Rewarding rush-hour avoidance: A study of commuters' travel behavior

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

Volumn 45, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 567-582

  Ben Elia, Eran ^a   Ettema, Dick ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Behavior change; Congestion; Revealed preference; Rewards; Road pricing; Travel information

Indexed keywords

ROADS AND STREETS; TRAFFIC CONTROL; TRANSPORTATION CHARGES;

BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CONGESTION; REVEALED PREFERENCE; REWARDS; ROAD PRICING; TRAVEL INFORMATION;

COSTS;

CONGESTION; DISCRETE CHOICE ANALYSIS; PUBLIC TRANSPORT; ROAD PRICING; TRANSPORTATION POLICY; TRAVEL BEHAVIOR;

NETHERLANDS;

EID: 79957680041     PISSN: 09658564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2011.03.003     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1991, 50:179-211.
2. Arnott R., de Palma A., Lindsey R. Economics of a bottleneck. Journal of Urban Economics 1990, 27:111-130.
3. Arnott R., de Palma A., Lindsey R. A structural model of peak-period congestion: a traffic bottleneck with elastic demand. American Economic Review 1993, 83:161-179.
4. Avineri E., Prashker J.N. Sensitivity to uncertainty: the need for a paradigm shift. Transportation Research Record 2003, 1854:90-98.
5. Avineri E., Prashker J.N. The impact of travel time information on travelers' learning under uncertainty. Transportation 2006, 33(4):393-408.
6. Axhausen K., Gärling Activity-based approaches to travel analysis: conceptual frameworks, models and research problems. Transport Reviews 1992, 12:324-341.
7. Bamberg S., Ajzen I., Schmidt P. Choice of travel mode in the theory of planned behavior: the roles of past behavior, habit, and reasoned action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2002, 25:175-187.
8. Bamberg S., Rolle D., Weber C. Does habitual car use not lead to more resistance to change of travel mode. Transportation 2003, 30:97-108.
9. Banister, D., 1994. Equity and Acceptability Questions in Internalising the Social Costs of Transport. Internalising the Social Costs of Transport. OECD, Paris.
10. Ben-Akiva M., Lerman S.R. Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand 1985, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
11. Ben-Elia E., Shiftan Y. Which road do I take? A learning based model of route-choice and real-time information. Transportation Research, Part A 2010, (44):249-264.
12. Ben Akiva, M., Bolduc, D. (1996), Multinomial probit with a Logit kernel and a general parametric specification of the covariance structure, working paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
13. Ben-Elia E., Erev I., Shiftan Y. The combined effect of information and experience on drivers' route-choice behavior. Transportation 2008, 35(2):165-177.
14. Ben-Elia E., Ettema D. Carrots versus sticks: rewarding commuters for avoiding the rush-hour - a study of willingness to participate. Transport Policy 2009, 16:68-76.
15. Ben-Elia, E., Ettema, D., in press. Changing commuters' behavior using rewards: a study of rush-hour avoidance. Transportation Research Part F.
16. Ben-Elia, E., Bierlaire, M., Ettema, D., 2010a. A model of departure time choice with latent classes and peak-hour avoidance rewarding. In: 12th World Conference on Transportation Research, Lisbon.
17. Ben-Elia, E., Ettema, D., Boeije, H., 2011. Behaviour change dynamics in response to rewards for rush-hour avoidance: a qualitative research approach. In Paper presented at 90th Annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
18. Berridge K.C. Rewarding learning: reinforcement, incentives and expectations. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 2001, Academic Press. D.L. Medin (Ed.).
19. Bhat C. Accommodating variations in responsiveness to level-of-service variables in travel mode choice models. Transportation Research A 1998, 32:455-507.
20. Bhat C. An analysis of evening commute stop-making behavior using repeated choice observation from a multi-day survey. Transportation Research B. 1999, 33:495-510.
21. Bhat C. Simulation estimation of mixed discrete choice models using randomized and scrambled Halton sequences. Transportation Research, Part B 2003, 37:837-855.
22. Bierlaire, M., 2003. BIOGEME: a free package for the estimation of discrete choice models. In Proceedings of the 3rd Swiss Transportation Research Conference, Ascona, Switzerland.
23. Bierlaire, M., 2009. Estimation of discrete choice models with BIOGEME 1.8. Transport and Mobility Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
24. Bliemer, M.C.J., van Amelsfort, D.H., 2008. Rewarding instead of charging road users: a model case study investigating effects on traffic conditions. In: Paper Presented at 3rd Kuhmo-Nectar Summer School and Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
25. Bliemer, M., Dicke-Ogenia, M., Ettema, D., 2009. Rewarding for avoiding the peak period: a synthesis of four studies in The Netherlands. In: Paper Presented at 12th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Jaipur.
26. Bonsall P., Shires J., Maule J., Matthews B., Beale J. Responses to complex pricing signals: theory, evidence and implications for road pricing. Transportation Research, Part A 2007, 41(7):672-683.
27. Chang-Hee C.B., Bassok A. The Pudget Sound (Seattle) congestion pricing pilot experiment. Road Congestion Pricing in Europe: Implications for the United States 2008, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. H.W. Richardson, C.B. Chang-Hee (Eds.).
28. Cameron J., Banko K.M., Pierce W.D. Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: the myth continues. The Behavior Analyst 2001, 24:1-44.
29. Cao X., Mokhtarian P.L. How do individuals adapt their personal travel? Objective and subjective influences on the consideration of travel-related strategies for San Francisco Bay Area commuters. Transport Policy 2005, 12(4):291-302.
30. Cherchi, E., 2009. Modelling individual preferences: State of the art, recent advances and future directions. In Paper presented at 12th International Conference on Travel Behaviour and Research, Jaipur.
31. Currie, G., 2010. A quick cost-effective solution to rail overcrowding - the 3 Melbourne Free "Early Bird" ticket experience. In Paper Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
32. Dayan P., Balleine B.W. Reward, motivation and reinforcement learning. Neuron 2002, 36:285-298.
33. Deci E.L., Ryan R. Intrinsic Motivation and Self Determination in Human Behavior 1985, Plenum Press, New York.
34. Eriksson L., Garvill J., Nordlund A.M. Acceptability of travel demand management measures: the importance of problem awareness, personal norm, freedom, and fairness. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2006, 26:15-26.
35. Ettema D., Knockaert J., Verhoef E. Using incentives as traffic management tool: empirical results of the "peak avoidance" experiment. Transportation Letters 2010, 2:39-51.
36. European Commission, 2006a. Keep Europe Moving - Sustainable Mobility for Our Continent. (Mid-term Review of the European Commission's 2001 Transport White Paper). Communication from the Commission. European Commission, COM(2006)314.
37. European Commission, 2006b. Raising Awareness of ICT for Smarter, Safer and Cleaner Vehicles. Communication from the Commission. European Commission, COM(2006)59.
38. Fishbein M., Ajzen I. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research 1975, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
39. Fujii S., Gärling T., Kitamura R. Changes in drivers' perceptions and use of public transport during a freeway closure: effects of temporary structural change on cooperation in a real-life social dilemma. Environment and Behaviour 2001, 33:796-808.
40. Fujii S., Kitamura R. What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change. Transportation 2003, 30:81-95.
41. Gärling T., Garvill J. Psychological explanations of participants in everyday activities. Behaviour and Environment: Psychological and Geographical Approaches 1993, Elsevier, Amsterdam. T. Gärling, R.G. Golledge (Eds.).
42. Gärling T., Gillholm R., Gärling A. Reintroducing attitude theory in travel behaviour research: the validity of an interactive interview procedure to predict car use. Transportation 1998, 25:147-167.
43. Gärling T., Axhausen K.W. Introduction: habitual travel choice. Transportation 2003, 30:1-11.
44. Gärling T., Fujii S., Boe O. Empirical tests of a model of determinants of script-based driving choices. Transportation Research Part F 2001, 4:89-102.
45. Gärling T., Jakobsson C., Loukopoulos P., Fujii S. Adaptation of private car use in response to travel demand management measures: potential roles of intelligent transportation systems. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Technology, Planning, and Operations 2004, 8(4):189-194.
46. Garling, T., Fujii, S., 2006. Travel behavior modification: theories, methods and programs. In Paper Presented at 11th IATBR Conference, Kyoto, Japan.
47. Geller E. Applied behavior analysis and social marketing: an integration for environmental preservation. Journal of Social Issues 1989, 45:17-36.
48. Giuliano, G., 1994. Equity and fairness considerations of congestion pricing. In: Special Report 242: Curbing gridlock: Peak-Period Fees to Relieve Traffic Congestion, vol 2. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
49. Halton J. On the efficiency of evaluating certain quasi-random sequences of points in evaluating multi-dimensional integrals. Numerische Mathematik 1960, 2:84-90.
50. Harris A.J., Tanner J.C. Transport demand models based on personal characteristics. Transportation and Traffic Theory 1974, Elsevier, Amsterdam. D.J. Buckley (Ed.).
51. Hjorth, K., Fosgerau, M., 2008. Determinants of the degree of loss aversion. In Proceedings of the European Transport Conference, Noordwijkerhout.
52. Jou R.-C., Kitamura R., Weng M.-C., Chen C.-C. Dynamic commuter departure time choice under uncertainty. Transportation Research, Part A 2008, 42:774-783.
53. Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect theory - an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 1979, 47(2):263-291.
54. Kahneman D., Tversky A. Choices values and frames. American Psychologist 1984, 39(4):341-350.
55. Kahneman D., Knetsch J., Thaler R.H. The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias: anomalies. Journal of Economic Perspectives 1991, 5:193-206.
56. Knockaert, J., Bliemer, M., Ettema, D., Joksimovic, D., Mulder, A., Rouwendal, J., van Amelsfort, D., 2007. Experimental design and modelling Spitsmijden. Bureau Spitsmijden, The Hague.
57. Kreps D. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 1997, 87:359-364.
58. Lawrence, C., Zhou, J., Tits, A., 1997. User's guide for CFSQP version 2.5: AC code for solving (large scale) constrained nonlinear (minimax) optimization problems, generating iterates satisfying all inequality constraints. Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland.
59. Lomax, T., Schrank, D., 2003. 2002 Urban Mobility Study. Texas Transportation Institute.
60. Mayeres I., Ochelen S., Proost S. Marginal and external costs of urban transport. Transportation Research, Part D 1996, 1(2):111-130.
61. McFadden D., Train K. Mixed MNL models of discrete response. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2000, 15:447-470.
62. McFadden D. The behavioral science of transportation. Transport Policy 2007, 14:269-274.
63. Nijkamp P., Shefer D. Urban Transport Externalities and Pigouvian Taxes: A Network Approach 1998, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
64. Palma, P.A., González, C.D., Carrasco, S.L., 2009. Gender differences in time use and mobility: time poverty and dual consumption. In: Paper Presented at Time Use Observatory, Santiago, Chile.
65. Polydoropoulou A., Ben-Akiva M. Influence of traffic information on drivers' route-choice behavior. Transportation Research Record 1994, 1453:56-65.
66. Revelt D., Train K. Mixed MNL models for discrete response. Review of Economics and Statistics 1998, 80:647-657.
67. Ronis D.L., Yates J.F., Kirscht J.P. Attitudes, decisions and habits as determinants of repeated behaviour. Attitude Structure and Function 1989, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, A.G. Greenwald (Eds.).
68. Rothengatter T. The effects of police surveillance and law enforcement on driver behaviour. Current Psychological Reviews 1992, 2:349-358.
69. Rouwendal J., Verhoef E.T. Basic economic principles of road pricing: from theory to applications. Transport Policy 2006, 13(2):106-114.
70. Schuitema G. Pricing policies in transport. Human decision making and environmental perception: understanding and assisting human decision making in real-life settings 2003, University of Groningen, Groningen. L. Hendrickx, W. Jager, L. Steg (Eds.).
71. Schwanen T. Gender differences in chauffeuring children among dual-earner families. The Professional Geographer 2007, 59:447-462.
72. Schwartz S. Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 10 1977, Academic Press, London. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
73. Senbil M., Kitamura R. Reference points in commuter departure time choice: a prospect theoretic test of alternative decision frames. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations 2004, 8:19-31.
74. Senbil M., Kitamura R. Policy effects on decisions under uncertain conditions simulation with mixed logit models of toll expressway use. Transportation Research Record 2008, 2076:1-9.
75. Shadish W.R., Cook T.D., Campbell D.T. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference 2002, Wadsworth, Belmont.
76. Simon H.A. Models of Bounded Rationality 1982, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
77. Small K.A., Verhoef E.T. The Economics of Urban Transportation 2007, Routledge, London.
78. Thorndike E.L. Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Monographs 1898, 2(4).
79. Srinivasan K.K., Mahamassani H.S. Analyzing heterogeneity and unobserved structural effects in route-switching behavior under ATIS: a dynamic kernel logit formulation. Transportation Research, Part B. 2003, 37:793-814.
80. Train K. Mixed logit models for recreation demand. Valuing Recreation and the Environment 1999, Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA. J. Herriges, C. Kling (Eds.).
81. Train, K., 2000. Halton sequences for mixed logit. Working paper. Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley.
82. Train K. Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
83. Triandis H.C. Interpersonal Behavior 1977, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA.
84. Triandis H.C. Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1980, 195-259. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. H.E. Howe, M.M. Page (Eds.).
85. Verhoef E. Road transport pricing: motivation, objectives and design from an economic perspective. Pricing in Road Transport: A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective 2008, Edward Elgar Publishing, London. E. Verhoef, M. Bliemer, L. Steg, B. van Wee (Eds.).
86. Verplanken B., Aarts H., van Knippenberg A. Attitude versus general habit: antecedents of travel mode choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1997, 24:285-300.
87. Vickrey W.S. Congestion theory and transport investment. American Economic Review 1969, 59:251-261.
88. Viegas J.M. Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: searching for quality and equity in urban mobility. Transport Policy 2001, 8(4):289-294.
89. Vonk Noordegraaf, D.M., Annema, J.A., 2009. Employer attitude to rush-hour avoidance. In Proceedings of the European Transport Conference. Noordwijkerhout.
90. Walker, J.L., 2001. Extended Discrete Choice Models: Integrated Framework. Flexible Error Structures, and Latent Variables. PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
91. Walker, J.L., Ben Akiva, M., Bolduc, D., 2004. Identification of the Logit Kernel (or Mixed Logit) Model. Working paper. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.