The slave market in civil war virginia

Crucible of the Civil War: Virginia from Secession to Commemoration

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 106-135

  Martinez, Jaime Amanda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79957265324     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (106)

1. Letter from Nelia to Bettie, January 10, 1864, Letters from the Edgehill School for Girls, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. (hereafter cited as UVA), mss 38-421.
2. Accounts of Silas and R. H. Omohundro's slave trade, 1857-1864, pp. 23-24, UVA, mss 4122.
3. The classic work on the domestic slave trade, Frederic Bancroft's Slave-Trading in the Old South (Baltimore: J. H. Furst Company, 1931), emphasizes Virginia's role as the "mother of slaves" in the antebellum long-distance trade and thus ends with the beginning of the war.
4. Phillip Troutman's recent dissertation, "Slave Trade and Sentiment in Antebellum Virginia" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 2000), likewise concentrates on the antebellum years.
5. Walter Johnson's Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), is really about the New Orleans market and pays little attention to its Virginia side.
6. Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 120;
7. Bell Irvin Wiley, Southern Negroes, 1861-1865 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1938), 97;
8. Ervin L. Jordan, Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 45.
9. Bancroft, Slave-Trading in the Old South, 147-50.
10. Robert Garlick Hill Kean, Inside the Confederate Government, ed. Edward Younger (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 186.
11. Confederate Inflation Chart, Offi cial Publication #13 (Richmond: Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee, 1963).
12. Alexandria Gazette, March 14, 1861, quoted in Jordan, Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees, 335 n. 45;
13. Accounts of Silas and R. H. Omohundro's slave trade, 1857-1864, 24-25.
14. Accounts of Silas and R. H. Omohundro, 24-27;
15. Richmond Examiner, November 2, 1861, page 3, column 2;
16. Lynchburg Daily Republican, August 16, 1861, page 1, column 1.
17. Charles B. Dew, Bond of Iron: Master and Slave at Buff alo Forge (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 292;
18. Lynchburg Daily Republican, August 7, 1861, page 2, column 5;
19. Petersburg Daily Express, November 9, 1861, page 3, column 7, Novem ber 25, 1861, December 28, 1861, January 3, 1862;
20. Lynchburg Daily Republican, November 12, 1861, December 30, 1861;
21. Petersburg Daily Express, December 28, 1861, page 3, column 6.
22. 260A: Headquarters of the Confederate Army of the Peninsula to the Confederate Commander at Gloucester Point, Virginia, in Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, series 1, vol. 1, Th e Destruction of Slavery, ed. Ira Berlin et al. (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 686;
23. Lynchburg Daily Republican, August 26, 1861, page 2, column 4;
24. Petersburg Daily Express, November 25, 1861, page 3, column 7;
25. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 94-95.
26. Charles Tibbs to Andrew Grinnan, April 10, 1861, Grinnan Family Papers, UVA, mss 49.
27. Lynchburg Daily Republican, December 31, 1861, page 3, column 1;
28. List of Negroes hired January 1862, pp. 239-40, Tredegar Iron Works records, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. (hereafter cited as LVA), acc #23881.
29. Petersburg Daily Express, July 1, 1862, page 1, column 1.
30. Accounts of Silas and R. H. Omohundro, 26-30.
31. Richmond Daily Dispatch, July 24, 1862, page 1, column 6;
32. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 89.
33. Don Paarlberg, An Analysis and History of Inflation (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993), 51.
34. Louis H. Manarin, ed., Richmond at War: The Minutes of the City Council, 1861-1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966), 231;
35. James H Brewer, The Confederate Negro: Virginia's Craftsmen and Military Laborers, 1861-1865 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1969), 8, 142-43.
36. Petersburg Daily Express, November 5, 1862, page 1, column 1;
37. Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara A. Hotchkiss, January 2, 1863, The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War, http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu, accessed March 20, 2003;
38. Petersburg Daily Express, July 2, 1862, page 1, column 1, July 3, 1862, page 1, column 1.
39. Richmond Examiner, December 11, 1862, page 1, column 2, December 23, 1862, page 1, column 3;
40. Brewer, The Confederate Negro, 64;
41. Accounts of Silas and R. H. Omohundro, 24-25.
42. Lynchburg Daily Republican, December 31, 1862, page 3, column 2.
43. Accounts of Silas and R. H. Omohundro, 24-25;
44. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 89.
45. Staunton Spectator, January 6, 1863, page 2, column 2.
46. William A. Blair, Virginia's Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 69;
47. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1866), 1: 240; Confederate Infl ation Chart.
48. Mrs. Virginia Hayes Shepherd in Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves, edited by Charles L. Perdue, Th omas E. Barden, and Robert K. Phillips (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 256.
49. List of Negroes and Rations at Catawba Furnace and others, 1863, Tredegar Iron Works records, LVA, acc #23881.
50. Richmond Examiner, January 2, 1863, page 1, column 2;
51. J. R. Bryan to A. G. Grinnan, January 1, 1863, Grinnan Family Papers, UVA, mss 49.
52. Diary of Francis McFarland, January 2, 1863 (see also December 24, 1860, January 13, 1862, January 16, 1862, December 29-30, 1862);
53. January 12-14, 1863, January 23, 1863, July 15, 1863, Francis McFarland Papers, UVA, mss 318.
54. F. F. Mayo to Col. Joel McPherson, May 4, 1863, LVA, acc #39591;
55. Gregg D. Kimball, American City, Southern Place: A Cultural History of Antebellum Richmond (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 114;
56. Granvill Clark to Wm D. Cabell, September 18, 1863, Cabell Family Papers, UVA, mss 278;
57. Brewer, The Confederate Negro, 95.
58. Brewer, The Confederate Negro, 144, 8-9, 147.
59. for example, motions submitted to the House of Representatives on August 26, 1862, August 28, 1862, and February 1, 1864, and submitted to the Senate on March 12, 1863, March 23, 1863, November 9, 1864, December 7, 1864, and December 12, 1864 (Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865, vols. 3-6 [Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offi ce, 1904-1905]). A bill to be entitled An Act to increase the effi ciency of the army by the employment of free negroes and slaves in certain capacities, February 1, 1864, Southern Historical Society Papers 50 (Richmond: Southern Historical Society, 1953): 359;
60. List of Negros Sent to Work on the Fortifications at Drewrys Bluff, October 7, 1864, Tredegar Inspection of Ordnance and Use of Slaves, 1845-1864, LVA, acc #26393.
61. Diary of Francis McFarland, December 31, 1863, January 6-7 1864, January, 12, 1864.
62. Richmond Examiner, November 18, 1863, page 1, column 2; November 20, 1863, page 1, column 4;
63. List of Negroes and Rations at Catawba Furnace and others, 1864.
64. Richmond Examiner, November 20, 1863, page 1, column 4;
65. Jno. J. Fry to W. D. Cabell, December 5, 1863, Cabell Family Papers, UVA, mss 278.
66. Lynchburg Daily Republican, December 31, 1863, page 2, column 4;
67. Richmond Examiner, January 2, 1864, page 1, column 2.
68. Richmond Sentinel, December 31, 1863, page 2, column 2.
69. Richmond Examiner, January 5, 1864, page 1, column 2;
70. Richmond Daily Enquirer, January 3, 1864, page 1, column 1;
71. Lynchburg Daily Republican, January 18, 1864, page 2, column 4. A previous ad on January 12, 1864, page 2, column 4, asserted that the company would charge modest rates to those willing to feed and clothe the slaves they had on hand.
72. Blair, Virginia's Private War, 94;.
73. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary, 2: 113-14
74. Lynchburg Daily Republican, January 30, 1864, page 2, column 5.
75. Miscellaneous notes in Brockenbrough-Lamb Papers, UVA, mss 10987-a (box 5);
76. H. D. Taliaferro to A. G. Grinnan, February 18, 1864, Grinnan Family Papers, UVA, mss 49;
77. Wm T. Mitchell Slave Papers & Contracts, 1862-1875, Southside Virginia Family Papers, UVA, mss 550.
78. Lynchburg Daily Republican, January 14, 1864, page 2, column 3;
79. Robt Grinnan to A. G. Grinnan, January 13, 1864, Grinnan Family Papers, UVA, mss 49;
80. Brewer, The Confederate Negro, 64;
81. Paarlberg, A History and Analysis of Inflation, 51.
82. Rt Grinnan to A. G. Grinnan, April 13, 1864, Grinnan Family Papers, UVA, mss 49;
83. List of Former Slaves, December 10, 1892, and Book of Slave Births, etc., 1853-1865, Morris Family Papers, UVA, mss 38-79;
84. Silas Omohundro Business Records, 1851-1877, LVA, acc #29642;
85. Troutman, "Slave Trade and Sentiment in Antebellum Virginia," 102-6;
86. Petersburg Daily Express, July 23, 1864, page 2, column 6;
87. Mrs. Fannie Berry in Weevils in the Wheat, 39.
88. John C. Inscoe, "Mountain Masters as Confederate Opportunists: Th e Profitability of Slavery in Western North Carolina, 1861-1865," in Slavery and Abolition 16 (April 1995): 97;
89. Troutman, "Geographies of Family and Market: Virginia's Domestic Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century," http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/slavetrade/mapsframe.html, accessed April 10, 2003;
90. Ella Lonn, Salt as a Factor in the Confederacy (New York: Walter Neale, 1933), 123.
91. Wm T. Mitchell Slave Papers & Contracts, Southside Virginia Family Papers, UVA, mss 550;
92. Lynchburg Daily Republican, December 28, 1864, page 1, column 3.
93. Richmond Examiner, January 2, 1865, page 1, column 4.
94. Lynchburg Daily Republican, January 6, 1865, page 2, column 4, January 8, 1865, page 1, column 3. Blair estimated that ninety thousand able-bodied male slaves remained in Virginia by the last year of the war, so the concerns of editors that government impressments would leave them without necessary agricultural labor were reasonable even though the situation was not quite so dire as they reported (see Virginia's Private War, 122);
95. An act to regulate the impressment of slaves in the State of Virginia, December 9, 1864, Southern Historical Society Papers 51 (Richmond: Southern Historical Society, 1958): 441.
96. Lynchburg Daily Republican, January 5, 1865, page 1, columns 4-5, January 12, 1865, page 1, columns 4-5;
97. Mrs. Amarci Adams in Weevils in the Wheat, 3.
98. Richmond Examiner, December 13, 1864, page 2, column 4. Arguments for strong Confederate nationalism are evident in Blair, Virginia's Private War;
99. Gary Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997);
100. George Rable, The Confederate Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
101. Diary of Francis McFarland, December 20-21, 1864.
102. Memoranda Book of Th omas S. Bocock, 1861 January-1866 December, Bocock Family Papers, UVA, mss 10612.
103. Confederate Inflation Chart; Paarlberg, An Analysis and History of Inflation, 51.
104. Johnson, Soul by Soul, "Making a World Out of Slaves."
105. Jordan, Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees, 45.
106. Keith C. Barton has argued convincingly in "'Good Cooks and Washers': Slave Hiring, Domestic Labor, and the Market in Bourbon County, Kentucky," Journal of American History 84 (September 1997): 436-60, that hiring practices conformed to the economic needs of large slaveholders rather than their desire to maintain social capital among their neighbors, but this does not negate the fact that hiring created ties between slaveholders and nonslaveholders that might not otherwise have existed.