Effects of instrumentation changes on sea surface temperature measured in situ

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change

Volumn 1, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 718-728

  Kent, Elizabeth C ^a   Kennedy, John J ^b   Berry, David I ^a   Smith, Robert O ^b  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; SUBMARINE GEOPHYSICS; SURFACE PROPERTIES; SURFACE WATERS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; MARINE AIR TEMPERATURES; MARINE OBSERVING SYSTEMS; MEASUREMENT METHODS; OCEAN HEAT CONTENT; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST); SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE; UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

EID: 79956268377     PISSN: 17577780     EISSN: 17577799     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wcc.55     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Woodruff SD, Worley SJ, Lubker SJ, Ji Z, Freeman JE, et al. ICOADS Release 2.5: extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive. Int J Climatol 2010. Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123210702/abstract. DOI: 10.1002/joc.2103
2. Maury MF. Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Wind and Current Charts, 6th ed. Philadelphia: E.C. and J. Biddle; 1854, 772 pp. + plates. [Note: A report from the 1853 Brussels Conference on pp. 54-60; "Minutes of the Sittings" on pp. 60-88; and "Explanatory notes for keeping the abstract log," and example log forms for men-of-war and merchantmen, on pp. 88-96].
3. Woodruff SD, Diaz HF, Worley SJ, Reynolds RW, Lubker SJ. Early ship observational data and ICOADS. Clim Change 2005, 73:169-194.
4. Kent E, Ball G, Berry D, Fletcher J, Hall A, et al. The Voluntary Observing Ship scheme. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
5. Rayner NA, Brohan P, Parker DE, Folland CK, Kennedy JJ, et al. Improved analyses of changes and uncertainties in sea surface temperature measured in situ since the mid-nineteenth century: the HadSST2 data set. J Clim 2006, 19:446-469.
6. Ishii M, Shouji A, Sugimoto S, Matsumoto T. Objective analyses of sea-surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe collection. Int J Climatol 2005, 25:865-879.
7. Kaplan A, Cane M, Kushnir Y, Clement A, Blumenthal M, et al. Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991. J Geophys Res 1998, 103:18567-18589.
8. Smith TM, Reynolds RW, Peterson TC, Lawrimore J. Improvements to NOAA's historicalmerged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J Clim 2008, 21:2283-2296.
9. Worley SJ, Woodruff SD, Reynolds RW, Lubker SJ, Lott N. ICOADS release 2.1 data and products. Int J Climatol 2005, 25:823-842.
10. Woodruff SD, Diaz HF, Kent EC, Reynolds RW, Worley SJ. The evolving SST record from ICOADS. In: Brönnimann S, Luterbacher J, Ewen T, Diaz HF, Stolarski RS, et al., eds. Climate Variability and Extremes during the Past 100 Years, vol. 33, Advances in Global Change Research, Netherlands: Springer; 2008, 65-83.
11. Folland CK, Parker DE. Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperature data. Q J R Meteor Soc 1995, 121:319-367.
12. Kent EC, Taylor PK. Toward estimating climatic trends in SST, part 1: methods of measurement. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2006, 23:464-475. Doi: 10.1175/JTECH1843.1
13. Kent EC, Woodruff SD, Berry DI. WMO Publication No. 47 Metadata and an assessment of voluntary observing ships observation heights in ICOADS. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2007, 24:214-234. DOI: 10.1175/JTECH1949.1
14. WMO, 1955: International list of selected and supplementary ships. 1st ed. WMO Report No. 47, 1955, WMOGeneva, 181 pp. [All versions from 1955 to 1972 available online at http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/cdmp1955-72/.]
15. Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Godfrey JS, Wick GA, Edson JB, et al. The cool skin and the warm layer in bulk flux calculations. J Geophys Res 1996, 101:1295-1308.
16. Bernie DJ, Woolnough SJ, Slingo JM, Guilyardi E. Modeling diurnal and intraseasonal variability of the ocean mixed layer. J Clim 2005, 18:1190-1202.
17. Kennedy JJ, Brohan P, Tett SFB. A global climatology of the diurnal variations in sea-surface temperature and implications forMSU temperature trends. Geophys Res Lett 2007, 34:L05712. DOI:10.1029/2006GL028920
18. Kawai Y, Wada A. Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the atmosphere and ocean: a review. J Oceanogr 2007, 63:721-744.
19. Webster PJ, Lukas R. TOGA COARE: the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull Am Meteor Soc 1992, 73:1377-1416.
20. Donlon C, Robinson I, Casey KS, Vazquez-Cuervo J, Armstrong E, et al. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project. Bull Am Meteor Soc 2007, 88:1197-1213.
21. Brasnett B. The impact of satellite retrievals in a global sea-surface-temperature analysis. Q J R Meteor Soc 2008, 134:1745-1760.
22. Meteorological Office. Marine Observer's Handbook, 8th ed.: London: HMSO; 1963, 148pp.
23. Crawford AB. A replacement at last for. .. "The Old Oaken Bucket". Geo Mar Technol 1966, 2:25-27.
24. James RW, Fox PT. Comparative sea surface temperature measurements. World Meteorological Organisation Reports on Marine Science Affairs, Report No 5, WMO-No. 336, 1972, 27 pp.
25. Ashford OM. A new bucket for measurements of sea surface temperature. Q J R Meteor Soc 1948, 74:99-104.
26. Roll HU. Water temperature measurements on deck and in the engine room. AnnMeteor 1951, 4:439-443.
27. Tauber GM. The Comparative Measurements of Sea Surface Temperature in the U.S.S.R, World Meteorological Organisation Technical Note No. 103. Geneva: WMO; 1969, 141-151. Available from: WMO, 7 bis, Avenue de la Paix, CP 2300-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland.
28. Kent EC, Taylor PK, Truscott BS, Hopkins JS. The accuracy of Voluntary Observing Ship's meteorological observations-results of the VSOP-NA. J Atmos Ocean Technol 1993, 10:591-608.
29. Lumby JR. Modification of the surface sampler with a view to the improvement of temperature observation. Extrait Du Journal Du Conseil International Pour LExploration de ICES J. Mar. Sci 1928, 3:339-350.
30. Dietrich G. Systematic errors in the observed surface water and air temperatures at sea and their effect on the determination of the heat exchange between the sea and the atmosphere, Translation of Hamburg. D. Hydrogr. Inst., Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z 1950, 3:314-324.
31. Brooks CF. Observing water-surface temperatures at sea. Monthly Weather Rev 1926, 54:241-253.
32. Amot A. Measurements of sea surface temperature for meteorological purposes, results of observations from ocean weather station M. Ann Meteor 1954, 4:1-11.
33. Tabata S. An evaluation of the quality of sea surface temperatures and salinities measured at Station P and Line P in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. J Phys Ocean 1978, 8:970-986.
34. Woodruff SD, Diaz HF, Elms JD, Worley SJ. COADS release 2 data andmetadata enhancements for improvements of marine surface flux fields. Phys Chem Earth 1998, 23:517-527.35
35. Kennedy JJ, Rayner NA, Smith RO, Saunby M, Parker DE. Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in seasurface temperature observations since 1850. J Geophys Res 2010 (to be submitted).
36. Marshall, MW. Ocean Traders. From the Portuguese discoveries to the present day. London, UK: B. T. Batsford Ltd.; 1989, 192pp.
37. Saur JFT. A study of the quality of sea water temperatures reported in the logs of ships' weather observations. J Appl Meteor 1963, 2:417-425.
38. Brooks, CF. Methods of observation at sea, Part 1 - Sea Surface Temperature, Sections 2 and 4, World Meteorological Organisation, Technical Note No. 2, WMO Report 26, 1954, 35pp.
39. Brooks CF. Reliability of different methods of taking sea-surface temperature measurements. J Wash Acad Sci 1928, 18:525-545.
40. Walden H. On water temperature measurements aboard merchant vessels. Dtsch Hyrdrogr Z 1966, 19:21-28.
41. Boyer TP, Antonov JI, Garcia H, Johnson DR, Locarnini RA, et al. World Ocean Database 2005. Introduction, Chapter 1. In: Levitus S, ed. NOAA AtlasNESDIS 60.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2006, 182 pp.
42. McPhaden MJ, Busalacchi AJ, Cheney R, Donguy JR, Gage KS, Halpern D, Ji M, Julian P, Meyers G, Mitchum GT, Niiler PP, Picaut J, Reynolds RW, Smith N, and K Takeuchi, The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: a decade of progress. J Geophys Res 1998, 103:14169-14240.
43. Bourl'es B, Lumpkin R, McPhaden MJ, Hernandez F, Nobre P, et al. The PIRATA Program: history, accomplishments, and future directions. Bull Am Meteor Soc 2008, 89:1111-1125.
44. McPhaden MJ, Meyers G, Ando K, Masumoto Y, Murty VSN, et al. RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction. Bull Am Meteor Soc 2009, 90:459-480.
45. Gilhousen DB. A field evaluation of NDBC moored buoy winds. J Atmos Ocean Technol 1987, 4:94-104.
46. O'Carroll AG, Eyre JR, Saunders RW. Three-way error analysis between AATSR, AMSR-E, and in situ sea surface temperature observations. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2008, 25:1197-1207.
47. Woodruff S, Scott N, Berry D, Bourassa M, Gulev S, et al. Surface in situ datasets for marine climatological applications. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.
48. Lumpkin R, Pazos M. Measuring surface currents with Surface Velocity Program drifters: the instrument, its data, and some recent results, Chapter 2. In: Griffa A, Kirwan AD, Mariano AJ, Ozgokmen T, Rossby T, eds. Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, 500pp.
49. Emery WJ, Baldwin DJ, Schlüssel P, Reynolds RW. Accuracy of in situ sea surface temperatures used to calibrate infrared satellite measurements. J Geophys Res 2001, 106:2387-2405.
50. Reynolds RW, Gentemann CL, Corlett GK. Evaluation of AATSR and TMI satellite SST data. J Clim 2010, 23:152-165.
51. Kennedy JJ, Rayner NA, Smith RO. Using AATSR data to assess the quality of in situ sea surface temperature observations for climate studies. Remote Sensing Environ 2010, (submitted).
52. Reverdin G, Boutin J, Martin N, Lourenco A, Bouruet-Aubertot P, et al. Drifters surface temperature measurements. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2010 (Accepted subject to minor revision).
53. Slutz, RJ, Lubker SJ, Hiscox JD, Woodruff SD, Jenne RL, Joseph DH, Steurer PM, and Elms JD, 1985: Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set; Release 1. NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Climate Research Program, Boulder, CO, 268 pp. (NTIS PB86-105723).
54. Brohan P, Allan R, Freeman JE, Waple AM, Wheeler D, et al. Marine observations of old weather. Bull Am Meteor Soc 2009, 90:219-230.
55. Wilkinson C, Woodruff SD, Brohan P, Claesson S, Freeman JE, et al. RECovery of Logbooks And International Marine Data: The RECLAIM Project. Int J Climatol 2010, Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123308067/abstract DOI: 10.1002/joc.2102
56. Rayner NA, Parker DE, Horton EB, Folland CK, Alexander LV, et al. Global analyses of SST, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J Geophys Res 2003, 108:4407. DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002670
57. Smith TM, Reynolds RW. Bias corrections for historical sea surface temperatures based on marine air temperatures. J Clim 2002, 15:73-87.
58. Bottomley M, Folland CK, Hsiung J, Newell RE, Parker DE. Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas (GOSTA): United Kingdom Meteorological Office and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK. 1990, pp 20 and 313 plates.
59. Kent EC, Kaplan A. Toward estimating climatic trends in SST, part 3: systematic biases. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2006, 23:487-500. DOI: 10.1175/JTECH1845.1
60. Thompson DWJ, Kennedy JJ, Wallace JM, Jones PD. A large discontinuity in the mid-twentieth century in observed global-mean surface temperature. Nature 2008, 453:646-649. DOI:10.1038/nature0698261
61. Woodruff SD, Slutz RJ, Jenne RL, Steurer PM. A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull Am Meteor Soc 1987, 68:1239-1250.
62. Woodruff SD, Lubker SJ, Wolter K, Worley SJ, Elms JD. Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) Release 1a: 1980-92. Earth Syst Monitor 1993, 4:1-8.
63. Berry DI, Kent EC. A new air-sea interaction gridded dataset from ICOADS with uncertainty estimates. Bull Am Meteor Soc 2009, 90:645-656. DOI: 10.1175/2008BAMS2639.1
64. Berry DI, Kent EC, Taylor PK. An analytical model of heating errors in marine air temperatures from ships. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2004, 21:1198-1215. DOI:10.1175%2F1520-0426(2004)021%3C1198: AA MOHE%3E2.0.CO;2
65. Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P, Bojariu, R, Easterling D, et al. Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, et al., eds. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007
66. Brohan P, Kennedy JJ, Harris I, Tett SFB, Jones PD. Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new data set from 1850. J Geophys Res 2006, 111:D12106. DOI:10.1029/2005JD006548
67. Domingues CM, Church JA, White NJ, Gleckler PJ, Wijffels SE, et al. Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature 2008, 453:1090-1094. DOI:10.1038/nature07080
68. Palmer MD, Antonov J, Ba rker P, Bindoff N, Boyer T, et al. Future observations for monitoring global ocean heat content. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
69. Reynolds, RW. Specific contributions to the observing system: Sea Surface Temperatures. Proceedings of Conference on The Ocean Observing System for Climate-OceanObs 99, St Raphael, France, 25-27 October, 1999.
70. Zhang HM, Reynolds RW, Lumpkin R, Molinari R, Arzayus K, et al. An integrated global observing system for sea surface temperature using satellites and in situ data: research to operations. Bull Am Meteor Soc 2009, 90:31-38.
71. Rayner N, Kaplan A, Kent E, Reynolds R, Brohan P, et al. Evaluating climate variability and change from modern and historical SST observations. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
72. Smith S, Bourassa M, Bradley F, Kent E, Fairall C, et al. Automated underway oceanic and atmospheric measurements from ships. In: Hall J, HarrisonDE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
73. Freeland HJ, Roemmich D, Garzoli SL, Le Traon P-Y, Ravichandran M, et al. Argo-a decade of progress. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: SustainedOceanObservations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
74. Testor P, Meyers G, Pattiaratchi C, Bachmayer R, HayesD, et al. Gliders as a component of future observing systems. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
75. Boehme L, Kovacs K, Lydersen C, Nøst OA, Biuw M, et al. Biologging in the global ocean observing system. In: Hall J, Harrison DE, Stammer, D, eds. Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference, vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009: ESA Publication WPP-306; 2010.
76. Gentemann CL, Wentz FJ, Mears CA, Smith DK. in situ validation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission microwave sea surface temperatures. J Geophys Res 2004, 109:C04021. DOI:10.1029/2003JC002092
77. Merchant CJ, Llewellyn-JonesD, Saunders RW, Rayner NA, Kent EC, et al. Deriving a sea surface temperature record suitable for climate change research from the along-track scanning radiometers. Adv Space Res 2008, 41:1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.asr.2007.07.041