., Szoka F.C. A single dose of doxorubicin-functionalized bow-tie dendrimer cures mice bearing C-26 colon carcinomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:16649-16654.
155. Kommareddy S., Amiji M. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic analysis of long-circulating thiolated gelatin nanoparticles following systemic administration in breast cancer-bearing mice. J. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 96:397-407.
156. Gao X., Cui Y., Levenson R.M., Chung L.W., Nie S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 2004, 22:969-976.
157. Tong S., Hou S., Zheng Z., Zhou J., Bao G. Coating Optimization of uperparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for High T2 Relaxivity. Nano Lett. 2010, null-null.
158. Kievit F.M., Veiseh O., Bhattarai N., Fang C., Gunn J.W., Lee D., Ellenbogen R.G., Olson J.M., Zhang M. PEI-PEG-Chitosan Copolymer Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Safe Gene Delivery: synthesis, complexation, and transfection. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19:2244-2251.
159. Begley D.J. Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system: the problems and the possibilities. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 104:29-45.
160. Byrne J.D., Betancourt T., Brannon-Peppas L. Active targeting schemes for nanoparticle systems in cancer therapeutics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60:1615-1626.
161. Lammers T., Hennink W.E., Storm G. Tumour-targeted nanomedicines: principles and practice. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99:392-397.
162. Kohler N., Sun C., Wang J., Zhang M.Q. Methotrexate-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake into human cancer cells. Langmuir 2005, 21:8858-8864.
163. Sun C., Sze R., Zhang M.Q. Folic acid-PEG conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptake and detection by MRI. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 78A:550-557.
164. Zhang Y., Kohler N., Zhang M.Q. Surface modification of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake. Biomaterials 2002, 23:1553-1561.
165. Park J.H., von Maltzahn G., Zhang L.L., Schwartz M.P., Ruoslahti E., Bhatia S.N., Sailor M.J. Magnetic iron oxide nanoworms for tumor targeting and imaging. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20:1630-1635.
166. Veiseh O., Sun C., Gunn J., Kohler N., Gabikian P., Lee D., Bhattarai N., Ellenbogen R., Sze R., Hallahan A., Olson J., Zhang M.Q. Optical and MRI multifunctional nanoprobe for targeting gliomas. Nano Lett. 2005, 5:1003-1008.
167. Montet X., Funovics M., Montet-Abou K., Weissleder R., Josephson L. Multivalent effects of RGD peptides obtained by nanoparticle display. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49:6087-6093.
168. Montet X., Montet-Abou K., Reynolds F., Weissleder R., Josephson L. Nanoparticle imaging of integrins on tumor cells. Neoplasia 2006, 8:214-222.
169. Montet X., Weissleder R., Josephson L. Imaging pancreatic cancer with a peptide-nanoparticle conjugate targeted to normal pancreas. Bioconjug. Chem. 2006, 17:905-911.
170. Boutry S., Laurent S., Vander Elst L., Muller R.N. Specific E-selectin targeting with a superparamagnetic MRI contrast agent. Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 2006, 1:15-22.
171. Kievit F.M., Veiseh O., Fang C., Bhattarai N., Lee D., Ellenbogen R.G., Zhang M. Chlorotoxin labeled magnetic nanovectors for targeted gene delivery to glioma. ACS Nano 2010, 4:4587-4594.
172. Mok H., Veiseh O., Fang C., Kievit F.M., Wang F.Y., Park J.O., Zhang M. pH-Sensitive siRNA Nanovector for Targeted Gene Silencing and Cytotoxic Effect in Cancer Cells. Mol. Pharm. 2010.
173. Sun C., Du K., Fang C., Bhattarai N., Veiseh O., Kievit F., Stephen Z., Lee D., Ellenbogen R.G., Ratner B., Zhang M. PEG-mediated synthesis of highly dispersive multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles: their physicochemical properties and function in vivo. ACS Nano 2010, 4:2402-2410.
174. Sun C., Fang C., Stephen Z., Veiseh O., Hansen S., Lee D., Ellenbogen R.G., Olson J., Zhang M.Q. Tumor-targeted drug delivery and MRI contrast enhancement by chlorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2008, 3:495-505.
175. Sun C., Veiseh O., Gunn J., Fang C., Hansen S., Lee D., Sze R., Ellenbogen R.G., Olson J., Zhang M. In vivo MRI detection of gliomas by chlorotoxin-conjugated superparamagnetic nanoprobes. Small 2008, 4:372-379.
176. Veiseh O., Kievit F.M., Fang C., Mu N., Jana S., Leung M.C., Mok H., Ellenbogen R.G., Park J.O., Zhang M. Chlorotoxin bound magnetic nanovector tailored for cancer cell targeting, imaging, and siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31:8032-8042.
177. Veiseh O., Kievit F.M., Gunn J.W., Ratner B.D., Zhang M. A ligand-mediated nanovector for targeted gene delivery and transfection in cancer cells. Biomaterials 2009, 30:649-657.
178. Veiseh O., Sun C., Fang C., Bhattarai N., Gunn J., Kievit F., Du K., Pullar B., Lee D., Ellenbogen R.G., Olson J., Zhang M. Specific targeting of brain tumors with an optical/magnetic resonance imaging nanoprobe across the blood-brain barrier. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:6200-6207.
179. Sarfati G., Dvir T., Elkabets M., Apte R.N., Cohen S. Targeting of polymeric nanoparticles to lung metastases by surface-attachment of YIGSR peptide from laminin. Biomaterials 2011, 32:152-161.
180. Gunn J., Wallen H., Veiseh O., Sun C., Fang C., Cao J.H., Yee C., Zhang M.Q. A multimodal targeting nanoparticle for selectively labeling T cells. Small 2008, 4:712-715.
181. Artemov D., Mori N., Okollie B., Bhujwalla Z.M. MR molecular imaging of the Her-2/neu receptor in breast cancer cells using targeted iron oxide nanoparticles. Magn. Reson. Med. 2003, 49:403-408.
182. Hu F.Q., Wei L., Zhou Z., Ran Y.L., Li Z., Gao M.Y. Preparation of biocompatible magnetite nanocrystals for in vivo magnetic resonance detection of cancer. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18:2553-2556.
183. Huh Y.M., Jun Y.W., Song H.T., Kim S., Choi J.S., Lee J.H., Yoon S., Kim K.S., Shin J.S., Suh J.S., Cheon J. In vivo magnetic resonance detection of cancer by using multifunctional magnetic nanocrystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127:12387-12391.
184. Schafer R., Wiskirchen J., Guo K., Neumann B., Kehlbach R., Pintaske J., Voth V., Walker T., Scheule A.M., Greiner T.O., Hermanutz-Klein U., Claussen C.D., Northoff H., Ziemer G., Wendel H.P. Aptamer-based isolation and subsequent imaging of mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic myocard by magnetic resonance imaging. Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der RoÖntgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2007, 179:1009-1015.
185. Yigit M.V., Mazumdar D., Kim H.K., Lee J.H., Dintsov B., Lu Y. Smart "Turn-on" magnetic resonance contrast agents based on aptamer-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Chembiochem 2007, 8:1675-1678.
186. Yigit M.V., Mazumdar D., Lu Y. MRI detection of thrombin with aptamer functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Bioconjug. Chem. 2008, 19:412-417.
187. Pasqualini R., Koivunen E., Ruoslahti E. Alpha v integrins as receptors for tumor targeting by circulating ligands. Nat. Biotechnol. 1997, 15:542-546.
188. Cai W., Shin D.W., Chen K., Gheysens O., Cao Q., Wang S.X., Gambhir S.S., Chen X. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett. 2006, 6:669-676.
189. Schottelius M., Laufer B., Kessler H., Wester H.J. Ligands for mapping alphavbeta3-integrin expression in vivo. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42:969-980.
190. Xu S.Z., Zeng F., Lei M., Li J., Gao B., Xiong C., Sivaprasadarao A., Beech D.J. Generation of functional ion-channel tools by E3 targeting. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23:1289-1293.
191. Bareford L.M., Swaan P.W. Endocytic mechanisms for targeted drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2007, 59:748-758.
192. Bartlett D.W., Su H., Hildebrandt I.J., Weber W.A., Davis M.E. Impact of tumor-specific targeting on the biodistribution and efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles measured by multimodality in vivo imaging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:15549-15554.
193. Sugahara K.N., Teesalu T., Karmali P.P., Kotamraju V.R., Agemy L., Greenwald D.R., Ruoslahti E. Coadministration of a tumor-penetrating peptide enhances the efficacy of cancer drugs. Science 2010, 328:1031-1035.
194. Nguyen Q.T., Olson E.S., Aguilera T.A., Jiang T., Scadeng M., Ellies L.G., Tsien R.Y. Surgery with molecular fluorescence imaging using activatable cell-penetrating peptides decreases residual cancer and improves survival. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:4317-4322.
195. Weissleder R., Mahmood U. Molecular imaging. Radiology 2001, 219:316-333.
196. Olson E.S., Jiang T., Aguilera T.A., Nguyen Q.T., Ellies L.G., Scadeng M., Tsien R.Y. Activatable cell penetrating peptides linked to nanoparticles as dual probes for in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging of proteases. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:4311-4316.
197. Kantelhardt S.R., Caarls W., de Vries A.H., Hagen G.M., Jovin T.M., Schulz-Schaeffer W., Rohde V., Giese A., Arndt-Jovin D.J. Specific visualization of glioma cells in living low-grade tumor tissue. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e11323.
198. Kircher M.F., Mahmood U., King R.S., Weissleder R., Josephson L. A multimodal nanoparticle for preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative optical brain tumor delineation. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:8122-8125.
199. Lee M.J., Veiseh O., Bhattarai N., Sun C., Hansen S.J., Ditzler S., Knoblaugh S., Lee D., Ellenbogen R., Zhang M., Olson J.M. Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9536.
200. F. Zhang, J. Xie, G. Liu, Y. He, G. Lu, X. Chen, In Vivo MRI Tracking of Cell Invasion and Migration in a Rat Glioma Model, Mol. Imaging Biol. (in press).
201. Le Devedec S.E., Yan K., de Bont H., Ghotra V., Truong H., Danen E.H., Verbeek F., van de Water B. Systems microscopy approaches to understand cancer cell migration and metastasis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2010, 67:3219-3240.
202. Gonda K., Watanabe T.M., Ohuchi N., Higuchi H. In vivo nano-imaging of membrane dynamics in metastatic tumor cells using quantum dots. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:2750-2757.
203. Gao X. Multifunctional quantum dots for cellular and molecular imaging. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2007, 2007:524-525.
204. Fang C., Zhang M. Nanoparticle-based theragnostics: Integrating diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in nanomedicine. J. Control. Release 2010, 146:2-5.
205. Hadjipanayis C.G., Machaidze R., Kaluzova M., Wang L., Schuette A.J., Chen H., Wu X., Mao H. EGFRvIII antibody-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging-guided convection-enhanced delivery and targeted therapy of glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 2010, 70:6303-6312.
206. Sontheimer H. An unexpected role for ion channels in brain tumor metastasis. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008, 233:779-791. (Maywood).
207. Schonherr R. Clinical relevance of ion channels for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. J. Membr. Biol. 2005, 205:175-184.
208. Prevarskaya N., Skryma R., Shuba Y. Ion channels and the hallmarks of cancer. Trends Mol. Med. 2010, 16:107-121.
209. Arcangeli A., Crociani O., Lastraioli E., Masi A., Pillozzi S., Becchetti A. Targeting ion channels in cancer: a novel frontier in antineoplastic therapy. Curr. Med. Chem. 2009, 16:66-93.
210. Park K.H., Chhowalla M., Iqbal Z., Sesti F. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are a new class of ion channel blockers. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:50212-50216.
211. Chhowalla M., Unalan H.E., Wang Y., Iqbal Z., Park K., Sesti F. Irreversible blocking of ion channels using functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2005, 16:2982-2986.
212. Xu H., Bai J., Meng J., Hao W., Xu H., Cao J.M. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes suppress potassium channel activities in PC12 cells. Nanotechnology 2009, 20:285102.
213. Kraszewski S., Tarek M., Treptow W., Ramseyer C. Affinity of C60 neat fullerenes with membrane proteins: a computational study on potassium channels. ACS Nano 2010, 4:4158-4164.
214. Murphy E.A., Majeti B.K., Barnes L.A., Makale M., Weis S.M., Lutu-Fuga K., Wrasidlo W., Cheresh D.A. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to tumor vasculature suppresses metastasis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:9343-9348.
215. Alshamsan A., Hamdy S., Samuel J., El-Kadi A.O., Lavasanifar A., Uludag H. The induction of tumor apoptosis in B16 melanoma following STAT3 siRNA delivery with a lipid-substituted polyethylenimine. Biomaterials 2010, 31:1420-1428.
216. Han L., Zhang A., Wang H., Pu P., Jiang X., Kang C., Chang J. Tat-BMPs-PAMAM conjugates enhance therapeutic effect of small interference RNA on U251 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 2010, 21:417-426.
217. Gao J., Sun J., Li H., Liu W., Zhang Y., Li B., Qian W., Wang H., Chen J., Guo Y. Lyophilized HER2-specific PEGylated immunoliposomes for active siRNA gene silencing. Biomaterials 2010, 31:2655-2664.
218. Villares G.J., Zigler M., Wang H., Melnikova V.O., Wu H., Friedman R., Leslie M.C., Vivas-Mejia P.E., Lopez-Berestein G., Sood A.K., Bar-Eli M. Targeting melanoma growth and metastasis with systemic delivery of liposome-incorporated protease-activated receptor-1 small interfering RNA. Cancer Res. 2008, 68:9078-9086.