메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 177, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 800-811

What makes a leaf tough? Patterns of correlated evolutionbetween leaf toughness traits and demographic rates among 197 shade-tolerant woody species in a neotropical forest

Author keywords

Defense; Functional traits; Leaf toughness; Life history trade offs; Phylogenetically independent contrasts; Shade tolerance

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAMETER; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; FOREST DYNAMICS; GROWTH RATE; JUVENILE; LEAF; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; MORTALITY; NEOTROPICAL REGION; PATH ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYTOMASS; SHADE TOLERANCE; SHRUB; STEM; SURVIVAL; TRADE-OFF; UNDERSTORY;

EID: 79957559441     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/659963     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (78)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0032990998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-shading, carbon gain, and leaf dynamics: A test of alternative optimality models
    • Ackerly, D. D. 1999. Self-shading, carbon gain, and leaf dynamics: a test of alternative optimality models. Oecologia (Berlin) 119:300-310.
    • (1999) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.119 , pp. 300-310
    • Ackerly, D.D.1
  • 2
    • 0033709077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taxon sampling, correlated evolution, and independent contrasts
    • Ackerly, D. D. 2000. Taxon sampling, correlated evolution, and independent contrasts. Evolution 54:1480-1492.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 1480-1492
    • Ackerly, D.D.1
  • 3
    • 0028974599 scopus 로고
    • Leaf dynamics, self-shading and carbon gain in seedlings of a tropical pioneer tree
    • Ackerly, D. D., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1995. Leaf dynamics, self-shading and carbon gain in seedlings of a tropical pioneer tree. Oecologia (Berlin) 101:289-298.
    • (1995) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.101 , pp. 289-298
    • Ackerly, D.D.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 5
    • 36249001738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical defense traits enhance seedling survival of Neotropical tree species
    • Alvarez-Clare, S., and K. Kitajima. 2007. Physical defense traits enhance seedling survival of Neotropical tree species. Functional Ecology 21:1044-1054.
    • (2007) Functional Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 1044-1054
    • Alvarez-Clare, S.1    Kitajima, K.2
  • 6
    • 0021547697 scopus 로고
    • Light requirements of Neotropical tree seedlings: A comparative study of growth and survival
    • Augspurger, C. K. 1984. Light requirements of Neotropical tree seedlings: a comparative study of growth and survival. Journal of Ecology 72:777-795.
    • (1984) Journal of Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 777-795
    • Augspurger, C.K.1
  • 7
    • 0038325772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: Behavioral traits are more labile
    • Blomberg, S. P., T. Garland, and A. R. Ives. 2003. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57:717-745.
    • (2003) Evolution , vol.57 , pp. 717-745
    • Blomberg, S.P.1    Garland, T.2    Ives, A.R.3
  • 8
    • 0022219657 scopus 로고
    • Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest
    • Brokaw, N. V. L. 1985. Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest. Ecology 66:682-687.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 682-687
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1
  • 9
    • 0030303299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes a leaf tough and how this affects the pattern of Castanopsis fissa leaf consumption by caterpillars
    • Choong, M. F. 1996. What makes a leaf tough and how this affects the pattern of Castanopsis fissa leaf consumption by caterpillars. Functional Ecology 10:668-674.
    • (1996) Functional Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 668-674
    • Choong, M.F.1
  • 10
    • 0027064138 scopus 로고
    • Leaf fracture-toughness and sclerophylly: Their correlations and ecological implications
    • Choong, M. F., P. W. Lucas, J. S. Y. Ong, B. Pereira, H. T. W. Tan, and I. M. Turner. 1992. Leaf fracture-toughness and sclerophylly: their correlations and ecological implications. New Phytologist 121:597-610.
    • (1992) New Phytologist , vol.121 , pp. 597-610
    • Choong, M.F.1    Lucas, P.W.2    Ong, J.S.Y.3    Pereira, B.4    Tan, H.T.W.5    Turner, I.M.6
  • 11
    • 37349017552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biomechanics of chewing and plant fracture: Mechanisms and implications
    • Clissold, F. J. 2007. The biomechanics of chewing and plant fracture: mechanisms and implications. Advances in Insect Physiology 34: 317-372.
    • (2007) Advances In Insect Physiology , vol.34 , pp. 317-372
    • Clissold, F.J.1
  • 12
    • 0000562548 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest
    • Coley, P. D. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monographs 53: 209-233.
    • (1983) Ecological Monographs , vol.53 , pp. 209-233
    • Coley, P.D.1
  • 13
    • 0024186845 scopus 로고
    • Effects of plant-growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense
    • Coley, P. D. 1988. Effects of plant-growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense. Oecologia (Berlin) 74: 531-536.
    • (1988) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.74 , pp. 531-536
    • Coley, P.D.1
  • 15
    • 0022248838 scopus 로고
    • Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense
    • Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant, and F. S. Chapin. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230:895-899.
    • (1985) Science , vol.230 , pp. 895-899
    • Coley, P.D.1    Bryant, J.P.2    Chapin, F.S.3
  • 18
    • 84964235268 scopus 로고
    • A long-term surveillance system for British woodland vegetation
    • Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Dawkins, H. C., and D. R. Field. 1978. A long-term surveillance system for British woodland vegetation. Occasional Paper no. 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1978) Occasional Paper No. 1
    • Dawkins, H.C.1    Field, D.R.2
  • 19
    • 55149092992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injured and uninjured leaf photosynthetic responses after mechanical injury on Nerium oleander leaves, and Danaus plexippus herbivory on Asclepias curassavica leaves
    • Delaney, K. J. 2008. Injured and uninjured leaf photosynthetic responses after mechanical injury on Nerium oleander leaves, and Danaus plexippus herbivory on Asclepias curassavica leaves. Plant Ecology 199:187-200.
    • (2008) Plant Ecology , vol.199 , pp. 187-200
    • Delaney, K.J.1
  • 20
    • 33744948206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An insect countermeasure impacts plant physiology: Midrib vein cutting, defoliation and leaf photosynthesis
    • Delaney, K. J., and L. G. Higley. 2006. An insect countermeasure impacts plant physiology: midrib vein cutting, defoliation and leaf photosynthesis. Plant Cell and Environment 29:1245-1258.
    • (2006) Plant Cell and Environment , vol.29 , pp. 1245-1258
    • Delaney, K.J.1    Higley, L.G.2
  • 21
    • 0023467656 scopus 로고
    • Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity
    • Denslow, J. S. 1987. Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:431-451.
    • (1987) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.18 , pp. 431-451
    • Denslow, J.S.1
  • 22
    • 0030336792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing hypotheses of correlated evolution using phylogenetically independent contrasts: Sensitivity to deviations from Brownian motion
    • Diaz-Uriarte, R., and T. Garland. 1996. Testing hypotheses of correlated evolution using phylogenetically independent contrasts: sensitivity to deviations from Brownian motion. Systematic Biology 45:27-47.
    • (1996) Systematic Biology , vol.45 , pp. 27-47
    • Diaz-Uriarte, R.1    Garland, T.2
  • 23
    • 0041875092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanics and chemistry of rain forest leaves: Canopy and understory compared
    • Dominy, N. J., P. W. Lucas, and S. J. Wright. 2003. Mechanics and chemistry of rain forest leaves: canopy and understory compared. Journal of Experimental Botany 54:2007-2014.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Botany , vol.54 , pp. 2007-2014
    • Dominy, N.J.1    Lucas, P.W.2    Wright, S.J.3
  • 24
    • 44649094510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In tropical lowland rain forests monocots have tougher leaves than dicots, and include a new kind of tough leaf
    • Dominy, N. J., P. J. Grubb, R. V. Jackson, P. W. Lucas, D. J. Metcalfe, J. C. Svenning, and I. M. Turner. 2008. In tropical lowland rain forests monocots have tougher leaves than dicots, and include a new kind of tough leaf. Annals of Botany 101:1363-1377.
    • (2008) Annals of Botany , vol.101 , pp. 1363-1377
    • Dominy, N.J.1    Grubb, P.J.2    Jackson, R.V.3    Lucas, P.W.4    Metcalfe, D.J.5    Svenning, J.C.6    Turner, I.M.7
  • 25
    • 0022203256 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenies and the comparative method
    • Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125:1-15.
    • (1985) American Naturalist , vol.125 , pp. 1-15
    • Felsenstein, J.1
  • 27
    • 3442895298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests
    • Fine, P. V. A., I. Mesones, and P. D. Coley. 2004. Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science 305: 663-665.
    • (2004) Science , vol.305 , pp. 663-665
    • Fine, P.V.A.1    Mesones, I.2    Coley, P.D.3
  • 29
    • 0001491428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of leaf-pathogen infection in the understory of a Mexican rain forest: Incidence, spatiotemporal variation, and mechanisms of infection
    • Garcia-Guzman, G., and R. Dirzo. 2001. Patterns of leaf-pathogen infection in the understory of a Mexican rain forest: incidence, spatiotemporal variation, and mechanisms of infection. American Journal of Botany 88:634-645.
    • (2001) American Journal of Botany , vol.88 , pp. 634-645
    • Garcia-Guzman, G.1    Dirzo, R.2
  • 30
    • 11944256302 scopus 로고
    • Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts
    • Garland, T., P. H. Harvey, and A. R. Ives. 1992. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Systematic Biology 41:18-32.
    • (1992) Systematic Biology , vol.41 , pp. 18-32
    • Garland, T.1    Harvey, P.H.2    Ives, A.R.3
  • 32
    • 0000052880 scopus 로고
    • Maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: Importance of regeneration niche
    • Grubb, P. J. 1977. Maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: importance of regeneration niche. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 52:107-145.
    • (1977) Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , vol.52 , pp. 107-145
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 33
    • 0002612364 scopus 로고
    • Sclerophylls, pachyphylls and pycnophylls: The nature and significance of hard leaf surfaces
    • B. Juniper and R. Southwood, eds, Edward Arnold, London
    • Grubb, P. J. 1986. Sclerophylls, pachyphylls and pycnophylls: the nature and significance of hard leaf surfaces. Pages 137-150 in B. Juniper and R. Southwood, eds. Insects and the plant surface. Edward Arnold, London.
    • (1986) Insects and The Plant Surface , pp. 137-150
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 34
    • 0027079535 scopus 로고
    • A positive distrust in simplicity lessons from plant defenses and from competition among plants and among animals
    • Grubb, P. J. 1992. A positive distrust in simplicity lessons from plant defenses and from competition among plants and among animals. Journal of Ecology 80:585-610.
    • (1992) Journal of Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 585-610
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 35
    • 44649151043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monocot leaves are eaten less than dicot leaves in tropical lowland rain forests: Correlations with toughness and leaf presentation
    • Grubb, P. J., R. V. Jackson, I. M. Barberis, J. N. Bee, D. A. Coomes, N. J. Dominy, M. A. S. De la Fuente, et al. 2008. Monocot leaves are eaten less than dicot leaves in tropical lowland rain forests: correlations with toughness and leaf presentation. Annals of Botany 101:1379-1389.
    • (2008) Annals of Botany , vol.101 , pp. 1379-1389
    • Grubb, P.J.1    Jackson, R.V.2    Barberis, I.M.3    Bee, J.N.4    Coomes, D.A.5    Dominy, N.J.6    de la Fuente, M.A.S.7
  • 36
    • 0026545802 scopus 로고
    • Short-term dynamics of a Neotropical forest: Why ecological research matters to tropical conservation and management
    • Hubbell, S. P., and R. B. Foster. 1992. Short-term dynamics of a Neotropical forest: why ecological research matters to tropical conservation and management. Oikos 63:48-61.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.63 , pp. 48-61
    • Hubbell, S.P.1    Foster, R.B.2
  • 38
    • 0026283413 scopus 로고
    • A cost-benefit analysis of leaf habit and leaf longevity of trees and their geographical pattern
    • Kikuzawa, K. 1991. A cost-benefit analysis of leaf habit and leaf longevity of trees and their geographical pattern. American Naturalist 138:1250-1263.
    • (1991) American Naturalist , vol.138 , pp. 1250-1263
    • Kikuzawa, K.1
  • 39
    • 0028165117 scopus 로고
    • Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees
    • Kitajima, K. 1994. Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees. Oecologia (Berlin) 98:419-428.
    • (1994) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.98 , pp. 419-428
    • Kitajima, K.1
  • 40
    • 74449087014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling ecophysiology: Strategies towards achievement of positive carbon balance
    • M. A. Leck, V. T. Parker, and R. L. Simpson, eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Kitajima, K., and J. A. Myers. 2008. Seedling ecophysiology: strategies towards achievement of positive carbon balance. Pages 172-188 in M. A. Leck, V. T. Parker, and R. L. Simpson, eds. Seedling ecology and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (2008) Seedling Ecology and Evolution , pp. 172-188
    • Kitajima, K.1    Myers, J.A.2
  • 41
    • 77953160159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue-level leaf toughness, but not lamina thickness, predicts sapling leaf lifespan and shade tolerance of tropical tree species
    • Kitajima, K., and L. Poorter. 2010. Tissue-level leaf toughness, but not lamina thickness, predicts sapling leaf lifespan and shade tolerance of tropical tree species. New Phytologist 186:708-721.
    • (2010) New Phytologist , vol.186 , pp. 708-721
    • Kitajima, K.1    Poorter, L.2
  • 42
    • 0032945512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light gradient partitioning among tropical tree species through differential seedling mortality and growth
    • Kobe, R. K. 1999. Light gradient partitioning among tropical tree species through differential seedling mortality and growth. Ecology 80:187-201.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 187-201
    • Kobe, R.K.1
  • 44
    • 0038538245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence in defense syndromes of young leaves in tropical rainforests
    • Kursar, T. A., and P. D. Coley. 2003. Convergence in defense syndromes of young leaves in tropical rainforests. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31:929-949.
    • (2003) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology , vol.31 , pp. 929-949
    • Kursar, T.A.1    Coley, P.D.2
  • 45
    • 0033850418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of above- and belowground competition on growth and survival of rain forest tree seedlings
    • Lewis, S. L., and E. V. J. Tanner. 2000. Effects of above- and belowground competition on growth and survival of rain forest tree seedlings. Ecology 81:2525-2538.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2525-2538
    • Lewis, S.L.1    Tanner, E.V.J.2
  • 46
    • 0025600636 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the fracture toughness of leaves
    • Lucas, P. W., and B. Pereira. 1990. Estimation of the fracture toughness of leaves. Functional Ecology 4:819-822.
    • (1990) Functional Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 819-822
    • Lucas, P.W.1    Pereira, B.2
  • 48
    • 77954742803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciling species-level vs plastic responses of evergreen leaf structure to light gradients: Shade leaves punch above their weight
    • Lusk, C. H., Y. Onoda, R. Kooyman, and A. Gutierrez-Giron. 2010. Reconciling species-level vs plastic responses of evergreen leaf structure to light gradients: shade leaves punch above their weight. New Phytologist 186:429-438.
    • (2010) New Phytologist , vol.186 , pp. 429-438
    • Lusk, C.H.1    Onoda, Y.2    Kooyman, R.3    Gutierrez-Giron, A.4
  • 49
    • 0032716960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components of leaf dry mass per area-thickness and density-alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in reverse directions in woody plants
    • Niinemets, U. 1999. Components of leaf dry mass per area-thickness and density-alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in reverse directions in woody plants. New Phytologist 144:35-47.
    • (1999) New Phytologist , vol.144 , pp. 35-47
    • Niinemets, U.1
  • 50
    • 42949161125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of light and nutrient availability on leaf mechanical properties of Plantago major: A conceptual approach
    • Onoda, Y., F. Schieving, and N. P. R. Anten. 2008. Effects of light and nutrient availability on leaf mechanical properties of Plantago major: a conceptual approach. Annals of Botany 101:727-736.
    • (2008) Annals of Botany , vol.101 , pp. 727-736
    • Onoda, Y.1    Schieving, F.2    Anten, N.P.R.3
  • 51
    • 1042304216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APE: Analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language
    • Paradis, E., J. Claude, and K. Strimmer. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289-290.
    • (2004) Bioinformatics , vol.20 , pp. 289-290
    • Paradis, E.1    Claude, J.2    Strimmer, K.3
  • 52
    • 65249150658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): A meta-analysis
    • Poorter, H., U. Niinemets, L. Poorter, I. J. Wright, and R. Villar. 2009. Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis. New Phytologist 182:565-588.
    • (2009) New Phytologist , vol.182 , pp. 565-588
    • Poorter, H.1    Niinemets, U.2    Poorter, L.3    Wright, I.J.4    Villar, R.5
  • 53
    • 0032777592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth responses of 15 rain-forest tree species to a light gradient: The relative importance of morphological and physiological traits
    • Poorter, L. 1999. Growth responses of 15 rain-forest tree species to a light gradient: the relative importance of morphological and physiological traits. Functional Ecology 13:396-410.
    • (1999) Functional Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 396-410
    • Poorter, L.1
  • 54
    • 59849085114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf traits show different relationships with shade tolerance in moist versus dry tropical forests
    • Poorter, L. 2009. Leaf traits show different relationships with shade tolerance in moist versus dry tropical forests. New Phytologist 181: 890-900.
    • (2009) New Phytologist , vol.181 , pp. 890-900
    • Poorter, L.1
  • 55
    • 49749087640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? Evidence from five Neotropical forests
    • Poorter, L., S. J. Wright, H. Paz, D. D. Ackerly, R. Condit, G. Ibarra-Manriques, K. E. Harms, et al. 2008. Are functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? evidence from five Neotropical forests. Ecology 89:1908-1920.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 1908-1920
    • Poorter, L.1    Wright, S.J.2    Paz, H.3    Ackerly, D.D.4    Condit, R.5    Ibarra-Manriques, G.6    Harms, K.E.7
  • 56
    • 0026595436 scopus 로고
    • Gap-dependence and leaf characteristics of trees in a tropical lowland rain-forest in Mexico
    • Popma, J., F. Bongers, and M. J. A. Werger. 1992. Gap-dependence and leaf characteristics of trees in a tropical lowland rain-forest in Mexico. Oikos 63:207-214.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.63 , pp. 207-214
    • Popma, J.1    Bongers, F.2    Werger, M.J.A.3
  • 57
    • 33750492567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant biomechanics in an ecological context
    • Read, J., and A. Stokes. 2006. Plant biomechanics in an ecological context. American Journal of Botany 93:1546-1565.
    • (2006) American Journal of Botany , vol.93 , pp. 1546-1565
    • Read, J.1    Stokes, A.2
  • 58
    • 0027100706 scopus 로고
    • Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems
    • Reich, P. B., M. B. Walters, and D. S. Ellsworth. 1992. Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62:365-392.
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 365-392
    • Reich, P.B.1    Walters, M.B.2    Ellsworth, D.S.3
  • 59
    • 41949112015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: An experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon
    • Romero, C., and B. M. Bolker. 2008. Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: an experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:611-618.
    • (2008) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.38 , pp. 611-618
    • Romero, C.1    Bolker, B.M.2
  • 60
    • 33644841389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rain forest trees
    • Sack, L., and K. Frole. 2006. Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rain forest trees. Ecology 87:483-491.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 483-491
    • Sack, L.1    Frole, K.2
  • 62
    • 0036135468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: A penalized likelihood approach
    • Sanderson, M. J. 2002. Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized likelihood approach.Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:101-109.
    • (2002) Molecular Biology and Evolution , vol.19 , pp. 101-109
    • Sanderson, M.J.1
  • 63
    • 0037314098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R8s: Inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock
    • Sanderson, M. J. 2003. r8s: inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock. Bioinformatics 19:301-302.
    • (2003) Bioinformatics , vol.19 , pp. 301-302
    • Sanderson, M.J.1
  • 64
    • 33750476630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biomechanics of browsing and grazing
    • Sanson, G. 2006. The biomechanics of browsing and grazing. American Journal of Botany 93:1531-1545.
    • (2006) American Journal of Botany , vol.93 , pp. 1531-1545
    • Sanson, G.1
  • 66
    • 0027020667 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns of light and canopy structure in a lowland tropical moist forest
    • Smith, A. P., K. P. Hogan, and J. R. Idol. 1992. Spatial and temporal patterns of light and canopy structure in a lowland tropical moist forest. Biotropica 24:503-511.
    • (1992) Biotropica , vol.24 , pp. 503-511
    • Smith, A.P.1    Hogan, K.P.2    Idol, J.R.3
  • 67
    • 0037334919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses
    • Stamp, N. 2003. Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. Quarterly Review of Biology 78:23-55.
    • (2003) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.78 , pp. 23-55
    • Stamp, N.1
  • 69
    • 0026232176 scopus 로고
    • Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition
    • Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74:3583-3597.
    • (1991) Journal of Dairy Science , vol.74 , pp. 3583-3597
    • van Soest, P.J.1    Robertson, J.B.2    Lewis, B.A.3
  • 71
    • 51749095104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylocom: Software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution
    • Webb, C. O., D. D. Ackerly, and S. W. Kembel. 2008. Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution. Bioinformatics 24:2098-2100.
    • (2008) Bioinformatics , vol.24 , pp. 2098-2100
    • Webb, C.O.1    Ackerly, D.D.2    Kembel, S.W.3
  • 72
    • 0001407143 scopus 로고
    • On misinterpreting the phylogenetic correction
    • Westoby, M., M. R. Leishman, and J. M. Lord. 1995. On misinterpreting the phylogenetic correction. Journal of Ecology 83:531-534.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 531-534
    • Westoby, M.1    Leishman, M.R.2    Lord, J.M.3
  • 74
    • 0024484922 scopus 로고
    • Relationships among leaf construction cost, leaf longevity, and light environment in rain-forest plants of the genus Piper
    • Williams, K., C. B. Field, and H. A. Mooney. 1989. Relationships among leaf construction cost, leaf longevity, and light environment in rain-forest plants of the genus Piper. American Naturalist 133: 198-211.
    • (1989) American Naturalist , vol.133 , pp. 198-211
    • Williams, K.1    Field, C.B.2    Mooney, H.A.3
  • 75
    • 0036941527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant diversity in tropical forests: A review of mechanisms of species coexistence
    • Wright, S. J. 2002. Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence. Oecologia (Berlin) 130:1-14.
    • (2002) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.130 , pp. 1-14
    • Wright, S.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.