Vehicle electrification: Status and issues

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 99, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1116-1138

  Boulanger, Albert G ^a   Chu, Andrew C ^b   Maxx, Suzanne ^c   Waltz, David L ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^b A123 Systems   (United States)

^c World Team Now   (United States)

Author keywords

Batteries; climate change; electric vehicle charging infrastructure; road vehicle electric propulsion

Indexed keywords

CHARGING (BATTERIES); CLIMATE CHANGE; COSTS; ELECTRIC DRIVES; ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORKS; ELECTRIC UTILITIES; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY SECURITY; INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES; OPERATING COSTS; SMART POWER GRIDS; SOLAR CELLS;

CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURES; ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURES; ELECTRIC-DRIVE VEHICLES; ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGIES; PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE ELECTRIC PROPULSION; TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP; VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATIONS;

PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLES;

EID: 79956365181     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2112750     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (167)

1. M. Z. Jacobson, "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security," Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 148-173, 2009.
2. R. C. Armstrong. (2007, Nov.). World Energy Council: Addressing the Global Energy Challenge. [Online]. Available: http://www.worldenergy.org/ documents/robert-c.-armstrong-mit-energy-initiative.pdf
3. F. Seymour and S. Zadek, "Governing energy: The global energy challenge," Account. Forum: Govern. Energy: Global Energy Challenge, no. 9, pp. 6-15, Jan. 2006.
4. C. Mandil. (2007, Jan.). Int. Energy Agency: The Global Energy Challenge: Technology Scenarios for a Sustainable Future. [Online]. Available: http://www.iea.org/speech/2007/mandil/dsds.pdf
5. A. Shah. (2009, Nov.). Global Issues: Energy Security. [Online]. Available: http://www. globalissues.org/article/595/energy-security
6. S. P. A. Brown and H. G. Huntington. (2010, Jun.). National Energy Policy Institute: Estimating U.S. Oil Security Premiums. [Online]. Available: http://nepinstitute. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/RFF-NEPI-BrownHuntington- OilSecurity.pdf
7. International Energy Outlook 2010VHighlights, U.S. Energy Information Administration, May 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/ highlights.html
8. D. Gross. (2010, Jun.). Slate: Fracking, Oil Sands, and Deep-Water DrillingVThe Dangerous New Era of 'Extreme Energy'. [Online]. Available: http://www.slate. com/id/2255906
9. P. J. Kiger. (2010). Discovery-Science Channel: Risk-Benefit Analysis: Should We Be Drilling in Deepwater at All? [Online]. Available: http://science.discovery.com/stories/week/deepwater-drilling.html
10. Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, Times Topics, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://topics.nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/o/oil-spills/gulf- of-mexico-2010/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=bp%20oil%20spill&st=cse
11. Interpreting NOAA's Trajectory Prediction Maps for the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Office of Response and Restoration, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://response. restoration.noaa.gov/book-shelf/2056-NOAATrajectoryMaps.pdf
12. TimeSpace-Oil Spill, Washington Post, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://timespace. washingtonpost.com/project/oil-spill/
13. EPA Response to BP Spill in the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa. gov/bpspill/
14. N. Hopwood and J. Cohen. University of Michigan: Greenhouse Gases and Society. [Online]. Available: http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm
15. Climate Change Indicators in the United States, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Jun. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.html
16. Key Indicators, Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://climate.nasa.gov/keyIndicators/
17. T. Stern. (2010, Jan.). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: U.S. Special Envoy for Climate Change. [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/application/pdf/unitedstatescphaccord-app.1.pdf
18. U.S. Government Printing Office: H. R.2454, U.S. House, May 2009. [Online]. Available: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname= 111-cong-bills&docid=f:h2454ih.txt.pdf
19. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1998. [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
20. Appendix IVQuantified Economy-Wide Emissions Targets for 2020, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/home/items/5264.php
21. Appendix IIVNationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions of Developing Country PartiesUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/home/items/5265.php
22. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, Dec. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ 11a01. pdf#page=4
23. United Nations Climate Change Conference CancunVCOP 16/CMP 6 Agreements, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Nov. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/2860.php
24. President Obama Announces $2.4 Billion in Funding to Support Next Generation Electric Vehicles, U.S. Department of Energy, Mar. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.energy.gov/news2009/7066.htm
25. S. Payne, T. Dutzik, and E. Figdor. (2009, Jun.). Public Interest Network: The High Cost of Fossil Fuels: Why America Can't Afford to Depend on Dirty Energy. [Online]. Available: http://cdn.publicinterestnetwork.org/assets/ 5AEyj6aT4Fssg0TwPGnr4w/The-High-Cost-of-Fossil-Fuels.pdf
26. Science, 350.org. [Online]. Available: http://www.350.org/about/science
27. R. A. Feldman P. Mazza. (2007 Jan.). Plugin Center.com: Electrify Transportation Briefing Book. [Online]. Available: http://www.plugincenter.com/ files/documents/Electrify-Transportation-Briefing-Book.pdf
28. D. Sperling and N. Lutsey. (2009, Jun.). Energy efficiency in passenger transportation. The Bridge. [Online]. 39(2), p. 22. Available: http://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V-39-2EnergyEfficiency14874/ EnergyEfficiencyinPassengerTransportation. aspx
29. Oil Demand From Developed Countries Has Peaked, IHS, Oct. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://press.ihs.com/press-release/energy-power/oil-demand- developedcountries-has-peaked
30. S. Mui, J. Alson, B. Ellies, and D. Ganss. (2007, Apr.). EPA: A Wedge Analysis of the U.S. Transportation Sector. [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/420r07007.pdf
31. N. Brewer. (2009, Sep.). IEEE Global History Network: Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieeeghn. org/wiki/index.php/Electric- and-Hybrid-Vehicles
32. How Dependent are We on Foreign Oil? U.S. Energy Information Administration, Dec. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/energy- in-brief/foreign-oil-dependence.cfm
33. E. Knipping and M. Duvall. (2007, Jun.). EPRI: EnvironSmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions. [Online]. Available: http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?open= 514&objID=223132&mode=2
34. N. Shirouzu. (2007, Jun.). Wall Street Journal: Toyota Puts Off New Type of Battery for Next Prius. [Online]. Available: http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB118170827719833687-search.html?KEYWORDS=toyota&COLLECTION=wsjie/6month
35. A. Ohnsman. (2010, Jul.). Bloomberg Buisnessweek: Toyota, Tesla Said to Prepare RAV4, RX Prototypes. [Online]. Available: http://www.businessweek.com/ news/2010-07-12/toyota-tesla-said-to-preparerav4- rx-prototypes.html
36. Whitacre: Volt to Tour Against 'Range Anxiety', MediaPost Blogs, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles. showArticle& art-aid=131284
37. GM Still Overplaying the 'Range Anxiety' Fear Message, Examiner.com, Nov. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.examiner. com/x-7226-Electric-Car- Examiner~ y2009m11d7-GM-still-overplaying-therange-anxiety-fear-it-instills-in- theconsumer-minds
38. Volt Exec: EREV is a Hard Configuration to Make Work, GM-Volt.com, Nov. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://gm-volt.com/2009/11/11/volt-exec-erev-is-a- hardconfiguration-to-make-work/
39. M. Ramsey. (2010, Jun.). Wall Street Journal: Nissan Says Leaf Electric Will be Profitable With U.S. Plant. [Online]. Available: http://online.wsj.com/ article/SB1000142405 2748704635204575242382820806878.html
40. C. Squatriglia. (2010, Oct.). Wired Magizine: Road Test: Four EVs You Can Drive This Year. [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/09/ff- electriccars/all/1
41. Fact Sheet: Electric Vehicle Initiative, Clean Energy Ministerial of U.S Department of Energy, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.energy.gov/ news/documents/Electric-Vehicles-Initiative-Fact-Sheet.pdf
42. Updated List of Grid-Enabled Vehicles, World Team Now, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://worldteamnow.org/gevs.html
43. Fleet Electrification Roadmap, Electification Coalition, Nov. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://electrificationcoalition.org/electrification- roadmap.php
44. GE Announces Largest Single Electric Vehicle Commitment, Commits to Convert Half of Global Fleet by 2015, GE, Nov. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.genewscenter.com/Content/detail. aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID= 11440
45. Avis, Enterprise to Roll Out Electric Car Rentals in 2011, Gas 2.0, Jan. 2011. [Online]. Available: http://gas2.org/2010/10/13/avis-enterprise-to-roll- out-electric-carrentals-in-2011/
46. Hertz Puts Electric Cars on the Fast Track, Starting in New York, AutomobilesVWheels BlogVNYTimes.com, Dec. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/hertz-puts-electric-cars-on-thefast- track-starting-in-new-york/
47. Japan's Taxi Firms Introducing All-Electric Fleets, The Independent, Aug. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/ japans-taxi-firms-introducing-allelectricfleets-2066287.html
48. BYD to Deliver E6 Electric Cars to Shenzhen Taxi Fleet, Electric Cars Report, May 2010. [Online]. Available: http://electriccarsreport.com/2010/05/ byd-to-deliver-e6-electric-cars-toshenzhen-taxi-fleet/
49. Electric Taxis Comin' to California, Wired Autopia, Oct. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/10/electric-taxis-comin-to- california/
50. Recovery Act Awards for Electric Drive Vehicle Battery and Component Manufacturing Initiative, U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Aug. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/recovery/pdfs/battery- awardee-list.pdf
51. Economic Stimulus Act to Result in Greener Federal Buildings and Fleets, U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Feb. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://apps1. eere.energy.gov/news/news-detail.cfm/news-id=12245
52. Executive Order 13514, U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www1.eere. energy.gov/femp/regulations/ eo13514.html
53. Vice President Biden Announces Plan to Put One Million Advanced Technology Vehicles on the Road by 2015, U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Jan. 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ vehiclesandfuels/news/news-detail.html? news-id=16685
54. M. A. Delucchi, A. F. Burke, M. Miller, and T. E. LipmanElectric and Gasoline Vehicle Lifecycle Cost and Energy-Use Model," Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, CA, 2000, UCD-ITS-RR-99-04.
55. M. A. Delucchi and T. E. Lipman, "An analysis of the retail and lifecycle cost of battery-powered electric vehicles," Transp. Res. Part D, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 371-404, 2001. (Pubitemid 32782290)
56. State Incentives, Plug In America. [Online]. Available: http://www.pluginamerica.org/incentives.shtm
57. UPDATE 1-China to Subsidise Hybrid, Electric Car Purchases, Reuters, Jun. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.reuters. com/article/ idUSTOE65007Z20100601? type=marketsNews
58. R. Hensley, S. Knupfer, and D. Pinner. (2009, Jun.). McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How Three Industries Will Evolve. [Online]. Available: http://www. mckinseyquarterly.com/Electrifying-cars-How-three-industries-will- evolve-2370
59. M. Kanellos. (2010, Aug.). Green Tech Media: EV Batteries Plummet in Price: Down to $400 a kwH. [Online]. Available: http://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ev-batteries-dropping-rapidly-in-price/
60. NRC Panel of Advocates for Dead-End Hydrogen Cars Trashes Plug-In Hybrids in Deeply Flawed Report, Part 2, Climate Progress, Jan. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://climateprogress.org/2010/01/17/national-research-council- hydrogen-panelflawed-plug-in-hybrids-report-2/
61. H. Kamath. (2009, Sep.). California Air Resources Board: Lithium Ion Batteries for Electric Transportation: Costs and Markets. [Online]. Available: http://www.arb.ca. gov/msprog/zevprog/2009symposium/presentations/kamath.pdf
62. S. Gorman. (2009, Aug.). Reuters: As Hybrid Cars Gobble Rare Metals, Shortage Looms. [Online]. Available: http://www.reuters. com/article/ idUSTRE57U02B20090831
63. J. Lifton. (2009, Mar.). Gerson Lehrman Group: Braking Wind: Where's the Neodymium Going to Come From? [Online]. Available: http://www.glgroup.com/News/ Braking-Wind-Wheres-the-Neodymium-Going-To-Come-from-35041.html
64. K. Bradsher. (2009, Aug.). New York Times: China Tightens Grip on Rare Minerals. [Online]. Available: http://www.nytimes. com/2009/09/01/business/ global/01minerals.html
65. K. Bradsher. (2010, Apr.). New York Times: Challenging China in Rare Earth Mining. [Online]. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/ energy-environment/22rare.html
66. D. Kingsnorth. (2010, Dec.). Conference Rare Earths, Europe and Australia: Trade, Security and Sustainability: Meeting the Challenges of Rare Earths Supply in the Next Decade. [Online]. Available: http://www. hcss.nl/en/news/1568/Conference-Rare-Earths,-Europe-and-Australia:-Trad.html
67. DOE Announces RFI on Rare Earth Metals, U.S. Department of Energy, May 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.energy.gov/news/8945.htm
68. U.S. Department of Energy Critical Materials Strategy, U.S. Department of Energy, Dec. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.pi.energy.gov/documents/cms- dec-17-full-web.pdf
69. W. Tahil. (2007, Jan.). The Trouble With Lithium:Implications of Future PHEV Production for Lithium Demand. Document. [Online]. Available: http://www. meridian-int-res.com/Projects/Lithium-Problem-2.pdf
70. Nissan Breaks Silence on Lithium Consumption, Gerson Lehrman Group, Aug. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.glgroup. com/News/Nissan-breaks-silence- onlithium-consumption-42764.html
71. J. Friedman-Rudovsky and L. Paz. (2009, Jan.). Time: For Lithium Car Batteries, Bolivia is in the Driver's Seat. [Online]. Available: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1872561,00.html
72. D. J. Rothkopf. (2009, Sep./Oct.). Foreign Policy: Is a Green World a Safer World? [Online]. Available: http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/ 08/17/is-a-green-world-a-safer-world-not-necessarily
73. B. Schott. (2010, Jun.). The New York Times: The Saudi Arabia of Lithium. [Online]. Available: http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/23/the-saudi- arabia-of-lithium/
74. S. Romero. (2009, Feb.). The Seattle Times: Bolivia: The Saudi Arabia of Lithium? [Online]. Available: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/ 2008700362
75. J. Risen. (2010, Jun.). The New York Times: U.S. Identifies Vast Mineral Riches in Afghanistan. [Online]. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/ world/asia/14minerals.html
76. B. I. Koerner. (2008, Nov.). Forbes Magazine: The Saudi Arabia of Lithium. [Online]. Available: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/1124/034.html
77. K. Evans. (2008, Mar.). Ionic Liquids and Electrolytes for Energy Technologies (ILEET) Laboratory: An Abundance of Lithium. [Online]. Available: http://www.che.ncsu. edu/ILEET/phevs/lithium-availability/An-Abundance-of- Lithium.pdf
78. L. Gaines and P. Nelson. (2009, Jun.). Lithium-Ion Batteries: Possible Material Demand Issues. Document. [Online]. Available: http://www. transportation.anl. gov/pdfs/B/584.PDF
79. A. Ebensperger, P. Maxwell, and C. Moscoso, "The lithium industry: Its recent evolution and future prospects," Resource Policy, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 218-231, Sep. 2005. (Pubitemid 41794176)
80. A. Madrigal. (2008, Aug.). Wired Science: Mining Company Gets Cash to Pull Lithium from Waste Water. [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/ wiredscience/2008/08/mining-company/
81. S. Tsuchiya, Y. Nakatani, R. Ibrahim, and S. Ogawa, "Highly efferent separation lithium chloride from seawater," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 124, pp. 4936-4937, 2002. (Pubitemid 34495868)
82. A. Schwartz. (2010, Mar.). Fast Company: Seawater: A Potential Source of Lithium for Car Batteries? [Online]. Available: http://www.fastcompany.com/ 1578401/seawater-a-potentialsource-of-lithium-for-car-batteries
83. R. K. Evans. (2008, Mar.). Lithium Abundance. [Online]. Available: http://lithiumabundance.blogspot.com/
84. A. Yaksic and J. E. Tilton, "Using the cumulative availability curve to assess the threat of mineral depletion: The case of lithium," Resources Policy, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 185-194, Dec. 2009.
85. China Moves to Resume Rare Earths Exports to Japan, Asia One, Sep. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/Story/A1Story20100929- 239672.html
86. Daikin's New Motor Design Enables Higher Output From Weaker Magnets, Trading Markets, Oct. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.tradingmarkets.com/. site/news/Stock%20News/2559360/
87. K. Bourzac. (2011, Jan.). Technology Review: New Magnets Could Solve Our Rare-Earth Problems. [Online]. Available: http://www. technologyreview.com/ energy/27112/? nlid=4027
88. Electric CarsVHow Much Does it Cost per Charge? Scientific American Mar. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article. cfm?id=electric-cars-cost-per-charge
89. London Calling: Congestion Charge Recharges Electric Cars, Climate Progress, Nov. 2007. [Online]. Available: http://climateprogress.org/2007/11/29/ london-calling-congestion-chargerecharges-electric-cars/
90. Smart Grid Insights: V2G, ZigBee Alliance, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://zigbee.org/imwp/idms/popups/pop-download.asp?contentID=18272
91. S. B. Peterson, "Lithium-ion battery cell degradation resulting from realistic vehicle and vehicle-to-grid utilization," J. Power Source., vol. 195, no. 8, pp. 2385-2392, Apr. 2010.
92. K. Willett and T. Jasna, "Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue," J. Power Source., vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 268-279, Jun. 2005.
93. J. Wellinghoff, "The Cash Back Car," in Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington? Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2009, pp. 65-88.
94. J. Voelcker. (2007, Oct.). IEEE Spectrum Inside Technology: Can Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Keep the Electric Grid Stable? [Online]. Available: http://spectrum. ieee.org/green-tech/advanced-cars/can-plugin-hybrid-electric- vehicles-keepthe-electric-grid-stable
95. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010, "P 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId= 6929&contentId= 7044622
96. Electrification Roadmap: Revolutionizing Transportation and Achieving Energy Security, Electrification Coalition, Nov. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.electrificationcoalition.org/electrification-roadmap.php
97. K. Crane et al. (2009). Rand Corporation: Imported Oil and U.S. National Security. Document. [Online]. Available: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/ 2009/RAND-MG838.pdf
98. N. Chambers. (2010, May). Gas 2.0: Nissan LEAF Will Include Fast Charge Capability and Emergency Charging Cable at Launch. [Online]. Available: http://gas2.org/2010/05/27/nissan-leaf-will-include-fastcharge-capability-and- emergency-chargingcable-at-launch/
99. T. Markel and A. Simpson, "Blug-in hybrid electric vehicle energy storage system design," in Proc. Adv. Autom. Battery Conf., "Baltimore, MD, 2006.
100. G. Langer. (2005, Feb.). ABC News: Poll: Traffic in the United States. [Online]. Available: http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id= 485098&page=1
101. I. Buchmann. (2003). BatteryUniversity.com. [Online]. Available: http://www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-5A.htm
102. Battery Switch Stations, Sptter Place, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.betterplace.com/the-solution-switch-stations
103. Better Place Launches Switchable-Battery Electric Taxi Project in Tokyo, Sptter Place, Apr. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. betterplace.com/the- company-pressroompressreleases-detail/index/id/tokyo-electrictaxi-project
104. E. Ornelas. (2009, Sep.). SF Environment: Basics of Electric Vehicle Charging. [Online]. Available: http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/ SFCCC/ABC's%20of%20Battery%20Charging.pdf
105. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Deployment Guidelines or the Oregon I-5 Metro Areas of Portland, Salem, Corvallis and Eugene, Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation, Apr. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/docs/EVDeployGuidelines3-1.pdf?ga=t
106. G. Kissel. (2010, Feb.). IEEE: SAE J1772 Update For IEEE Standard 1809 Guide for Electric-Sourced Transportation Infrastructure Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/earthobservationsSCC/IEEE-SAE-J1772- Update-10-02-08-Gery-Kissel.pdf
107. CHAdeMO Association, CHAdeMO Association, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://chademo.com/indexa.html
108. D. Prochaska. (2009, Sep.). International Trade Administration: NIST Smart Grid Update. [Online]. Available: http://www. ita.doc.gov/td/energy/ Smart%20Grid%20NIST.pdf
109. NFPA 70: NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODER National Fire Protection Association 2008 http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum= 70&EditionID=238
110. Smart Garage Charrette Pre-Read v2.0, Rocky Mountain Institute, Oct. 2008. [Online]. Available: http://move.rmi.org/files/smartgarage/PreRead-v2- Core-1.pdf
111. R. Scholer. (2010, Feb.). IEEE: SAE J2836-J2847 Task Force Status. [Online]. Available: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/earthobservationsSCC/J2847- Task-Force-Status-Rich-Scholer.pdf
112. Zigbee Smart Energy, Zigbee Alliance. [Online]. Available: http://www.zigbee.org/Markets/ZigBeeSmartEnergy/Overview.aspx
113. ZigBee Smart Energy Version 2.0 Documents, Zigbee Alliance. [Online]. Available: http://zigbee.org/Markets/ZigBeeSmartEnergy/Version20Documents.aspx
114. Y. Yoneda. (2009, Dec.). nhabitat: New York Gets its First Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Statio. [Online]. Available: http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/12/ 15/new-york-gets-itsfirst-ever-electric-vehicle-charging-station/
115. S. Blanco. (2010, Feb.). Autoblog Green: Chicago Area Gets First Wind-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station. [Online]. Available: http://green.autoblog.com/2010/02/08/chicago-area-gets-first-windpowered- electric-vehicle-charging-s/
116. Measuring the Information Society, International Telecommunication Union, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/ index.html
117. McDonald's and NovaCharge Deploy ChargePoint Network EV Charging Stations, Nova Charge, Jul. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.novacharge. net/nc-press-McDpr.html
118. Coulomb Technologies: Nashville is the Latest City to Install EV Charging Stations, Green Energy News, Aug. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.green-energy-news.com/nwslnks/clips809/aug09026.html
119. The EV Project Expands to Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., ECOtality, Inc., Jun. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.ecotality. com/newsletter/06172010- LA-DC-DOE-Project-Expansion.html
120. Coulomb Technologies to Provide 4,600 Free Home and Public Charging Stations Through ChargePoint America Program, Green Car Congress, Jun. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/06/coulomb-20100602. html
121. E. Niedermeyer. (2009, Dec.). The Truth About Cars: Denmark EV Incentive: $40 k and a Parking Spot. [Online]. Available: http://www. thetruthaboutcars.com/denmark-evincentive-40k-and-a-parking-spot/
122. H. Massy-Beresford. (2009, Oct.). Reuters: France to Invest 2.5 bln eur for Electric Car Launch. [Online]. Available: http://www. reuters.com/article/ idUSL163661420091001
123. Canberra Starting Point of Electric Vehicle Recharge Network, Sustainability Matters, Jul. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www. sustainabilitymatters.net.au/news/34179-Canberra-starting-point-of- electricvehicle-recharge-network
124. Cities Join Forces on Electric Vehicles, C40 Cities, Dec. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.c40cities.org/news/news-20091216.jsp
125. SAE Standard on EV Charging Connector Approved, SAE Automotive Engineering Online, Jan. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/ rgstd/7479
126. Elektromotive Debuts Tool for Monitoring and Invoicing Electricity Drawn From Charging Stations; Three-Phase Fast Charge Prototype With Mennekes Coupler, Green Car Congress May 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.greencarcongress. com/2009/05/elektromotive-mennekes-20090515.html
127. The EV Project, The EV Project. [Online]. Available: http://www. theevproject.com/index.php
128. Electric Drive Transportation Association, Electric Drive Transportation Association. [Online]. Available: http://www. electricdrive.org/
129. The Coalition, Set America Free. [Online]. Available: http://www.setamericafree.org/coalition.html
130. Project Get Ready. [Online]. Available: http://projectgetready.com/
131. CalCars, California Cars Initiative. [Online]. Available: http://www.calcars.org/
132. Plug in America, Plug In America, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. pluginamerica.org/index.shtml
133. Plug-In Partners, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.pluginpartners. org/
134. Electric Auto Association, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.eaaev.org/
135. World Electric Vehicle Association, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. electricdrive.org/sites/weva/
136. AVERE. [Online]. Available: http://www. avere.org
137. Zero-Emission Vehicle Legal and Regulatory ActivitiesVBackground, California Air Resource Board, Mar. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/background.htm
138. Who Killed the Electric Car, Papercut Films, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www. whokilledtheelectriccar.com/
139. China to Build New-Energy Demonstration City in Xinjiang, People's Daily Online, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/ 90778/90862/7052711.html
140. A. DiPaola. (2010, Jun.). Bloomberg: Abu Dhabi Proceeds With Masdar Energy City Plan, Jaber Tells Emirates News. [Online]. Available: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-30/abu-dhabi-proceedswith-masdar-energy- city-plan-jaber-tellsemirates-news.html
141. S. Inskeep and J. Palca. (2008, Mar.). NPR: Oil-Rich Abu Dhabi Builds Renewable-Energy City. [Online]. Available: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=90180158
142. J. Taylor, A. Maitra, M. Alexander, D. Brooks, and M. Duvall, Evaluation of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Distribution System Impacts," in Proc. IEEE PES-GM, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Jul. 2010.
143. J. Taylor, A. Maitra, M. Alexander, D. Brooks, and M. Duvall, "Integrating plug-in electric vehicles with the distribution system," presented at the CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Prague, Czech Republic, 2009, Paper 1029.
144. J. Taylor, A. Maitra, M. Alexander, D. Brooks, and M. Duvall, "Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations," presented at the Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2009, pp. 1-6.
145. A. Maitra et al., "Evaluation of PEV loading characteristics on hydro Quebec's distribution system operations," in EVS24, Stavanger, Norway, 2009, pp. 1-11.
146. A. Maitra, W. Kook, J. Taylor, and A. Giumento, "Grid impacts of PEVs on hydro Quebec's distribution system," in Proc. Transmiss. Distribut. Confer. Exposit. (2010 IEEE PES), New Orleans, LA, Apr. 2010, pp. 1-7.
147. J. Halliwell. (2010, Mar.). Nebraska Power Association: The (Near) Future of Electric Transportation-Utility Challenges and Opportunities. [Online]. Available: http://www.nepower.org/NPA-presentations/John-Halliwell.pdf
148. City of Lancaster, "YD and KB Home Announce Partnership to Demonstrate New Green Technology, City of Lancaster, Mar. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www. cityoflancasterca.org/index.aspx?recordid= 1595&page=20
149. A. Klock. (2010, Jun.). 2010 DOE Hydrogen Program and Vehicle Technologies Program Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting: U.S. Emergency Responder Safety Training for Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles. [Online]. Available: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit- review-2010/technology-integration/tiarravt036-klock-2010-o.pdf
150. C. C. Grant. (2010, May). The Fire Protection Research Foundation: Fire Fighter Safety and Emergency Response for Electric Drive and Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Final Report. [Online]. Available: http://www. nfpa.org/assets/files/ PDF/Research/FFTacticsElecVeh.pdf
151. S.841: Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010, U.S. Senate, Dec. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-841
152. DOE-Loan Programs Office, U.S. Department of Energy, Our Projects. [Online]. Available: http://lpo.energy.gov/?page-id=45
153. Advanced Research Projects Agency.Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency.Energy, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://arpa-e.energy.gov/Home.aspx
154. Transportation and Climate-Regulations and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [Online]. Available: http://www. epa.gov/oms/climate/ regulations.htm
155. 3442: Electric Vehicle Deployment Act of 201, U.S. Senate, May 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd? bill=s111-3442
156. H.R. 5442: Electric Drive Vehicle Deployment Act of 2010, U.S. House, May 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111- 5442
157. Other Credits, Internal Revenue Service of United States Department of the Treasur. [Online]. Available: http://www.irs.gov/publications/p17/ch37. html#en-US-publink1000174923
158. D. B. Sandalow. (2007). Bookings: Freedom from Oil. [Online]. Available: http://www.brookings.edu/press/Books/2007/freedomfromoil.aspx
159. Governor Schwarzenegger Signs Legislation to Expedite Funding for Transportation and Housing Projects, State of California, Office of Governor, Jun. 2008. [Online]. Available: http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/10047/
160. Fact Sheet: Multilateral Solar and Wind Working Group, Clean Energy Ministerial of U.S. Department of Energy, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.energy.gov/news/documents/Renewables-Fact-Sheet.pdf
161. Fact Sheet: International Smart Grid Action Network, Clean Energy Ministerial of U.S. Department of Energy, Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.energy.gov/news/documents/Electric-Vehicles-Initiative-Fact-Sheet.pdf
162. C. Samaras and K. Meisterling, Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from plug-in hybrid vehicles: Implications for policy," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 3170-3176, Apr. 2008.
163. A. Elgowainy, A. Burnham, M. Wang, J. Molburg, and A. Rousseau, "Well-to-wheels analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," 2010, ANL/ESD/10-1.
164. J. Chegwidden and D. Kingsworth. (2010, Nov.). Rare Earths: Facing the Uncertainties of Supply. [Online]. Available: http://www.slideshare.net/Tehama/ rare-earths-facing-the-uncertaintys-of-supply
165. J. Lifton. (2009, Sep.). Gerson Lehrman Group: Is the Rare Earth Supply Crisis Due to Peak Production Capability or Capacity. [Online]. Available: http://www.glgroup.com/News/Is-The-Rare-Earth-Supply-Crisis-Due-to-Peak- Production-Capabilityor-Capacity-43057.html
166. D. J. Kingsnorth, Proc. Doc. 2010, The Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration: SME Annual Meeting 2010-Rare Earths: Facing New Challenges in the New Decade. [Online]. Available: http://www.smenet.org/rareEarthsProject/ SME-2010-Kingsnorth.pdf.
167. J. Pokrzywa. (2010, Jul.). SAE Taipei: SAE Ground Vehicle Standards SmartGrid. [Online]. Available: http://sae-taipei.org.tw/image/1283265726.pdf