War and peace in the ancient and modern Olympics

Greece and Rome

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-13

  Golden, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 79956350811     PISSN: 00173835     EISSN: 14774550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0017383510000495     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Cf. D. G. Kyle, Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World (Malden, MA, 2007), 1-2.
2. On the film itself, see, e.g., L. Riefenstahl, Leni Reifenstahl. A Memoir (New York, 1995), 168-73, 184- 206;
3. R. Rother, Leni Riefenstahl. The Seduction of Genius (London and New York, 2002), 77-90;
4. S. Bach, Leni. The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl (New York, 2007), 141-63. According to one account, the opening sequence was inspired by a resemblance between the physiques of a German discus champion, Erwin Huber, and Myron's famous statue:
5. D. B. Hinton, The Films of Leni Riefenstahl (Metuchen, NJ and London, 1978), 65.
6. see E. Fischer-Lichte, 'Resurrecting Ancient Greece in Nazi Germany: The Oresteia as Part of the Olympic Games in 1936', in M. Revermann and P. Wilson (eds.), Performance, Iconography, Reception. Studies in Honour of Oliver Taplin (Oxford, 2008), 481- 98. Fischer-Lichte notes the tendency of critics to draw a parallel between the transformations portrayed in the trilogy's final play and those brought in by the National Socialist regime: both Athenians and Germans lived in changing times.
7. D. C. Young, A Brief History of the Olympic Games (Malden, MA, 2004), 138, 140.
8. For what follows, see M. Golden, Greek Sport and Social Status (Austin, TX, 2008), 107-10.
9. See D. C. Young, 'The Riddle of the Rings', in S. J. Bandy (ed.), Coroebus Triumphs. The Alliance of Sport and the Arts (San Diego, CA, 1988), 257-76.
10. As a partial exception, the Roman dictator Sulla lured adult Greek athletes to Rome in 80 BCE and only boys' events were held at Olympia that year: see App. B Civ. 1.99; V. J. Matthews, 'Sulla and the Games of the 175th Olympiad (80 BC)', Stadion 5 (1979), 239-43.
11. See R. K. Barney and A. T. Bijkerk, 'The Genesis of Sacred Fire in Olympic Ceremony: A New Interpretation', Journal of Olympic History 13.2 (2005), 6-27.
12. J. Barbassa and M. Wohlsen, 'Security High for Torch's S.F. Stop', Associated Press Online (Sports News), 9 April 2008, http://www.11alive.com/ news/article-news.aspx?storyid=114187, accessed 3 November 2010.
13. For a brief account, see A. Kitroeff, Wrestling with the Ancients. Modern Greek Identity and the Olympics (New York, 2004), 92-7.
14. See, e.g., J. Gerling, 'The Idea of Peace as Coubertin's Vision for the Modern Olympic Movement: Development and Pedagogic Consequences', Information Letter of the International Pierre de Coubertin Committee 1 (2006), 31-8.
15. P. de Coubertin, Olympism. Selected Writings, ed. N. Müller (Lausanne, 2000), 297.
16. Quoted and translated by M. Lämmer, 'The Nature and Function of the Olympic Truce in Ancient Greece', History of Physical Education and Sport 3 (1975-6), 37.
17. A. Brundage, as quoted in D. Schaap, An Illustrated History of the Olympics, third edition (New York, 1975), 4;
18. K. Georgiadis and A. Syrigos, 'Introduction', in K. Georgiadis and A. Syrigos (eds.), Olympic Truce. Sport as a Platform for Peace (Athens, 2009), 17.
19. See, e.g., L. Berkowitz, Aggression. Its Causes, Consequences, and Control (New York, 1993)
20. B. Krahé, The Social Psychology of Aggression (Hove, East Sussex and Philadelphia, PA, 2001).
21. See D. M. Pritchard, 'Sport, War and Democracy in Classical Athens', in Z. Papakonstantinou (ed.), Sport in the Cultures of the Ancient World = International Journal of the History of Sport 26 (2009), 212-45.
22. U. Sinn, Olympia. Cult, Sport, and Ancient Festival, tr. T. Thornton (Princeton, NJ, 2000), 20. Sinn provides a sketch of Olympia's links with war on pp. 15-22.
23. See N. Spivey, The Ancient Olympics (Oxford, 2004), 186-8.
24. For citizens sitting together, see Lucian, Hermot. 39;
25. S. G. Miller, Ancient Greek Athletics (New Haven, CT and London, 2004), 110.
26. See M. Scott, Delphi and Olympia. The Spatial Politics of Panhellenism in the Archaic and Classical Periods (Cambridge, 2010), 260-4.
27. P. Gardner, 'Olympia and the Festival', in New Chapters in Greek History (London, 1892), 273;
28. E. N. Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals (London, 1910), 43-4;
29. idem, Olympia. Its History and Remains (Oxford, 1925), 112.
30. Note, however, that Gardiner's later abridgement of these books, Athletics of the Ancient World (Oxford, 1930), does not claim that wars came to a stop during the truce.
31. S. B. Pomeroy, S. M. Burstein, W. Donlan, and J. T. Roberts, Ancient Greece. A Political, Social and Cultural History, second edition (Oxford, 2008), 144;
32. Spivey (n. 19), 189-90;
33. O. Taplin, review of N. Spivey, The Ancient Olympics, in The Guardian, 14 August 2004.
34. Cf. H. A. Harris, Greek Athletes and Athletics (Bloomington, IN and London, 1964), 155-6.
35. See Lämmer (n. 13);
36. idem, 'Der sogenannte Olympische Friede in der griechische Antike', Stadion 8/9 (1982-3), 47-83;
37. S. Hornblower and C. Morgan, 'Introduction', in S. Hornblower and C. Morgan (eds.), Pindar's Poetry, Patrons, and Festivals. From Archaic Greece to the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2007), 30-5.
38. The Lillehammer ceasefire is hailed as one of the campaign's 'remarkable' successes by H. L. Reid, 'Olympic Sport and its Lessons for Peace', Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 33 (2006), 209 (an article available in a revised form in Georgiadis and Syrigos [n. 14], 25-35).
39. M. Llewellyn Smith, Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games (London, 2004), 246.
40. As S. Loland and A. Selliaas remark, 'As an institution, the Truce has had little real impact on warring parties' ('The Olympic Truce: The Ideal and the Reality', in Georgiadis and Syrigos [n. 14], 67).
41. For the ancient evidence, see Lys. 33 ('Olympic Oration') (= Dion. Hal. Lys. 29-30); Diod. Sic. 14.105.
42. See Plut. Vit. Them. 25.1; Ael. VH 9.5.
43. See Pherec. FGrH 3 F 79a-b; Paus. 5.2.1-5, 6.3.9; T. H. Nielsen, 'A Polis as Part of a Larger Identity Group: Glimpses from the History of Lepreon', C&M 56 (2005), 69-70.
44. See [Plut.] X orat. 850B (where it is said, surely wrongly, that Hyperides' mission was successful); Paus. 5.21.5;
45. I. Weiler, 'Korruption in der Olympischen Agonistik und die diplomatische Mission des Hypereides in Elis', in A. Rizakis (ed.), Achaia und Elis in der Antike. Akten des 1. Internationalen Symposiums Athen, 19-21 Mai 1989 (Athens, 1991), 87-93.
46. See Thuc. 5.49-50; Xen. Hell. 3.2.21-3; Paus. 6.2.2;
47. C. Falkner, 'Sparta and the Elean War, c. 401/400 BC: Revenge or Imperialism?', Phoenix 50 (1996), 17-25;
48. J. Roy, 'Thucydides 5.49.1-50.4: The Quarrel between Elis and Sparta in 420 B.C. and Elis' Exploitation of Olympia', Klio 80 (1998), 360-8;
49. S. Hornblower, 'Thucydides, Xenophon and Lichas: Were the Spartans Excluded from the Olympic Games from 420 to 400 B.C.?', Phoenix 54 (2000), 212-25.
50. Quoted by A. Senn, Power, Politics, and the Olympic Games (Champaign, IL, 1999), 37.
51. See K. Lennartz, 'The Exclusion of the Central Empires from the Olympic Games in 1920', in R. K. Barney, K. B. Wamsley, S. G. Martyn, and G. H. MacDonald (eds.), Global and Cultural Critique: Problematizing the Olympic Games (London, Ontario, 1998), 69-74.
52. See K. Lennartz, 'The Readmission of Germany and the Problem of German Division', in R. Gafner (ed.), The International Olympic Committee. One Hundred Years. The Idea - the Presidents - the Achievements (Lausanne, 1994), 46.
53. See J. Buschmann and K. Lennartz, 'Germany and the 1948 Olympic Games in London', Journal of Olympic History 6.3 (1998), 22-8.
54. For the podium protest and its aftermath, see A. Bass, Not the Triumph but the Struggle. The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete (Minneapolis, MN and London, 2002), 233-89;
55. D. Hartmann, Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete. The 1968 Olympic Protests and their Aftermath (Chicago and London, 2003). For the Mexico City demonstrations
56. see E. Poniatowska, Massacre in Mexico, tr. H. R. Lane (New York, 1975);
57. P. I. Taibo II, '68, tr. D. Nicholson-Smith (New York, 2004).
58. see C. W. Mason, 'The Bridge to Change: The 1976 Montreal Olympic Games, South African Apartheid Policy, and the Olympic Boycott Paradigm', in G. P. Schaus and S. R. Wenn (eds.), Onward to the Olympics. Historical Reflections on the Olympic Games (Waterloo, Ontario, 2007), 283-96.