Volatile trace element behaviour in the Sasol® fixed-bed dry-bottom (FBDB)™ gasifier treating coals of different rank

Fuel Processing Technology

Volumn 92, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1646-1655

  Bunt, J R ^a,b   Waanders, F B ^b  

^a SASOL TECHNOLOGY PTY LTD   (South Africa)

^b NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Coal; Fixed bed gasification; Hg, As, Se, Cd and Pb; Volatile trace elements

Indexed keywords

BED MATERIALS; CDS; COAL RANKS; COAL TYPES; ELEMENT SIMULATIONS; FEED CONCENTRATION; FIXED-BED; GAS CLEANING; GASIFICATION PROCESS; GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES; GASIFIERS; GASPHASE; HG, AS, SE, CD AND PB; LOW RANK; LUMP COAL; MODEL PREDICTION; NORTH DAKOTA; SOUTH AFRICA; TEMPERATURE PROFILES; THERMODYNAMIC DATA; VITRINITES; VOLATILE TRACE ELEMENTS;

ASSOCIATED GAS; BITUMINOUS COAL; CADMIUM; CADMIUM COMPOUNDS; CADMIUM SULFIDE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FORECASTING; GASES; GASIFICATION; LEAD; LIGNITE; MERCURY (METAL);

TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 79956339712     PISSN: 03783820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.013     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. US Statues at Large Public Law 101-549. Provisions for attainment and maintenance of national air quality standards 101st Congress, 2nd Session 104 1990 2353 3358 Part 4
2. J.O. Nriagu, and J.M. Pacyna Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and solids by trace metals Nature 333 1988 134 139 (Pubitemid 19319038)
3. D.S. Beishon, J. Hood, and H.E. Vierrath The fate of trace elements in the BGL gasifier Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference 1 1989 539 547
4. W. Schellenberg, and N. Ullrich Prenflo-pressurised coal gasification, Sixth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA Ch. 128 1989 507 516
5. D. Baker Projected emissions of hazardous air pollutants from a shell coal gasification process-combined-cycle power plant Fuel 73 7 1994 1082 1086
6. L. Shuquin, W. Yongtao, and J. Oakley Thermodynamic equilibrium study of trace element transformation during underground coal gasification Fuel Process. Technol. 87 2006 209 215
7. J. Helble, F. Frandsen, T.A. Erickson, and V. Kuhnel Trace element partitioning during coal gasification Fuel 75 8 1996 931 939 (Pubitemid 126359609)
8. T. Erickson Trace element emissions project. Final technical progress report, Energy and Environmental Research Center Prepared for the Federal Energy Technology Center. 99-EERC-06-06, June 1999
9. J. Ratafia-Brown Overview of trace element partitioning in flames and furnaces of utility coal-fired boilers Fuel Process. Technol. 39 1994 139 157 (Pubitemid 286031)
10. N.J. Wagner, T.B. Hlatshwayo, and M. Ginster A source apportioned mercury mass balance across a coal-based petrochemical complex Fuel Process. Technol. 89 2008 1351 1357
11. D.A. Spears Trace elements in some UK coals: quantitative distribution Proceedings- Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference 18th 2001 2950 2976
12. S.A. Benson, J.H. Pavlish, and C.J. Zygarlicke Trace elements in low-rank coals Proceedings Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 15th 1998 78 85
13. R.B. Finkelman Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: level of confidence Fuel Process. Technol. 39 1994 21 34 (Pubitemid 286034)
14. H. Lu, H. Chen, W. Li, and B. Li Occurrence and volatilization behaviour of Pb, Cd, Cr in Yima coal during fluidized-bed pyrolysis Fuel 83 2004 39 45
15. J. Wang, A. Sharma, and A. Tomita Determination of the modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal by leaching coal and coal ashes Energy Fuels 17 2003 29 37
16. F. Goodarzii Mineralogy, elemental composition and modes of occurrence of elements in Canadian feed-coals Fuel 81 2002 1199 1203
17. G. Reed Control of trace elements in gasification: a measurement methodology to validate thermodynamic predictions. Fluidized bed combustion Science 20 1994 115 138
18. X. Li, J.R. Grace, A.P. Watkinson, C.J. Lim, and A. Ergudenler Equilibrium modeling of gasification: a free energy minimization approach and its application to a circulating fluidized bed coal gasifier Fuel 80 2001 195 207 (Pubitemid 32045618)
19. SRI International for DOE. Vaporization of Trace Element Species from Coalunder Gasification and Combustion Conditions. DOE/MC/23261-2723(DE89011687), March 1989.
20. J. Ratafia-Brown Toxic materials emitted from coal-fired technologies: assessment of sources, in-situ generation, control options, measurement and environmental effects Report prepared by SAIC for US DOE 1992 Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center July
21. D. Thompson, and B.B. Argent Prediction of the distribution of trace elements between the product streams of the Prenflo gasifier and comparison with reported data Fuel 81 2002 555 570 (Pubitemid 34181554)
22. J.J. Helble Trace element behaviour during coal combustion: results of a laboratory study Fuel Process. Technol. 39 1994 159 172 (Pubitemid 286035)
23. M. Germani, and W. Zoller Vapor phase concentrations of arsenic, selenium, bromine, iodine and mercury in the stack of a coal-fired power plant Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 1988 1079 1085
24. J.R. Bunt, and F.B. Waanders Trace element behaviour in the Sasol-Lurgi MKIV FBDB gasifier - Part 1 (the volatile elements: Hg, As, Se, Cd and Pb) Fuel 87 2008 2374 2387
25. J.R. Bunt, and F.B. Waanders Trace element behaviour in the Sasol-Lurgi MK IV FBDB gasifier - Part 2 (the semi-volatile elements: Cu, Mo, Ni and Zn) Fuel 88 2009 961 969
26. J.R. Bunt, and F.B. Waanders Trace element behaviour in the Sasol-Lurgi MKIV FBDB gasifier Part 3 - The non-volatile elements: Ba, Co, Cr, Mo and V. Fuel: JFUE-D-09-00135 2009 March
27. Bunt JR. A new dissection methodology and investigation into coal propertytransformational behaviour impacting on a commercial-scale Sasol-Lurgi MKIVfixed-bed gasifier. PhD thesis. North West University; 2006.
28. Mangena SJ. Fuel bed evaluations and coal properties transformation in a Sasol-Lurgi fixed-bed dry-bottom gasifier operating on North Dakota lignite. PhD thesis (Confidential). North West University; 2009.
29. ASTM D 6414-99. Standard test methods for total mercury in coal and coal combustion residues by acid extraction or wet oxidation/cold vapour atomic adsorption 2002 1 6 Jan
30. ASTM D 4606-95. Standard test method for determination of arsenic and selenium in coal by the hydride generation/atomic absorption method 2002 1 5 Jan
31. ASTM D 6357-00a. Standard Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 2002 1 8 August
32. N.J. Wagner, and T.B. Hlatshwayo The occurrence of potentially hazardous trace elements in six South African highveld coals Int. J. Coal Geology 63 2006 228 246 (Pubitemid 41102549)
33. J.R. Bunt, J.P. Joubert, and F.B. Waanders Coal char temperature profile estimation using optical reflectance for a commercial-scale Sasol-Lurgi FBDB gasifier Fuel 87 2008 2849 2855
34. K.A. Katrinak, S.A. Benson, K.R. Henke, and D.J. Hassett Mercury in North Dakota lignite Fuel Process. Technol. 39 1994 35 45 (Pubitemid 286956)
35. G.D. Stricker, and M.S. Ellis Coal quality and geochemistry, Williston Basin, North Dakota Resource assessment of selected tertiary coal beds and zones in the Northern Rocky Mountain and Great Plains region, U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1625A 1999
36. N. Pirrone, and R. Mason Mercury fate and transport in the global atmosphere, Chapter 5 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 113 10.1007/978-0-387-93958-2-5
37. R.H. Matjie, M. Ginster, C. van Alphen, and A. Sobiecki Detailed characterization of Sasol ashes World of Coal ash Conference 2005 Available from: http://www.flyash.info/textonly.html.
38. N.J. Wagner, T.B. Hlatshwayo, and M. Ginster A source apportioned mercury mass balance across a coal-based petrochemical complex Fuel Process.Technol. FUPROC-02382 2008 7