메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 115, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1966-1977

Hourly simulations of the microwave brightness temperature of seasonal snow in Quebec, Canada, using a coupled snow evolution-emission model

Author keywords

Crocus snow model; MEMLS radiative transfer model; Microwave brightness temperature; Snow; Surface based radiometer

Indexed keywords

BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS; COUPLED MODELS; DRY SNOW; EVOLUTION MODELS; GLOBAL TRENDS; HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION; HOURLY SIMULATION; INPUT VARIABLES; MEMLS RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL; METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS; MICROWAVE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE; MICROWAVE EMISSION MODELS; PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING; PASSIVE MICROWAVES; QUEBEC , CANADA; RAIN-ON-SNOW; RESIDUAL ERROR; ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERRORS; SEASONAL SNOWPACK; SNOW GRAIN SIZE; SNOW MODELS; SNOW PROPERTIES; SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SURFACE-BASED; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; VERTICAL POLARIZATION; WEATHER CONDITIONS; WINTER SEASONS;

EID: 79957595656     PISSN: 00344257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (71)
  • 3
    • 0036839825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning part 1: Numerical model
    • Bartelt P., Lehning M. A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning part 1: Numerical model. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2002, 35(3):123-145.
    • (2002) Cold Regions Science and Technology , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 123-145
    • Bartelt, P.1    Lehning, M.2
  • 6
    • 0032376227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variability of Canadian monthly snow depth 1946-1995
    • Brown R., Braaten R. Spatial and temporal variability of Canadian monthly snow depth 1946-1995. Atmosphere-Ocean 1998, 36:37-54.
    • (1998) Atmosphere-Ocean , vol.36 , pp. 37-54
    • Brown, R.1    Braaten, R.2
  • 7
    • 84920528421 scopus 로고
    • A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting
    • Brun E., David P., Dudul M., Brunot G. A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology 1992, 38(128):13-22.
    • (1992) Journal of Glaciology , vol.38 , Issue.128 , pp. 13-22
    • Brun, E.1    David, P.2    Dudul, M.3    Brunot, G.4
  • 8
    • 0024830537 scopus 로고
    • An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forcasting
    • Brun E., Martin E., Simon V., Coleou C. An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forcasting. Journal of Glaciology 1989, 35(121):333-342.
    • (1989) Journal of Glaciology , vol.35 , Issue.121 , pp. 333-342
    • Brun, E.1    Martin, E.2    Simon, V.3    Coleou, C.4
  • 12
  • 14
    • 36849123668 scopus 로고
    • Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its application
    • Debye P., Anderson H.R., Brumberger H. Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its application. Journal of Applied Physics 1957, 28:679-683.
    • (1957) Journal of Applied Physics , vol.28 , pp. 679-683
    • Debye, P.1    Anderson, H.R.2    Brumberger, H.3
  • 15
    • 41249102934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of AMSR-E 18.7 and 10.7GHz measurements to improved boreal forest snow water equivalent retrievals
    • Derksen C. The contribution of AMSR-E 18.7 and 10.7GHz measurements to improved boreal forest snow water equivalent retrievals. Remote Sensing of Environment 2008, 112(5):2701-2710.
    • (2008) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.112 , Issue.5 , pp. 2701-2710
    • Derksen, C.1
  • 16
    • 0842306349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of 18 winter seasons of in situ and passive microwave-derived snow water equivalent estimates in Western Canada
    • Derksen C., Walker A., Goodison B. A comparison of 18 winter seasons of in situ and passive microwave-derived snow water equivalent estimates in Western Canada. Remote Sensing of Environment 2003, 88(3):271-282.
    • (2003) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.88 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-282
    • Derksen, C.1    Walker, A.2    Goodison, B.3
  • 17
    • 18444379634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating in situ and multiscale passive microwave data for estimation of subgrid scale snow water equivalent distribution and variability
    • Derksen C., Walker A., Goodison B., Strapp J. Integrating in situ and multiscale passive microwave data for estimation of subgrid scale snow water equivalent distribution and variability. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 2005, 43(5):960-972.
    • (2005) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 960-972
    • Derksen, C.1    Walker, A.2    Goodison, B.3    Strapp, J.4
  • 18
    • 44049092034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying uncertainty in modeling snow microwave radiance for a mountain snowpack at the point-scale, including stratigraphic effects
    • Durand M., Kim E.J., Margulis S.A. Quantifying uncertainty in modeling snow microwave radiance for a mountain snowpack at the point-scale, including stratigraphic effects. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 2008, 46:1753-1767.
    • (2008) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.46 , pp. 1753-1767
    • Durand, M.1    Kim, E.J.2    Margulis, S.A.3
  • 19
    • 62749144048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiance assimilation shows promise for snowpack characterization
    • Durand M., Kim E.J., Margulis S.A. Radiance assimilation shows promise for snowpack characterization. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:2503.
    • (2009) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.36 , pp. 2503
    • Durand, M.1    Kim, E.J.2    Margulis, S.A.3
  • 22
    • 20144385466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the energy budget of an alpine snowpack simulated by several snow models (SnowMIP project)
    • Etchevers P., Martin E., Brown R., Fierz C., Lejeune Y., Bazile E., et al. Validation of the energy budget of an alpine snowpack simulated by several snow models (SnowMIP project). Annals of Glaciology 2004, 38:150-158.
    • (2004) Annals of Glaciology , vol.38 , pp. 150-158
    • Etchevers, P.1    Martin, E.2    Brown, R.3    Fierz, C.4    Lejeune, Y.5    Bazile, E.6
  • 24
    • 11144274593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations
    • Foster J., Sun C., Walker J., Kelly R., Chang A., Dong J., et al. Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 2005, 94(2):187-203.
    • (2005) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.94 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-203
    • Foster, J.1    Sun, C.2    Walker, J.3    Kelly, R.4    Chang, A.5    Dong, J.6
  • 25
    • 1642406309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a microwave emission model to estimate soil moisture from ESTAR observations during SGP99
    • Gao H., Wood E., Drusch M., Crow W., Jackson T. Using a microwave emission model to estimate soil moisture from ESTAR observations during SGP99. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2004, 5(1):49-63.
    • (2004) Journal of Hydrometeorology , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-63
    • Gao, H.1    Wood, E.2    Drusch, M.3    Crow, W.4    Jackson, T.5
  • 26
    • 61849144247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The surface accumulation and ablation of a coastal blue-ice area near Cap Prudhomme, Terre Adélie
    • Genthon C., Lardeux P., Krinner G. The surface accumulation and ablation of a coastal blue-ice area near Cap Prudhomme, Terre Adélie. Antarctica Journal of Glaciology 2007, 53:635-645.
    • (2007) Antarctica Journal of Glaciology , vol.53 , pp. 635-645
    • Genthon, C.1    Lardeux, P.2    Krinner, G.3
  • 27
    • 0019707030 scopus 로고
    • Compatibility of Canadian snowfall and snow cover data
    • Goodison B.E. Compatibility of Canadian snowfall and snow cover data. Water Resources Research 1981, 17:893-900.
    • (1981) Water Resources Research , vol.17 , pp. 893-900
    • Goodison, B.E.1
  • 28
    • 0022171681 scopus 로고
    • Temporal variations of the microwave signatures of sea ice during the late spring an early summer near Mould Bay NWT
    • Grenfell T.C., Lohanick A.W. Temporal variations of the microwave signatures of sea ice during the late spring an early summer near Mould Bay NWT. Journal of Geophysical Research 1985, 90:5063-5074.
    • (1985) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.90 , pp. 5063-5074
    • Grenfell, T.C.1    Lohanick, A.W.2
  • 29
    • 24344468230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison between the interannual variability of snow parameters derived from SSM/I and the Ob river discharge
    • Grippa M., Mognard N., Le Toan T. Comparison between the interannual variability of snow parameters derived from SSM/I and the Ob river discharge. Remote Sensing of Environment 2004, 98(1):35-44.
    • (2004) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.98 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-44
    • Grippa, M.1    Mognard, N.2    Le Toan, T.3
  • 31
    • 0023327023 scopus 로고
    • Influence of depth hoar on microwave emission from snow in northern Alaska
    • Hall D. Influence of depth hoar on microwave emission from snow in northern Alaska. Cold Regions Science and Technology 1987, 13(3):225-231.
    • (1987) Cold Regions Science and Technology , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 225-231
    • Hall, D.1
  • 33
    • 35548930251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterized multiple-scattering model for microwave emission from dry snow
    • Jiang L., Shi L., Tjuatja S., Dozier J., Chen K., Zhang L. A parameterized multiple-scattering model for microwave emission from dry snow. Remote Sensing of Environment 2007, 111(2-3):357-366.
    • (2007) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.111 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 357-366
    • Jiang, L.1    Shi, L.2    Tjuatja, S.3    Dozier, J.4    Chen, K.5    Zhang, L.6
  • 35
    • 0037096697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism
    • Josberger E.G., Mognard N.M. A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism. Hydrological Processes 2002, 16:1557-1568.
    • (2002) Hydrological Processes , vol.16 , pp. 1557-1568
    • Josberger, E.G.1    Mognard, N.M.2
  • 36
    • 74149085648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AMSR-E snow depth algorithm: Description and initial results
    • Kelly R. The AMSR-E snow depth algorithm: Description and initial results. Japanese Journal of Remote Sensing 2009, 29(1):307-317.
    • (2009) Japanese Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 307-317
    • Kelly, R.1
  • 37
    • 0142219858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a passive microwave global snow depth retrieval algorithm for Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) data
    • 41-1
    • Kelly R.E.J., Chang A.T.C. Development of a passive microwave global snow depth retrieval algorithm for Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) data. Radio Science 2003, 38. 41-1.
    • (2003) Radio Science , vol.38
    • Kelly, R.E.J.1    Chang, A.T.C.2
  • 39
  • 41
    • 61349092398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of airborne microwave brightness temperatures and snowpack properties across the boreal forests of Finland and Western Canada
    • Lemmetyinen J., Derksen C., Pulliainen J., Strapp W., Toose P., Walker A., et al. A comparison of airborne microwave brightness temperatures and snowpack properties across the boreal forests of Finland and Western Canada. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 2009, 47(3):965-978.
    • (2009) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 965-978
    • Lemmetyinen, J.1    Derksen, C.2    Pulliainen, J.3    Strapp, W.4    Toose, P.5    Walker, A.6
  • 43
    • 0028602239 scopus 로고
    • A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models
    • Liang X., Lettennmaier D.P., Wood E.F., Burges S.J. A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:14415-14428.
    • (1994) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.99 , pp. 14415-14428
    • Liang, X.1    Lettennmaier, D.P.2    Wood, E.F.3    Burges, S.J.4
  • 44
    • 79957589616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling multi-layer effects in passive microwave remote sensing of dry snow using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory (DMRT) based on quasicrystalline approximation
    • IEEE International, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2007
    • Liang D., Xu X., Tsang L., Andreadis K., Josberger E. Modeling multi-layer effects in passive microwave remote sensing of dry snow using Dense Media Radiative Transfer Theory (DMRT) based on quasicrystalline approximation. IGARSS 2007, 1215-1218. IEEE International.
    • (2007) IGARSS , pp. 1215-1218
    • Liang, D.1    Xu, X.2    Tsang, L.3    Andreadis, K.4    Josberger, E.5
  • 47
    • 0001478799 scopus 로고
    • Applications of the interaction of microwaves with the natural snow cover
    • Mätzler C. Applications of the interaction of microwaves with the natural snow cover. Remote Sensing Reviews 1987, 2:259-387.
    • (1987) Remote Sensing Reviews , vol.2 , pp. 259-387
    • Mätzler, C.1
  • 48
    • 0342512239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved born approximation for scattering of radiation in a granular medium
    • Mätzler C. Improved born approximation for scattering of radiation in a granular medium. Journal of Applied Physics 1998, 83(11):6111-6117.
    • (1998) Journal of Applied Physics , vol.83 , Issue.11 , pp. 6111-6117
    • Mätzler, C.1
  • 49
    • 0036939049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between grain-size and correlation length of snow
    • Mätzler C. Relation between grain-size and correlation length of snow. Journal of Glaciology 2002, 48(162):461-466.
    • (2002) Journal of Glaciology , vol.48 , Issue.162 , pp. 461-466
    • Mätzler, C.1
  • 51
    • 17544400907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extension of the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks to coarse-grained snow
    • Mätzler C., Wiesmann A. Extension of the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks to coarse-grained snow. Remote Sensing of Environment 1999, (70:317-325.
    • (1999) Remote Sensing of Environment , pp. 317-325
    • Mätzler, C.1    Wiesmann, A.2
  • 52
    • 35548941893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inversion of a passive microwave snow emission model for water equivalent estimation using airborne and satellite data
    • Pardé M., Goïta K., Royer A. Inversion of a passive microwave snow emission model for water equivalent estimation using airborne and satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment 2007, 111(2-3):346-356.
    • (2007) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.111 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 346-356
    • Pardé, M.1    Goïta, K.2    Royer, A.3
  • 53
    • 33644780638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping of snow water equivalent and snow depth in boreal and sub-Arctic zones by assimilating space-borne microwave radiometer data and ground-based observations
    • Pulliainen J. Mapping of snow water equivalent and snow depth in boreal and sub-Arctic zones by assimilating space-borne microwave radiometer data and ground-based observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 2006, 101(2):257-269.
    • (2006) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 257-269
    • Pulliainen, J.1
  • 55
    • 0025898090 scopus 로고
    • A physically based approach to modeling distributed snowmelt in a small alpine catchment
    • Ranzi R., Rosso R. A physically based approach to modeling distributed snowmelt in a small alpine catchment. Snow Hydrology and Forests in High Alpine Areas 1991, 141-150.
    • (1991) Snow Hydrology and Forests in High Alpine Areas , pp. 141-150
    • Ranzi, R.1    Rosso, R.2
  • 56
    • 70350063671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed and modelled effects of ice lens formation on passive microwave brightness temperatures over snow covered tundra
    • Rees A., Lemmetyinen J., Derksen C., Pulliainen J., English M. Observed and modelled effects of ice lens formation on passive microwave brightness temperatures over snow covered tundra. Remote Sensing of Environment 2010, 114(1):116-126.
    • (2010) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.114 , Issue.1 , pp. 116-126
    • Rees, A.1    Lemmetyinen, J.2    Derksen, C.3    Pulliainen, J.4    English, M.5
  • 58
    • 0022685875 scopus 로고
    • A study of the microwave brightness temperature of snow from the point of view of strong fluctuation theory
    • Stogryn A. A study of the microwave brightness temperature of snow from the point of view of strong fluctuation theory. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 1986, 24:220-231.
    • (1986) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.24 , pp. 220-231
    • Stogryn, A.1
  • 59
    • 0029750357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of SMMR satellite-derived snow depth using ground-based measurements
    • Tait A., Armstrong R. Evaluation of SMMR satellite-derived snow depth using ground-based measurements. International Journal of Remote Sensing 1996, 17(4):657-665.
    • (1996) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 657-665
    • Tait, A.1    Armstrong, R.2
  • 60
    • 33746873614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison of electromagnetic models for passive microwave remote sensing of snow
    • Tedesco M., Kim E. Intercomparison of electromagnetic models for passive microwave remote sensing of snow. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 2006, 44(10):2654-2666.
    • (2006) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.44 , Issue.10 , pp. 2654-2666
    • Tedesco, M.1    Kim, E.2
  • 61
    • 33644884724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of local scale measured and modelled brightness temperatures and snow parameters from the CLPX 2003 by means of a dense medium radiative transfer theory model
    • Tedesco M., Kim E.J., Cline D., Graf T., Koike T., Armstrong R., et al. Comparison of local scale measured and modelled brightness temperatures and snow parameters from the CLPX 2003 by means of a dense medium radiative transfer theory model. Hydrological Processes 2006, 20:657-672.
    • (2006) Hydrological Processes , vol.20 , pp. 657-672
    • Tedesco, M.1    Kim, E.J.2    Cline, D.3    Graf, T.4    Koike, T.5    Armstrong, R.6
  • 62
    • 33845623240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brightness temperatures of snow melting/refreezing cycles: Observations and modeling using a multilayer dense medium theory-based model
    • Tedesco M., Kim E.J., England A.W., de Roo R.D., Hardy J.P. Brightness temperatures of snow melting/refreezing cycles: Observations and modeling using a multilayer dense medium theory-based model. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 2006, 44:3563-3573.
    • (2006) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.44 , pp. 3563-3573
    • Tedesco, M.1    Kim, E.J.2    England, A.W.3    de Roo, R.D.4    Hardy, J.P.5
  • 63
    • 79957625361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in press. A case study of using a multi-layered thermo-dynamical snow model for radiance assimilation. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on.
    • Touré, A., Goïta, K., Royer, A., Kim, E., Durand, M., Margulis, S., Lu, H., in press. A case study of using a multi-layered thermo-dynamical snow model for radiance assimilation. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on.
    • Touré, A.1    Goïta, K.2    Royer, A.3    Kim, E.4    Durand, M.5    Margulis, S.6    Lu, H.7
  • 64
    • 0034187542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dense media radiative transfer theory based on quasicrystalline approximation with application to passive microwave remote sensing of snow
    • Tsang L., Chen C., Chang A.T.C., Guo J., Ding K.H. Dense media radiative transfer theory based on quasicrystalline approximation with application to passive microwave remote sensing of snow. Radio Science 2000, 35(3):741-749.
    • (2000) Radio Science , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 741-749
    • Tsang, L.1    Chen, C.2    Chang, A.T.C.3    Guo, J.4    Ding, K.H.5
  • 66
    • 0034496993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of microwave emission from physically modeled snowpacks
    • Wiesmann A., Fiers C., Mätzler C. Simulation of microwave emission from physically modeled snowpacks. Annals of Glaciology 2000, 397-405.
    • (2000) Annals of Glaciology , pp. 397-405
    • Wiesmann, A.1    Fiers, C.2    Mätzler, C.3
  • 69
    • 0033099797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping snow water equivalent by combining a spatially distributed snow hydrology model with passive microwave remote-sensing data
    • Wilson L.L., Tsang L., Hwang J.-N., Chen C.-T. Mapping snow water equivalent by combining a spatially distributed snow hydrology model with passive microwave remote-sensing data. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 1999, 37:690-704.
    • (1999) Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.37 , pp. 690-704
    • Wilson, L.L.1    Tsang, L.2    Hwang, J.-N.3    Chen, C.-T.4
  • 70
    • 65349088023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimodel estimation of snow microwave emission during CLPX 2003 using operational parameterization of microphysical snow characteristics
    • Wójcik R., Andreadis K., Tedesco M., Wood E., Troy T., Lettenmeier D. Multimodel estimation of snow microwave emission during CLPX 2003 using operational parameterization of microphysical snow characteristics. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2008, 9(6):1491-1505.
    • (2008) Journal of Hydrometeorology , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 1491-1505
    • Wójcik, R.1    Andreadis, K.2    Tedesco, M.3    Wood, E.4    Troy, T.5    Lettenmeier, D.6
  • 71
    • 0032919380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of precipitation measurement discontinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges
    • Yang D., Goodison B.E., Metcalfe J.R., Louie P., Leavesley G., Emerson D., et al. Quantification of precipitation measurement discontinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges. Water Resources Research 1999, 35:491-508.
    • (1999) Water Resources Research , vol.35 , pp. 491-508
    • Yang, D.1    Goodison, B.E.2    Metcalfe, J.R.3    Louie, P.4    Leavesley, G.5    Emerson, D.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.