Do reasons for major depression act as causes

Molecular Psychiatry

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 626-633

  Kendler, K S ^a   Myers, J ^a   Halberstadt, L J ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

causes; etiology; major depression; philosophy; reasons

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CHILDHOOD; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EMPIRICISM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVALUATION; FEMALE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MENTAL PATIENT; ONSET AGE; PERSONALITY TEST; PHILOSOPHY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TWINS;

ADULT; AGED; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DISEASES IN TWINS; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; LINEAR MODELS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; TWINS;

EID: 79957450597     PISSN: 13594184     EISSN: 14765578     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.22     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Jaspers K. General Psychopathology. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1963.
2. Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1552-1562.
3. Lyketsos CG, Chisolm MS. The trap of meaning: a public health tragedy. JAMA 2009; 302: 432-433.
4. Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Genes, Environment, and Psychopathology: Understanding the Causes of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Guilford Press: New York, 2006.
5. Brown GW, Harris TO. Life Events and Illness. Guilford Press: New York, 1989.
6. Fleiss J. The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educ Psychol Meas 1973; 33: 613-619.
7. Endicott J, Andreasen N, Spitzer RL. Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department: New York, 1975.
8. Eysenck SBG, Eysenck HJ, Barrett P. A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Pers Individ Dif 1985; 6: 21-29.
9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised. 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, 1987.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, 1980.
11. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Panic syndromes in a population-based sample of male and female twins. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 989-1000. (Pubitemid 32725345)
12. Parker G, Tupling H, Brown L. A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol 1979; 52: 1-10. (Pubitemid 9171341)
13. Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg J, Hettema JM, Myers J, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 953-959.
14. SAS Institute. SAS ONLINE DOC Version 9.2, 2002-2008. SAS Institute: Cary, NC, 2008. Ref type: Data File.
15. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO. Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the 'kindling' hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1243-1251. (Pubitemid 30662071)
16. Post RM. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 999-1010.
17. Ezquiaga E, Ayuso Gutierrez JL, Garcia LA. Psychosocial factors and episode number in depression. J Affect Disord 1987; 12: 135-138. (Pubitemid 17071788)
18. Brown GW, Harris TO, Hepworth C. Life events and endogenous depression. A puzzle reexamined. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 525-534. (Pubitemid 24211029)
19. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 853-862. (Pubitemid 23330977)
20. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner C, Pedersen NL. Personality and major depression: a Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1113-1120. (Pubitemid 44498390)
21. Angst J, Clayton P. Premorbid personality of depressive, bipolar, and schizophrenic patients with special reference to suicidal issues. Compr Psychiatry 1986; 27: 511-532. (Pubitemid 17201317)
22. Nystrom S, Lindegard B. Predisposition for mental syndromes: a study comparing predisposition for depression, neurasthenia and anxiety state. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1975; 51: 69-76.
23. Hirschfeld RMA, Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Keller MB, Griffith P, Coryell W. Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 345-350. (Pubitemid 19111488)
24. Boyce P, Parker G, Barnett B, Cooney M, Smith F. Personality as a vulnerability factor to depression. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 106-114.
25. Krueger RF. The structure of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 921-926. (Pubitemid 29480128)
26. Krueger RF, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Silva PA. The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): a longitudinalepidemiological study. J Abnorm Psychol 1998; 107: 216-227. (Pubitemid 28237485)
27. Kendler KS, Prescott CA, Myers J, Neale MC. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 929-937. (Pubitemid 37122313)
28. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. Clinical indices of familial depression in the Swedish Twin Registry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 115: 214-220.
29. Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA. Parenting and adult mood, anxiety and substance use disorders in female twins: an epidemiological, multi-informant, retrospective study. Psychol Med 2000; 30: 281-294. (Pubitemid 30245792)
30. Kendler KS, Sheth K, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Childhood parental loss and risk for first-onset of major depression and alcohol dependence: the time-decay of risk and sex differences. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 1187-1194. (Pubitemid 35243976)
31. Parker G. The parental bonding instrument. A decade of research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1990; 25: 281-282.
32. Fergusson DM, Mullen PE. Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Evidence Based Perspective. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999.
33. Joffe RT, Levitt AJ, Bagby RM, Regan JJ. Clinical-features of situational and nonsituational major depression. Psychopathology 1993; 26: 138-144. (Pubitemid 23258793)
34. Hirschfeld RM. Situational depression: validity of the concept. Br J Psychiatry 1981; 139: 297-305. (Pubitemid 11029865)
35. McGuffin P, Katz R, Bebbington P. The camberwell collaborative depression study. III. Depression and adversity in the relatives of depressed probands. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 775-782.
36. Winokur G, Pitts Jr FN. Affective disorder. I. Is reactive depression an entity? J Nerv Ment Dis 1964; 138: 541-547.
37. Kendler KS, Myers J, Halberstadt LJ. Should the diagnosis of major depression be made independent of or dependent upon the psychosocial context? Psychol Med 2010; 40: 771-780.
38. Coryell W, Winokur G, Maser JD, Akiskal HS, Keller MB, Endicott J. Recurrently situational (reactive) depression: a study of course, phenomenology and familial psychopathology. J Affect Disord 1994; 31: 203-210. (Pubitemid 24228958)
39. Zimmerman M, Pfohl B, Stangl D, Coryell W. The validity of DSMIII axis IV (severity of psychosocial stressors). Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1437-1441. (Pubitemid 16169878)
40. Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA. The etiology of phobias: an evaluation of the stress-diathesis model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 242-248. (Pubitemid 34212501)
41. Kendler KS, Baker JH. Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2007; 37: 615-626. (Pubitemid 46511087)
42. Kendler KS, Karkowski-Shuman L. Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: genetic control of exposure to the environment? Psychol Med 1997; 27: 539-547. (Pubitemid 27216180)
43. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 837-841. (Pubitemid 29260336)
44. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes in the prediction of major depression: the problem of causal inference in psychiatric epidemiology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 1120-1127.
45. Wikipedia Contributors. Wilhelm Dilthey (23 June 2010).
46. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Retrieved 17:44, 12 July 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title =Wilhelm-Dilthey&oldid = 369814642. Page version ID: 369814642.
47. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Academic Press: Orlando, FL, 1977.