Cervical spine injuries and the return to football

Sports Health

Volumn 1, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 376-383

  Torg, Joseph S ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical cord neurapraxia; Cervical spine injuries; Football injuries; Return to play criteria

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956371861     PISSN: 19417381     EISSN: 19410921     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1941738109343161     Document Type: Review

References (20)

1. Albright JP, Moses JM, Feldich HG, et al. Non-fatal cervical spine injuries in interscholastic football. JAMA., 1976;236:1243-1245.
2. Bergfeld JA. Brachial plexus injury in sports. Orthop Clin North Am., 1988;12:743-744.
3. Boden BP, Tacchetti RL, Cantu RC, et al. Catastrophic cervical spine injuries in high school and college football players. Am J Sports Med., 2006;34:1223-1239.
4. Brigham CD, Adamson TE. Permanent partial cervical spinal cord injury in a professional football player who had only congential stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2003;85:1553-1556.
5. Clancy WG. Brachial plexus and upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries. In: Torg JS, ed. Athletic Injuries to the Head, Neck, and Face, Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1982:215-220.
6. Clancy WG, Brand RL, Bergfield JA. Upper trunk brachial plexus injuries in contact sports. Am J Sports Med., 1977;5:209-214.
7. Herzog RJ, Wiens JJ, Dillingham MF, Sontag MJ. Normal cervical spine morphometry and cervical spinal stenosis asymptomatic professional football players. Spine, 1991;16:S178-S186.
8. Levitz CL, Reilly PJ, Torg JS. The pathomechanics of recurrent cervical nerve root neurapraxia: the chronic burner syndrome. Am J Sports Med., 1997;25:73-76.
9. Pavlov H, Torg JS, Robie B, Jahre C. Cervical spinal stenosis: determination with vertebral body ratio method. Radiology., 1987;164:771-775.
10. Pizzutillo PD. Klippel-Feil syndrome. In: Cervical Spine Research Society Editorial Committee, ed. The Cervical Spine, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1987:258-271.
11. Torg JS, Corcoran TA, Thibault LE, et al. Cervical cord neurapraxia: classification, pathomechanics, morbidity, and management guidelines. J Neurosurg., 1997;87:843-850.
12. Torg JS, Glasgow SG. Criteria for return to contact activities after cervical spine injury. In: Torg JS, ed. Athletic Injuries to the Head, Neck and Face, 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1991.
13. Torg JS, Guille JT, Jaffe S. Current concepts review: injuries to the cervical spine in American football players. J Bone Joint Surg Am., 2002;84:112-122.
14. Torg JS, Naranja RJ, Palov H, et al. The relationship of developmental narrowing of the cervical spinal canal to football injuries resulting in reversible and irreversible cord injury: an epidemiologic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am., 1996;78:1308-1314.
15. Torg JS, Pavlov H, Gennario SE, et al. Neurapraxia of the cervical spinal cord with transient quadriplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Am., 1986;68: 1354-1370.
16. Torg JS, Reilly PJ. Injuries to the cervical nerve roots and brachial plexus in athletes. Curr Opin Orthop., 1994;5:79-84.
17. Torg JS, Sennett BS, Pavlov H, et al. Spear tackler's spine. Am J Sports Med., 1993;21:640-649.
18. Torg JS, Sennett B, Vegso JJ, Pavlov H. Axial loading injuries to the middle cervical spine segment: an analysis and classification of twenty-five cases. Am J Sports Med, 1991;19:6-20.
19. Torg JS, Thibault L, Sennett B, et al. The pathomechanics and pathophysiology of reversible, incompletely reversible and irreversible cervical spine cord injury. Clin Orthop., 1995;321:259-269.
20. Torg JS, Vegso JJ, O'Neill J, Sennett B. The epidemiologic, pathologic, biomechanical and cinematographic analysis of football-induced cervical spine trauma. Am J Sports Med., 1990;18:50-57.