Air pollution from traffic emissions in Oporto, Portugal: Health and environmental implications

Microchemical Journal

Volumn 99, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 51-59

  Slezakova, Klara ^a,b   Castro, Dionísia ^a,b   Begonha, Arlindo ^a   Delerue Matos, Cristina ^b   Alvim Ferraz, Maria da Conceição ^a   Morais, Simone ^b   Pereira, Maria do Carmo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^b INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE ENGENHARIA DO PORTO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Black crusts; Health risks; Historical monuments; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Traffic emissions

Indexed keywords

EID: 79957653773     PISSN: 0026265X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.03.010     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. European Environment Agency (EEA) Transport and Environment in Europe, EEA Briefing 03/2004 2004, EEA, Copenhagen.
2. Muránszky G., Óvári M., Virág I., Csiba P., Dobai R., Záray G. Chemical characterization of PM10 fractions of urban aerosol. Microchem. J. 2011, 98:1-10.
3. European Environmental Agency (EEA) Annual European Community LRTAP Convention Emissions Inventory Report 1990-2006. EEA Technical Report No. 7 2008, EEA, Copenhagen.
4. Kunzli N., Kaiser R., Medina S. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet 2000, 356:795-801.
5. World Health Organization (WHO) Environmental Health Criteria 202: Selected Non-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. International Programme on Chemical Safety 1998, World Health Organisation, Geneva.
6. IARC Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum. 2002, 82:367.
7. IARC Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures, IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum. 2010, 92:773.
8. Shibamoto T. Chromatographic Analysis of Environmental and Food Toxicants 1998, Marcel Dekker, INC., New York. first ed.
9. European Union (EU) Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Official J. European Union 2005, L23:3-16.
10. Pufelete M., Battershill J., Boobis A., Fielder R. Approaches to carcinogenic risk assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: a UK perspective. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2004, 40:54-56.
11. Okona-Mensah K.W., Battershill J., Boobis A., Fielder R. An approach to investigating the importance of high potency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the induction of lung cancer by air pollution. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2005, 43:1103-1116.
12. Bergvall C., Westerholm R. Identification and determination of highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers in air particulate samples from a street canyon, a rooftop, and a subway station in Stockholm. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:731-737.
13. Gill G., Pignata C., Schilirò T., Bono R., La Rosa A., Traversi D. The mutagenic hazards of environmental PM2.5 in Turin. Environ. Res. 2007, 103:168-175.
14. Kameda Y., Shirai J., Komai T., Nakanishi J., Masunaga S. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: size distribution, estimation of their risks and their deposition to the human respiratory tract. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 340:71-80.
15. Marioni N., Birelli M.P., Rostagno C., Pavese A. The effects of atmospheric multipollutants on modern concrete. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:4701-4712.
16. Esbert R.M., Díaz-Pache F., Grossi C.M., Alonso F.J., Ordaz J. Airborne particulate matter around the Cathedral of Burgos (Castilla y León, Spain). Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:441-452.
17. Sabbioni C., Zappia G., Riontino C., Binco-Varela M.T., Aguilera J., Puertas F., Van Balen K., Toumbakari E.F. Atmospheric deterioration of ancient and modern hydraulic mortars Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:539-548.
18. Gaviño M., Hermosin B., Vergès-Belmin V., Nowik W., Saiz-Jimenez W. Composition of the black crust from the Saint Denis Basilica, France, as revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci. 2004, 27:513-523.
19. Mannino M.R., Orecchio S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust matter of Palermo (Italy) area: Extraction, GC-MS analysis, distribution and sources. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:1801-1817.
20. Begonha A. Meteorização do granito e deterioração da pedra em monumentos e edifícios da cidade do Porto. FEUP-Edições-Colecção Monografias 2001, Porto. first ed.
21. Martínez-Arkarazo I., Angulo M., Bartolomé L., Etxebarria N., Olazaba M.A., Madariaga J.M. An integrated analytical approach to diagnose the conservation state of building materials of a palace house in the metropolitan Bilbao (Basque Country, North of Spain). Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 584:350-359.
22. Real M.L., Távora M.J., Pinto Osório M.I., Teixeira F.F. Escavações arqueológicas no Morro da Sé, Cultural Bulletin of Oporto Municipal Hall 3/4 (in Portuguese) 1985-86, Municipal Hall, Porto.
23. Pereira M.C., Santos R.C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. Air quality improvements using European environmental policies: a case study of SO2 in coastal region in Portugal. J. Toxicol. Env. Health A 2007, 70:347-351.
24. Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M., Pereira M.C., Ferraz J.M., Almeida Test A.M.C. European directives for air quality: analysis of the new limits in comparison with asthmatic symptoms in children living in Oporto metropolitan area, Portugal. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2005, 11:607-616.
25. Pereira M.C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M., Santos R.C. Relevant aspects of air quality in Oporto (Portugal): PM10 and O3. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2005, 101:203-221.
26. European Environment Agency (EEA) Impact of Selected Policy Measures on Europe's Air Quality, EEA Technical Report No. 8 2010, EEA, Copenhagen.
27. European Environment Agency (EEA) Air Quality in Europe: State and Trends 1990-99, EEA Topic report 4/2002 2003, EEA, Copenhagen.
28. Tsapakis M., Stephanou E.G. Collection of gas and particle semi-volatile organic compounds: use of an oxidant denuder to minimize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation during high-volume air sampling. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:4935-4944.
29. Castro D., Slezakova K., Oliva-Teles M.T., Delerue-Matos C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C., Morais S., Pereira M.C. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 2009, 32:501-510.
30. Miller J.N., Miller J.C. Statistics for Analytical Chemistry 2000, Pearson Education Ltd., Harlow.
31. Kalaiarasan M., Balasubramanian R., Cheong K.W.D., Tham K.W. Traffic generated airborne particles in naturally ventilated multi-storey residential buildings of Singapore: vertical distribution and potential health risks. Build. Environ. 2009, 44:1493-1500.
32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Federal Register 51(185):33992-34003, EPA/630/R-00/004, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1986.
33. Ohura T., Amagai T., Sugiyama T., Fusaya M., Matsushita H. Characteristics of particle matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air in two cities in Shizuoka, Japan. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38:2045-2054.
34. European Environmental Agency (EEA), More EU Member States to Miss 2010 Air Pollutant Limits, Available at , accessed online September 2010. http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/more-eu-member-statesto-miss-2010-air-pollutant-limits.
35. European Environmental Agency (EEA) Beyond Transport Policy - Exploring and Managing the External Drivers of Transport Demand: Illustrative Case Studies from Europe, EEA Technical Report No. 12 2008, EEA, Copenhagen.
36. Schiavon N., Chiavari G., Fabbri D. Soiling of limestone in an urban environment characterized by heavy vehicular exhaust emissions. Environ. Geol. 2004, 46:448-455.
37. Portuguese Environmental Agency, QualAr, Online Database of Air Quality, Available at , accessed in September-October 2010. http://http://www.qualar.org/?page=1.
38. Union European (EU), Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official J. European Union 2008, L152:1-44.
39. Portuguese Environmental Agency Relatório do Estado do Ambiente 2008 2008, Portuguese Environmental Agency, Lisbon.
40. Oliveira C., Pio C., Caseiro A., Santos P., Nunes T., Mao H., Luahana L., Sokhi R. Road traffic impact on urban atmospheric aerosol loading at Oporto, Portugal, Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44:3147-3158.
41. Slezakova K., Pereira M.C., Reis M.A., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. Influence of traffic emissions on composition of atmospheric particles of different sizes - Part 1: concentrations and elemental characterization. J. Atmos. Chem. 2007, 58:55-68.
42. Van Dingenen R., Raes F., Putaud J.P., Baltensperger U., Charron A., Facchini M.C., Decesari S., Fuzzi S., Gehrig R., Hansson H.C., Harrison R.M., Hüglin C., Jones A.M., Laj P., Lorbeer G., Maenhaut W., Palmgren F., Querol X., Rodriguez S., Schneider J., Brink H.T., Tunved P., Tørseth K., Wehner B., Weingartner E., Wiedensohler A., Wåhlin P. A European aerosol phenomenology - 1: physical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38:2561-2577.
43. Ravindra K., Bencs L., Wauters E., de Hoog J., Deutsch F., Roekens E., Bleux N., Bergmans P., Van Grieken R. Seasonal and site specific variation in vapor and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40:771-785.
44. Smith D.J.T., Harrison R.M. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Particles. Atmospheric Particles 1998, John Wiley & Sons, New York. R.M. Harrison, R. Van Grieken (Eds.).
45. Guo H., Lee S.C., Ho K.F., Wang X.M., Zou S.C. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:5307-5317.
46. Marr L.C., Kirchstetter T.W., Harley R.A., Miguel A.H., Hering S.V., Hammond S.K. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicles fuels and exhaust emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33:3091-3099.
47. Miguel A.H., Kirchstetter T.W., Harley R.B., Hering R.A. On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32:450-455.
48. Chirico R., Spezzano P., Cataldi D. Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the spring and summer in a suburban site near major traffic arteries. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. 2007, 27:401-423.
49. Slezakova K., Castro D., Pereira M.C., Morais S., Delerue-Matos C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. Influence of traffic emissions on the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in outdoor breathable particles. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2010, 60:393-401.
50. Castro D., Slezakova K., Delerue-Matos C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C., Morais S., Pereira M.C.M. Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5. Glob. Nest. J. 2010, 12:3-11.
51. Nisbet I.T.K., LaGoy P.K. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 1992, 16:290-300.
52. Boström C.E., Gerde P., Hanberg A., Jernstrom B., Johansson C., Kyrklund T., Rannug A., Tornqvist M., Victorin K., Westerholm R. Cancer risk assessments, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:451-488.
53. Begonha A., Sequeira M.A., Braga F., da Silva Gomes Rain Water as a Source of the Soluble Salts Responsible for Stone Decay in the Granitic Monuments of Oporto and Braga - Portugal. Proceedings of 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone 1996, 481-487. J. Riederer (Ed.).
54. Paoletti L., De Berardis B., Diociaiuti M. Physico-chemical characterisation of the inhalable particular matter (PM10) in urban area: an analysis of the seasonal trend. Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 292:265-275.
55. Xie R.K., Seip H.M., Leinum J.R., Winje T., Xiao J.S. Chemical characterization of the individual particles (PM10) from ambient air in Guiyang City, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 343:261-272.
56. Slezakova K., Pereira M.C., Pires J.M.C., Martins F.G., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. Influence of traffic emissions on composition of atmospheric particles of different sizes - Part 2: SEM-EDS characterization. J. Atmos. Chem. 2008, 60:221-236.
57. Pires J.C.M., Sousa S.I.V., Pereira M.C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M., Martins F.G. Management of air quality monitoring using principal component and cluster analysis - Part I: SO2 and PM10. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:1249-1260.
58. Vardar N., Esen F., Tasdemir Y. Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa. Turkey. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 155:298-307.
59. Tittarelli F., Moriconi G., Bonazza A. Atmospheric deterioration of cement plaster in a building exposed to a urban environment. J. Cult. Herit. 2008, 9:203-206.
60. World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines: Second Edition, European Series No. 91 2000, WHO Regional Publications, Copenhagen.