Six-minute walk test for persons with mild or moderate disability from multiple sclerosis: Performance and explanatory factors

Physiotherapy Canada

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 166-180

  Wetzel, Jane L ^a,c   Fry, Donna K ^b   Pfalzer, Lucinda A ^b  

^a Youngstown State University   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN FLINT   (United States)

^c DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

6MWT; Fatigue; Multiple sclerosis; Muscle strength; Postural balance; Walking

Indexed keywords

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISABLED PERSON; EXERCISE TEST; HUMAN; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; WALKING;

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DISABLED PERSONS; EXERCISE TEST; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS; WALKING;

EID: 79956305732     PISSN: 03000508     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/ptc.2009-62     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Haselkorn JK, Leer SE, Hall JA, Pate DJ. Mobility. In: Burks JS, Johnson KP, editors. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos; 2000. p. 323-32.
2. Petajan JH. Weakness. In: Burks JS, Johnson KP, editors. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos; 2000. p. 307-21.
3. Krupp LB, Elkins LE. Fatigue. In: Burks JS, Johnson KP, eds. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos; 2000. p. 291-7.
4. Mutluay FK, Gurses HN, Saip S. Effects of multiple sclerosis on respiratory functions. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19:426-32. doi:10.1191/0269215505cr782oa
5. Redelings MD, McCoy L, Sorvillo F. Multiple sclerosis mortality and patterns of comorbidity in the United States from 1990 to 2001. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;26:102-7. doi:10.1159/000090444
6. Pittock SJ, Mayr WT, McClelland RL, Jorgensen BS, Weigand SD, Noseworthy JH, et al. Disability profile of MS did not change over 10 years in a population-based prevalence cohort. Neurology. 2004;62:601-6.
7. Tinetti ME, Inouye SK, Gill TM, Doucette JT. Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence: unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. J Am Med Assoc. 1995;273:1348-53. doi:10.1001/jama.273.17.1348
8. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Salive ME, Wallace RB. Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:556-61. doi:10.1056/NEJM199503023320902
9. Penninx BWJH, Ferrucci L, Leveille SG, Rantanen T, Pahor M, Guralnik JM. Lower extremity performance in nondisabled older persons as a predictor of subsequent hospitalization. J Gerontol ABiol. 2000;55:M691-7. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.11.M691
10. Studenski S, Perera S, Wallace D, Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Rooney E, et al. Physical performance measures in the clinical setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:314-22. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51104.x
11. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS, Osir GV, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the Short Physical Performance Battery. J Gerontol A-Biol. 2000;55:M221-31. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.4.M221
12. Eng JJ, Chu KS, Dawson AS, Kim CM, Hepburn KE. Functional walk tests in individuals with stroke: relation to perceived exertion and myocardial exertion. Stroke. 2002;33:756-61. doi:10.1161/hs0302.104195
13. American Thoracic Society. ATS statement: guidelines for the sixminute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:111-7.
14. Lord SR, Menz HB. Physiologic, psychologic, and health predictors of 6-minute walk performance in older people. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:907-11. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.33227
15. Chetta A, Zanini A, Pisi G, Aiello M, Tzani P, Neri M, et al. Reference values for the 6-min walk test in healthy subjects 20-50 years old. Respir Med. 2006;100:1573-8. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.001
16. Camarri B, Eastwood PR, Cecins NM, Thompson PJ, Jenkins S. Sixminute walk distance in healthy subjects aged 55-75. Respir Med. 2006;100:658-65. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.08.003
17. Hulens M, Vansant G, Claessens AL, Lysens R, Muls E. Predictors of 6-minute walk test results in lean, obese and morbidly obese women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;13:98-105. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.10273.x
18. Esposito JG, Thomas SG, Kingdon L, Ezzat S. Anabolic growth hormone action improves submaximal measures of physical performance in patients with HIV-associated wasting. Am J Physiol-Endoc M. 2005;289:E494-503. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00013.2005
19. Enright PL, Sherrill DL. Reference equations for six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1384-7.
20. Enright PL, McBurnie MA, Bittner V, Tracy RP, McNamara R, Arnold A, et al. The 6-minute walk test: a quick measure of functional status in elderly adults. Chest. 2003;123:387-98. doi:10.1378/chest.123.2.387
21. Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Six-minute walking distance in healthy elderly subjects. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:270-4. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14b06.x
22. Gibbons WJ, Fruchter N, Sloan S, Levy RD. Reference values for a multiple repetition 6-minute walk test in healthy adults older than 20 years. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001;21:87-93. doi:10.1097/00008483-200103000-00005
23. Mossberg KA. Reliability of a timed walk test in persons with acquired brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82:385-90. doi:10.1097/00002060-200305000-00014
24. Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Arikan H, Guclu-Gunduz A, Cetisli-Korkmaz N, Armutlu K, et al. Six-minute walk distance as a measure of functional exercise capacity in multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:1365-71. doi:10.1080/09638280500164479
25. Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, Rogers WJ, McIntyre KM, Bangdiwala SI, et al. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. J Am Med Assoc. 1993;270:1702-7. doi:10.1001/jama.270.14.1702
26. Cahalin LP, Mathier MM, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, DiSalvo TG. The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in advanced heart failure. Chest. 1996;110:325-32. doi:10.1378/chest.110.2.325
27. Newman AB, Haggerty CL, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt MC, Simonsick EM. Walking performance and cardiovascular response: associations with age and morbidity-The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A-Biol. 2003;58:715-20. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.8.M715
28. Chetta A, Rampello A, Marangio E, Merlini S, Dazzi F, Aiello M, et al. Cardiorespiratory response to walk in multiple sclerosis patients. Respir Med. 2004;98:522-9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2003.11.011
29. Paltamaa J, Sarasoja T, Leskinen E, Wikstrom J, Malkia E. Measuring deterioration in international classification of functioning domains of people with multiple sclerosis who are ambulatory. Phys Ther. 2008;88:176-90. doi:10.2522/ptj.20070064
30. Guralnik JM, LaCroix AZ, Abbott RD, Berkman LF, Satterfield S, Evans DA, et al. Maintaining mobility in late life, I: demographic characteristics and chronic conditions. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:845-57.
31. Trojano M, Liguori M, Zimatore GB, Bugarini R, Avolio C, Paolicelli D, et al. Age-related disability in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2002;51:475-80. doi:10.1002/ana.10147
32. Franklin BA, Whaley MH, editors. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia: American College of Sports Medicine; 2000.
33. Kurtzke JF. Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33:1444-52.
34. Fry DK, Pfalzer LA. Reliability of four functional tests and rating of perceived exertion in persons with multiple sclerosis. Physiother Can. 2006;58:212-20. doi:10.3138/ptc.58.3.212
35. Yancik R, Wesley MN, Ries LA, Havlik RJ, Long S, Edwards BK, et al. Comorbidity and age as predictors of risk for early mortality of male and female colon carcinoma patients: a population-based study. Cancer. 1998;82:2123-34. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980601)82:11<2123::AIDCNCR6> 3.3.CO;2-N
36. Houterman S, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Verheij CDGW, Louwman WJ, Vreugdenhil G, van der Sangen MJC, et al. Comorbidity has negligible impact on treatment and complications but influences survival in breast cancer patients. Brit J Cancer. 2004;90:2332-7. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601844
37. Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The Fatigue Severity Scale. application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1121-3.
38. Hatch J, Gill-Body KM, Portney LG. Determinants of balance confidence in community dwelling elderly people. Phys Ther. 2003;83:1072-9.
39. Powell LE, Myers AM. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. J Gerontol A-Biol. 1995;50:M28-34.
40. Paltamaa J, West H, Sarasoja T, Wikstrom J, Malkia E. Reliability of physical functioning measures in ambulatory subjects with multiple sclerosis. Physiother Res Int. 2005;10:93-109. doi:10.1002/pri.30
41. Hernandez MD, Goldberg A, Alexander N. Decreased muscle strength relates to self-reported stooping, crouching, or kneeling difficulty in older adults. Phys Ther. 2010;90:67-74. doi:10.2522/ptj.20090035
42. Kim CM, Eng JJ. The relationship of lower-extremity muscle torque to locomotor performance in people with stroke. Phys Ther. 2003;83:49-57.
43. Jones CJ, Rikkli RE, Beam WC. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70:113-9.
44. American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:518-624.
45. American Thoracic Society. Standardization of spirometry: 1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1107-36.
46. Knudson RJ, Slatin RC, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. The maximal expiratory flow volume curve normal standards variability and effects of age. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976;113:587-600.
47. Cherniak RM, Rabner MD. Normal standards for ventilatory function using an automated wedge spirometer. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972;106:38-46.
48. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99:696-702.
49. Keppel G, Wickens T. Correction for cumulative Type 1 error. In Keppel G, Wickens T. Design and analysis: a researcher's handbook. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson Prentice Hall; 2004. p. 176-81.
50. Perneger T. What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments? Brit Med J. 1998;316:1236-8.
51. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 2000.
52. Lernier-Frankiel M, Vargas S, Brown M, Krusell L, Shoneberger W. Functional community ambulation: what are your criteria? Clin Manag Phys Ther. 1986;6:12-5.
53. Cohen JJ, Sveen JD, Walker JM, Brummel-Smith K. Establishing criteria for community ambulation. Top Ger Rehabil. 1983;1:71-7.
54. Robinett C, Vondran M. Functional ambulation velocity and distance requirements in rural and urban communities. Phys Ther. 1988;68:1371-3.
55. Myers A, Powell L, Maki B, Holliday P, Brawley L, Sherk W. Psychological indicators of balance confidence: relationship to actual and perceived abilities. J Gerontol A-Biol. 1996;51:M37-43. doi:10.1093/gerona/51A.1.M37
56. Brouwer B, Musselman K, Culham E. Physical function and health status among seniors with and without a fear of falling. Gerontology. 2004;50:135-41. doi:10.1159/000076771
57. Harada ND, Chiu V, Stewart AL. Mobility-related function in older adults: assessment with a 6-minute walk test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:837-41. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90236-8
58. Thoumie P, Lamott D, Cantolloube S, Faucher M, Amarenco G. Motor determinants of gait in 100 ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005;11:485-91. doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1176oa
59. Smeltzer S, Skurnick JH, Troiano R, Cook SD, Duran W, Lavietes MH. Respiratory function in multiple sclerosis: utility of clinical assessments of respiratory muscle function. Chest. 1992;101:479-84. doi:10.1378/chest.101.2.479
60. Gosselink R, Kovacs L, Decramer M. Respiratory muscle involvement in multiple sclerosis. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:449-54. doi:10.1183/09031936.99.13244999
61. Buyse B, Demedts M, Meekers J, Vandegaer L, Rochette F, Kerkhofs L. Respiratory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a prospective analysis of 60 patients. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:139-45. doi:10.1183/09031936.97.10010139
62. Fry DK, Pfalzer LA, Chokski AR, Wagner MT, Jackson ES. Randomized control trial of effects of a 10-week inspiratory muscle training program on measures of pulmonary function in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2007;31:162-72.
63. Chiara T, Martin D, Davenport PW, Bolser DC. Expiratory muscle strength training in persons with multiple sclerosis having mild to moderate disability: effect on maximal expiratory pressure, pulmonary function, and maximal voluntary cough. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:468-73. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.035
64. Smeltzer S, Lavietes MH, Cook SD. Expiratory training in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:909-12. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90281-6
65. Kelfbeck B, Nedjad JH. Effect of inspiratory muscle training in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:994-9. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00133-3
66. Lord SE, Rochester L. Measurement of community ambulation after stroke. Stroke. 2005;36:1457-61. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000170698.20376.2e
67. Shumway-Cook A, Patla AE, Stewart A, Ferrucci L, Ciol MA, Guralnik JM. Environmental demands associated with community mobility in older adults with and without disability. Phys Ther. 2002;82:670-81.
68. Pang MYC, Eng JJ, Miller WC. Determinants of satisfaction with community reintegration in older adults with chronic stroke: role of balance self-efficacy. Phys Ther. 2007;87:1-10. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060142
69. Lie-Ambrose T, Khan KM, Eng JJ, Lord SR, McKay HA. Balance confidence improves with resistance or agility training: increase is not correlated with objective changes in fall risk and physical abilities. Gerontol. 2004;50:373-82. doi:10.1159/000080175