Public awareness of human rights: Distortions in the mass media

International Journal of Human Rights

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 491-523

  Heinze, Eric ^a   Freedman, Rosa ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Afghanistan; China; Darfur; Democratic republic of congo; Human rights; International law; Iraq; Israel; Japan; Journalism; Media; Terrorism

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956256979     PISSN: 13642987     EISSN: 1744053X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13642980802645804     Document Type: Article

References (300)

1. This paper was presented in London at the Civil Liberties section of the Society of Legal Scholars Conference, London School of Economics, 15-18 September 2008. Thanks to Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson for chairing the session.
2. 'World Views US "More Positively"', BBC News, 2 April 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7324337.stm (accessed 11 June 2009). The title of the article refers to a boost, albeit modest, in the otherwise poor image of the US.
3. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 December 1965, 660 U.N.T.S. 195 (entered into force 4 January 1969). For periodically updated data on ratifications, accessions, successions, reservations and declarations for international human rights treaties, see, e.g., Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), Ratifications and Reservations, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/index.htm (accessed 11 June 2009).
4. On Japan's accession in 1995, and data on other states parties, see generally UN-HCHR, supra note 3.
5. See Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights (UNCHR), Statistical Survey of Individual Complaints Considered Under the Procedure Governed by Article 14 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, For ICERD art. 14: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ bodies/ratification/2.htm (accessed 11 June 2009). See also Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights (UNCHR), 'Statistical survey of individual complaints dealt with by the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights', http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/ratification/5.htm (accessed 11 June 2009). Those sources reveal that, of this writing, over 100 states are parties to the ICCPR Optional Protocol and almost 50 have declared acceptance of the ICERD individual complaint procedure.
6. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976). [Hereinafter ICCPR]; Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 U.N.T.S. 302 (entered into force 23 March 1976).
7. Although improvements have been noted, they are recent, and start from very low performance levels.
8. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Country Operations Plan 2007: Japan, 1-2 (2006).
9. The more recent liberalised immigration results largely from the pressures of a steeply declining population.
10. Hussain Khan, 'Japan's Employment Paradox', Asia Times Online, 21 November 2003, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/EK21Dh01.html (accessed 11 June 2009).
11. Peter Harris, 'Japan and Refugees', 2 April 2008, Japan Inc. Newsletter, No. 459, available at http://www.japaninc.com/jin459 (accessed 11 June 2009) (suggesting that Japan's relatively high levels of foreign aid do not compensate for its failure to fulfil international responsibilities towards refugees and asylum seekers).
12. Khan, 'Japan's Employment Paradox'.
13. Norimitsu Onishi, 'Japanese Fad: Comics that Degrade Chinese and Koreans', International Herald Tribune, report of 20 November 2005, http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/20/news/comics.php (accessed 11 June 2009).
14. Justin McCurry, 'Magazine Plays to Japanese Xenophobia', Guardian.co.uk, 2 February 2007, http://www.Guardian.co.uk/media/2007/feb/02/pressandpublishing.japan (accessed 11 June 2009).
15. As recently as 2001, these problems had not yet been seriously addressed. See, e.g., Report of the Committee On the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Japan, 14, 16, 18, U.N. Doc. A/56/18 (September 8, 2001). Cf., U.N. Human Rights Committee (UN-HRC), Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Japan, 13, 14, 15, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.102 (19 November 1998) (criticising government's failure to combat discrimination against those groups).
16. 'Many Rights, Some Wrong', The Economist, 22 March 2007, 75.
17. Eric Heinze, 'Even-handedness and the Politics of Human Rights', Harvard Human Rights Journal 21, no. 7 (2008) (examining problems of bias in human rights activism and advocacy).
18. On the impact of television on pubic perceptions of law.
19. Barbara Villez, Visions de la Justice (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005).
20. For mainstream interactive news sites.
21. BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/ (accessed 11 June 2009).
22. CNN Online International, http://edition.cnn.com/ (accessed 11 June 2009).
23. New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/ (accessed 11 June 2009).
24. Guardian.co.uk, http://www.Guardian.co.uk/ (accessed 11 June 2009).
25. By analogy, the technique of 'storytelling' has arisen in critical legal scholarship, on the view that abstract analysis fails to provide full accounts of oppression or exclusion.
26. Richard Delgado, Storytelling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2411 (1989).
27. Eric Heinze, 'Truth and Myth in Critical Race Theory and LatCrit: Human Rights and the Ethnocentrism of Anti-Ethnocentrism', National Black Law Journal 20 (2008) 107, 115, 116 and passim.
28. See generally, e.g., ICCPR (setting forth standard civil and political rights).
29. See, e.g., Vienna Declaration, World Conference on Human Rights, para. 5, Vienna, 14-25 June 1993, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/24 (Part I) at 20 (25 June 1993) (stating that '[a]ll human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated').
30. See ICCPR arts 40-42 (according supervisory responsibility for the Convention to UN-HRC).
31. ICCPR arts 40-42.
32. See UN-HCHR, supra note 3.
33. Ibid.
34. The earliest adherents to the Optional Protocol were generally prosperous, democratic states, see ibid., as more oppressive states, notably during the gestational Cold War period, resisted intrusive international scrutiny.
35. UN-HRC, 'General Comment 30: Reporting Obligations of States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant', U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.2/Add.12 (2002), reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 at 193 (2003).
36. 'Human Rights Committee Comments on Country Reports', http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/hrcommittee/hrc-country.html (accessed 11 June 2009).
37. Amnesty International (AI), Annual Report 2006 (: Amnesty International, 2007) [hereafter AIAR-2006].
38. Ibid., 248-249.
39. Ibid., 196-197.
40. A converse problem can also be noted. In view of the immensity of HREs in any given year and the limited space available for an AI annual survey, it is inevitable that the news media will report HREs not mentioned by AI in any given year. It is our view, however, that Amnesty reports generally succeed in identifying the principle patterns of abuse relevant to their mandate.
41. The Economist, 'Many Rights, Some Wrong'.
42. Heinze, 'Even-handedness and the Politics of Human Rights'.
43. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 143.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 144.
46. Ibid., 47.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., 242.
49. Ibid., 100.
50. Ibid., 101-102.
51. Ibid., 78.
52. Ibid., 74-76.
53. Ibid., 93-94.
54. Ibid., 173.
55. Ibid., 106.
56. Ibid., 139-141.
57. Ibid., 85-87.
58. Ibid., 159-160.
59. Ibid., 191.
60. Ibid., 191-193.
61. Guy Chazan, 'No Suspects in Russian Journalist's Slaying: Latest Death Shows Risks Facing Reporters Who Take On the Powerful', Wall Street Journal, 9 October 2006, 6.
62. Guy Chazan, 'Russians Mourn Slain Journalist: Putin Ends Silence: "Cruel" Killing of Top Critic Marks Demise of Dissent In Media and Politics', Wall Street Journal, 11 October 2006, 7.
63. Steven Lee Myers, 'In a Risky Place to Gather News, a Very Familiar Story', New York Times, 11 October 2006, 4.
64. C.J. Chivers, 'Slain Reporter's Last Story Bares Chechen Torture', New York Times, 13 October 2006, 3.
65. David Hearst, 'Anna Politkovskaya', Guardian, 9 October 2006, 36; Tom Parfitt, 'Putin Silent As Fiercest Critic Murdered', Guardian, 9 October 2006, 18.
66. Thomas de Waal, 'The Chechen Silence', Guardian, 12 October 2006, 32.
67. Neil Buckley, 'Moscow Journalist's Killing Fuels Free Speech Concerns', Financial Times, 9 October 2006, 6.
68. Marc Champion, 'Georgia Frees Russian Officers, But Moscow Moves to Retaliate', Wall Street Journal, 3 October 2006, 1.
69. Steven Lee Myers, 'Russia Severs Transport Links With Georgia', New York Times, 3 October 2006, 9.
70. Steven Lee Myers, 'Russians Deport Georgians and Increase Pressures on Businesses and Students', New York Times, 7 October 2006, 8.
71. Tom Parfitt, 'Kremlin Targets Georgians After Spy Row', Guardian, 5 October 2006, 24.
72. Michael Mainville, 'Furious Moscow Orders "Shoot to Kill" as Georgia Crisis Escalates', Guardian, 2 October 2006, 17.
73. Simon Tisdall, 'Cold War Battle Still Simmers in Tbilisi', Guardian, 3 October 2006, 19.
74. Neil Buckley, 'Russia Keeps Sanctions Against Georgia', Financial Times, 3 October 2006, 6.
75. Neil Buckley, 'Russia Steps Up "Ethnic Cleansing" of Georgians', Financial Times, 7 October 2006, 7.
76. Guy Dinmore, 'Georgia Feels at the Mercy of Bog Powers' Manoeuvres', Financial Times, 21 October 2006, 9.
77. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 218.
78. Committee Against Torture, 'Conclusions and Recommendations of the Committee Against Torture, Russian Federation', U.N. Doc. CAT/C/RUS/CO/4 (Committee Against Torture, 2007).
79. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 218 (noting the report's publication) http://archive.amnesty.org/report2007/eng/Download-the-Report/default.htm (accessed 20 August 2009).
80. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 217.
81. Ibid., 219.
82. Ibid., 121.
83. Ibid., 233.
84. Ibid., 73.
85. Ibid., 215.
86. Ibid., 66.
87. Ibid., 182.
88. Ibid., 207.
89. Ibid., 106.
90. E.g.: Wall Street Journal, 10 October 2006, 8.
91. See, e.g., for October 2006: Wall Street Journal, 4 October 2006, 1.
92. Wall Street Journal, 5 October 2006, 1.
93. Wall Street Journal, 10 October 2006, 1.
94. Wall Street Journal, 14 October 2006, 1.
95. Wall Street Journal, 19 October 2006.
96. Wall Street Journal, 4 October 2006, 1.
97. Abdul Waheed Wafa, New York Times, 19 October 2006, 8 (recording action by NATO troops in which eleven civilians were killed).
98. Carlotta Gall, New York Times, 14 October 2006, 7.
99. Abdul Waheed Wafa, New York Times, 17 October 2006, 6.
100. Abdul Waheed Wafa, New York Times, 20 October 2006, 6.
101. Thomas J Lueck, 'A Most Violent Month and Many Final Farewells', New York Times, 30 October 2006, 18.
102. Abdul Waheed Wafa, 'NATO Forces Fight Taliban in 5 Provinces of Afghanistan', New York Times, 2 November 2006, 14.
103. Carlotta Gall, 'Afghan attack brings total of Canadians killed to 42', New York Times, 16 October 2006, 6.
104. Bob Herbert, 'Sacrifice of the Few', New York Times, 12 October 2006, 29.
105. Abdul Waheed Wafa, 'Blast in South Afghan Suburb Kills 14 and Wounds 3', New York Times, 28 October 2006, 8.
106. Demetri Sevastopulao, Financial Times, 19 October 2006, 10.
107. Financial Times, 20 October 2006, 11.
108. Financial Times, 19 October 2006, 8.
109. Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Soldier Killed in Suicide Bombing of Afghanistan Patrol', Guardian, 20 October 2006, 17.
110. Declan Walsh, 'Troops Under Investigation for Kandahar Shooting Spree: Fury in Afghan City After Targeted British Convoy Kills Civilians', Guardian, 9 December 2006, 1.
111. '"Million" March Against Iraq War', 16 February 2003, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2765041.stm (accessed 11 June 2009).
112. Rachel R. Taylor, 'The United Nations, International Law, and the War in Iraq', World Press Online, http://www.worldpress.org/specials/iraq/ (accessed 11 June 2009) (noting the absence of a resolution expressly authorising the invasion, subsequent to UN Sec. Council Resolution 1441).
113. C.J. Chivers, 'Tending a Fallen Marine, With Skill, Prayer and Fury', New York Times, 2 November 2006, 1 and 12.
114. Kirk Semple, 'Gunmen Kill 11 Employees of a Satellite Television Station in Baghdad', New York Times, 13 October 2006, 8; cf. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 144.
115. Carolyn Marshall, 'Corpsman Who Failed to Halt Killing of Iraqi Receives Prison Sentence', New York Times, 7 October 2006, 11.
116. Wall Street Journal, 14 October 2006, 1.
117. Wall Street Journal, 7 October 2006, 1 (noting that a sailor had told a court martial that marines had killed an Iraqi civilian).
118. By early 2007, there was evidence of declining support among Americans for the invasion.
119. Ben Arnoldy, 'US Public's Support of Iraq War Sliding Faster Now', Christian Science Monitor, 20 March 2007, http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0320/p01s01-ussc.html (accessed 11 June 2009).
120. George Monbiot, 'The Court's are Starting to Accept that the War against Iraq is a Crime', Guardian, 17 October 2006, 31.
121. Guardian, 9 October 2006, 23.
122. Suzanne Goldenberg 'US Troops Face Trial Over Abuse and Murder Claims', Guardian, 19 October 2006, 19.
123. Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, 'We Have Been Silent about Many Crimes ButWeWill Not Stand Rape', Guardian, 20 October 2006, 1 and 2.
124. Guardian coverage was more detailed than the New York Times on this event. See text accompanying note 78 supra.
125. Wall Street Journal, 4 October 2006, 1.
126. Wall Street Journal, 5 October 2006, 1.
127. Wall Street Journal, 10 October 2006, 1.
128. Wall Street Journal, October 091, 2006, 1.
129. Wall Street Journal, 14 October 2006, 1.
130. Wall Street Journal, 9 October 2006, 18.
131. Gilbert Burnham et al., 'Mortality After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-sectional Cluster Sample Survey', The Lancet, 11 October 2006, http://www.thelancet.com/webfiles/images/journals/lancet/s0140673606694919.pdf (accessed 11 June 2009).
132. Wall Street Journal, 11 October 2006, 1.
133. Neil King Jr, 'Iraqi death toll exceeds 600,000, study estimates' Wall Street Journal, 11 October 2006, 4.
134. Sabrina Tavernise and Donald McNeil Jr, New York Times, 11 October 2006, 16.
135. Peter Beaumont, 'Aura of Fear and Death Stalks Iraq', Guardian, 12 October 2006, 18.
136. Peter Beaumont, 'Sunnis Change Names to Avoid Shia Death Squads', Guardian, 10 October 2006, 21.
137. Sarah Boseley, 'One in 40 Iraqis "Killed Since Invasion"', Guardian, 12 October 2006, 1-2.
138. Simon Tisdall, 'In Iraq, the Worst is Still to Come', Guardian, 17 October 2006, 24.
139. Michael Howard, 'Disarm the Militias and Take Control - White House Issues Demands to Embattled PM', Guardian, 23 October 2006, 4.
140. Richard Norton-Taylor and Tania Branigan, 'Army Chief: British Troops Must Pull Out of Iraq Soon', Guardian, 13 October 2006, 1.
141. Michael Howard, 'Iraq Cancels Peace Talks After Scores More Die', Guardian, 16 October 2006, 19.
142. Suzanne Goldenberg, 'We've Lost Battle for Baghdad, US Admits', Guardian, 20 October 2006, 21.
143. See text accompanying note 88 supra.
144. Clive Cookson and Steve Negus, 'Iraq Conflict Has Killed 600,000 Since 2003 Invasion, Says Lancet', Financial Times, 12 October 2006, 7.
145. Stephen Fidler and James Blitz, 'Army Chief Says UK Presence Is Worsening Iraq Situation', Financial Times, 13 October 2006, 1.
146. Demetri Sevastopulao, 'Death Toll Mounts For US Forces In Iraq As Violence Escalates', Financial Times, 19 October 2006, 10.
147. Abuses not reported in the newspapers included, for example, 'increased violence against women including abductions, rapes and 'honour killings' by male relatives'. In addition, '[a]cademics, teachers and members of the medical profession were kidnapped for ransom', along with the killings of religious leaders from the Mandean community and the Syriac Orthodox Church, which occurred in the first fortnight of October 2006.
148. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 142-145.
149. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 242.
150. James Randerson, 'Darfur Conflict Death Toll Could Be 255,000, Say Researchers', Guardian, 15 September 2006, 26.
151. Jeffrey Gettleman, 'Toll of Darfur Underreported, Study Declares', New York Times, 15 September 2006, 8.
152. See New York Times, 21 October 2006, 17.
153. Jonathan Steele, 'Britain to Look at Boost in Darfur Force', Guardian, 18 October 2006, 22.
154. Robert Worth, 'Sudan Says it Will Accept UN-African Peace Force in Darfur', New York Times, 17 November 2006, 3.
155. Lee Glendining, 'Sudan Agrees to Allow UN Troops in Darfur', Guardian, 17 November 2006, 19.
156. Wall Street Journal, 17 November 2006, 1.
157. Worth, 'Sudan Says itWill Accept UN-African Peace Force in Darfur', 3 (examining the conflict in detail, but without mentioning human rights).
158. Frances Williams, 'Darfur "A Dangerous Regional Crisis" - UN', Financial Times, 30 November 2006, 6 (examining the extension of the conflict into Chad, but without mentioning human rights).
159. Wall Street Journal, 4 November 2006, 1.
160. George Parker, 'Sudan May Be Open To Stronger Darfur Mission', Financial Times, 2 October 2006, 5.
161. Frances Williams, Dar für attacks spark UN call for inquiry Financial Times, 10 October 2006, 7.
162. Andrew England, 'Khartoum Curbs UN Role in Darfur Force', Financial Times, 18 November 2006, 7.
163. Andrew England, 'UN Condems Militia As Scores More Die in Darfur', Financial Times, 4 November 2006, 5.
164. Lydia Polgreen, 'Sudanese Soldiers Flee War to Find a Limbo in Chad', New York Times, 18 October 2006, 12.
165. See also, e.g., New York Times, 10 November 2006, 14; and New York Times, 14 October 2006, 9.
166. Nicholas Kristof, 'Poisoned Arrows vs Machine Guns', New York Times, 14 November 2006, 27.
167. Nicholas Kristof, 'Boy's Wish: Kill Them All', New York Times, 21 November 2006, 29.
168. See, e.g., New York Times, 11 October 2006, 14 (reporting Nigeria's call for a peacekeeping force to prevent further atrocities).
169. US State Department, United States Policy in Sudan, 6 May 2006, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65973.htm (referring to genocide in Sudan) (accessed 11 June 2009).
170. Andrea Böhm, 'Sie sind schwarz? Tut uns leid!', Die Zeit (Germany) 19 October 2006, 23 (noting European indifference to crises in Africa).
171. Jonathan Steele, 'UN Official: Khartoum Knew of Darfur Militia Raid', Guardian, 10 October 2006, 25.
172. Jonathan Steele, 'Agencies Flee Refugee Camp in Darfur Clashes', Guardian, 3 October 2006, 19.
173. Shai Oster, Wall Street Journal, 12 October 2006, 6.
174. Loretta Chao, 'Beijing Partially Lifts Year-old Ban on Wikipedia', Wall Street Journal, 17 October 2006, 8.
175. Mei Fong, 'China to Advocate for More Unions', Wall Street Journal, 13 October 2006, 4.
176. Melanie Kirkpatrick, 'Let Them Go', Wall Street Journal, 14 October 2006, 6.
177. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 87.
178. Mure Dickie, 'Leading Chinese Aids Group Complains of Suppression', Financial Times, 20 October 2006, 9.
179. Andrew Yeh, 'Retrial For Blind Chinese Activist', Financial Times, 2 November 2006, 6.
180. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 86.
181. Joseph Kahn, 'Experts Press Chinese Leader to Halt Attacks on Dissenters', New York Times, 4 October 2006, 10.
182. Joseph Kahn, 'China Charges a LawyerWith Inciting Subversion', New York Times, 1 October 2006, 6.
183. Joseph Kahn, 'Video Disputes China's Claim ShootingWas in Self-Defense', New York Times, 16 October 2006, 6.
184. David Lague, 'China Moves to Lessen the Broad Use of Death Sentences', New York Times, 1 November 2006, 3.
185. Joseph Kahn, 'Boy's Death at China Hospital Spurs Riot Over Care and Fees', New York Times, 13 November 2006, 6.
186. Jonathan Watts, 'Boy's Death Sparks Riots Over China Health Care Costs', Guardian, 13 November 2006, 17.
187. New York Times, 21 November 2006, 17.
188. David Barboza, 'China Drafts Law to Boost Unions and End Abuse', New York Times, 13 October 2006, 1.
189. Guardian, 4 October 2006, 17.
190. Jonathan Watts, 'Censor Sees Through Writer's Guile in Tale of China's Blood-selling Scandal', Guardian, 9 October 2006, 25.
191. 'Chinese Appeal Court Orders Retrial for Human Rights Activist', Guardian, 2 November 2006, 24.
192. Watts 'Boy's Death Sparks Riots Over China Health Care Costs'.
193. Alan Cowell, 'British Official Criticizes Muslim Veil', New York Times, 7 October 2006, 8.
194. Dan Bilefsky et al., 'Across Europe Worries on Islam Spread to Centre', New York Times, 11 October 2006, 1 and 10.
195. Alan Cowell, 'Blair Criticises Full Islamic Veils as "Mark of Separation"', New York Times, 18 October 2006, 3.
196. Paul Cruickshank, 'Covered Faces, Open Rebellion', New York Times, 21 October 2006, 13.
197. Alan Cowell, 'For Multiculturalist Britain, Uncomfortable New Clothes', New York Times, 22 October 2006, 2nd Section (News in Review), 3.
198. Matthew Taylor and Vikram Dodd, 'Take Off the Veil, Says Straw - To Immediate Anger From Muslims', Guardian, 6 October 2006, 1.
199. Martin Wainwright et al., 'Dangerous Attack or Fair Point? Straw Veil Row Deepens', Guardian, 7 October 2006, 4-5.
200. Will Woodward, 'Prescott Leads Ministers Disagreeing With Straw Over Call to Remove Muslim Veils', Guardian, 9 October 2006, 4.
201. Edward B. Colby, 'Lara Setrakian on Untold Stories from Guantanamo Bay', Columbia Journalism Review, 29 May 2006, http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/lara_setrakian_on_untold_stori.php?page=2 (arguing that grater attention should be paid to the plight of Guantanamo inmates).
202. Ian Cobain and Cyntia O'Murchu, 'I Thought Britain Stood For Justice, But the British Government Has Abandoned Us', Guardian, 3 October 2006, 18.
203. Ian Cobain and Vikram Dodd, 'Britain to US: We Don't Want Guantanamo Nine Back', Guardian, 3 October 2006, 1.
204. Diane Taylor, 'I Haven't Stopped Crying Since I Heard. I Think They Want to Kill Him', Guardian, 13 October 2006, 11.
205. Richard Norton-Taylor, 'Residents "Not Government's Responsibility"', Guardian, 13 October 2006, 11.
206. Cobain and Dodd, 'Britain to US: We Don't Want Guantanamo Nine Back'.
207. Cobain and O'Murchu, 'I Thought Britain Stood For Justice' (describing detailed allegations of inhumane or degrading treatment).
208. Ibid. A number of articles examined abuses at Guantanamo in conjunction with broader issues of US war crimes and extraordinary renditions.
209. Richard Norton-Taylor, 'High-flying Lifestyle of the CIA's Rendition Men', Guardian, 26 October 2006, 9.
210. Mark Tran, 'Cheney Endorses Simulated Drowning', Guardian, 27 October 2006.
211. Suzanne Goldenberg, 'Cheney Condemned For Backing Water Torture', Guardian, 28 October 2006, 28.
212. Mark Tran, 'Rumsfeld Faces Renewed War Crimes Claims', Guardian, 4 November 2006.
213. Richard Norton-Taylor, 'CIA Tried to Silence EU on Torture Flights', Guardian, 26 October 2006, 1.
214. Cobain and O'Murchu, 'I Thought Britain Stood For Justice'.
215. Ibid.
216. Ibid.
217. Ibid.
218. Ibid.
219. Nicholas Watt, 'Legal Limbo as Air Passenger Data Talks Fail', Guardian, 2 October 2006, 16.
220. Alan Cowell, 'Five Britons Released from Guantánamo Arrive Home', New York Times, 10 March 2004 (New York Times report appearing two years earlier).
221. Mark Landler and Souad Mehennet, 'Freed German Detainee Questions His Country's Role', New York Times, 4 November 2006, 8.
222. Mark Landler, '12 Detainees Sue Rumsfeld in Germany, Citing Abuse', New York Times, 15 November 2006, 17.
223. Nicholas Kristof, 'Sami's Shame, and Ours', New York Times, 17 October 2006, 21.
224. David Johnston, 'CIA Tells of Bush's Directive in the Handling of Detainees', New York Times, 15 November 2006, 14 (reporting American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) action for disclosure of documents signed by President Bush concerning torture).
225. Neil A. Lewis, 'Officials See Qaeda Trials Using New Law in 2007', New York Times, 3 November 2006, 18 (reporting on developments in trial procedures).
226. Wall Street Journal, 21 October 2006, 1.
227. Wall Street Journal, 2 November 2006, 1.
228. Financial Times, 14 October 2006, 8.
229. Demetri Sevastopulo, 'Guantanamo Tribunals Spur Red Cross to Voice Concern', Financial Times, 20 October 2006, 10.
230. Daniel Dombey, 'Levin Pledges to Probe "Abuse" of Renditions', Financial Times, 14 November 2006, 8.
231. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 274.
232. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 147-150.
233. Rory McCarthy, 'Frontline Town Where "Russian Roulette" Is a Way of Life', Guardian, 27 November 2006, 15.
234. Steven Erlanger, 'Fatal Clashes in Gaza over Unpaid Salaries', New York Times, 2 October 2006, 9.
235. Greg Myre, '2 Killed as Palestinian Factions Clash for 2nd Day', New York Times, 3 October 2006, 6.
236. Greg Myre, 'Militants Seize, Then Release, U.S. Teacher in West Bank', New York Times, 12 October 2006, 10.
237. Greg Myre, '8 Palestinians Die as Israeli Raids and Airstrikes Intensify', New York Times, 13 October 2006, 13.
238. Greg Myre, '5 Die as Palestinians Clash With Israelis and Each Other', New York Times, 14 October 2006, 6.
239. Greg Myre, 'Israeli Troops Find 5 Tunnels in Gaza Strip', New York Times, 19 October, 6.
240. Greg Myre, 'Olmert Says Israel May Widen Military Role in Gaza', New York Times, 31 October 2006, 8.
241. Greg Myre, 'Big Israeli Strike With Tanks Kills 8 Palestinians in Gaza', New York Times, 2 November 2006, 10.
242. Greg Myre, 'Israeli Troops Kill 6 Palestinians in Second Straight Day of Fighting in Gaza Farming Town', New York Times, 3 November 2006, 10.
243. Greg Myre, 'Israelis Fire on Marchers Aiding Gaza Gunmen, Killing 2', New York Times, 4 November 2006, 3.
244. Greg Myre, 'Israel Vows to Attack Gaza Until Rockets Subside', New York Times, 6 November 2006, 11.
245. Greg Myre, 'Militants Seize, Then Release, U.S. Teacher in West Bank', New York Times, 12 October 2006, 10.
246. Myre, '5 Die as Palestinians Clash with Israelis and Each Other'.
247. Myre, 'Israeli Troops Kill 6'; Myre, 'Israel Vows to Attack Gaza Until Rockets Subside'.
248. Ian Fisher, 'Rocket Fire From Gaza Kills Woman and Wounds 2 in Israeli Town', New York Times, 16 November 2006, 20.
249. Sam Bahour, 'We Can't Go Home Again', New York Times, 7 October 2006, 15.
250. Hassan Fattah, 'A New Fence Is Added to a Border Town Already Split', New York Times, 11 October 2006, 3.
251. Michael Slackman, 'Israeli Bomblets Plague Lebanon', New York Times, 6 October 2006, 1 and 12.
252. Ben Brantley, 'Notes From a Young Idealist in a World Gone Awry', New York Times, 16 October Arts section.
253. Guardian, 7 October 2006, 21.
254. Rory McCarthy, 'Gaza Doctors Say Patients Suffering Mystery Injuries After Israeli Attacks', Guardian, 18 October 2006, 15.
255. Brian Whitaker, 'Hizbullah "Used Cluster-bombs"', Guardian, 20 October 2006, 28.
256. Conal Urquhart, 'Israel Admits It Used Phosphorus Weapons', Guardian, 23 October 2006, 22.
257. Conal Urquhart, '"Smugglers" Get 15 Minutes to Go, Then House is Blown Up', Guardian, 2 October 2006, 15.
258. Rory McCarthy, 'Palestinian Coalition Talks Fail As Rice Arrives For Visit', Guardian, 5 October 2006, 22.
259. Rory McCarthy, 'Power Struggle: Gaza Sliding into Civil War', 12 October 2006, 25.
260. Rory McCarthy, 'Israeli Barrier and Settlement to Leave West Bank Village with Nowhere to Go', Guardian, 30 October 2006, 18.
261. Conal Urquhart, 'The West Bank Managers', Guardian, 2 November 2006, 28.
262. Myre, 'Israeli Troops Kill 6'.
263. Rory McCarthy, 'Israeli Troops Fire on Women in Mosque Siege', Guardian, 4 November 2006, 18.
264. Myre, 'Israeli Troops Kill 6'.
265. 'Israeli Forces Withdraw from Gaza Town', Guardian, 7 November 2006, 17.
266. For Wall Street Journal, see, e.g.
267. 'Are Palestinians Victims or a People Living in a State of Denial?', Wall Street Journal, 7 October 2006, 7.
268. 'Violations of Rules of War in Israel's Lebanon Attacks', Wall Street Journal, 19 December 2006, 17.
269. For Financial Times, see, e.g.
270. Harvey Morris, 'Rice's Plans Could Help Ease Economic Siege of Gaza Strip', Financial Times, 4 October 2006, 10.
271. Frances Williams, 'UN Joins Call to Curb Cluster Bombs', Financial Times, 8 November 2006, p.8.
272. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 148.
273. Ibid., 147-150.
274. Ibid., 204-206.
275. Wall Street Journal, 1 November 2006, 1.
276. Wall Street Journal, 9 November 2006, 1.
277. Financial Times, 2 November 2006, 10.
278. Financial Times, 1 November 2006, 9.
279. Salman Masood and Mark Mazzetti, 'Pakistan's Leader Defends Airstrike on School', New York Times, 1 November 2006, 14.
280. Salman Masood and Carlotta Gall, 'Suicide Bomber Kills 42 Soldiers at Pakistan Training Site', New York Times, 9 November 2006, 24 (reporting on the subsequent revenge attack).
281. Salman Masood, 'Vendetta Rapes Continue as Pakistan Resists Change', New York Times, 14 October 2006, 6.
282. Salman Masood, 'Pakistan Moves Toward Altering Rape Law', New York Times, 16 November 2006, 3.
283. Declan Walsh, 'Growing Anger as US Accused of Being Behind Madrasa Attacks', Guardian, 1 November 2006, 25.
284. Declan Walsh, 'Pakistani Soldiers Killed in Revenge Attack on Camp', Guardian, 9 November 2006, 24.
285. Vikram Dodd, 'Pakistan Warned Royal Visit Will Be Scrapped if Briton's Life Not Spared', Guardian, 19 October 2006, 4.
286. Alex Kumi, 'Death Row Briton Hopes for Reprieve in Pakistan', Guardian, 16 November 2006, 11.
287. Jeevan Vasagar, 'Man Freed After 18 Years on Death Row in Pakistan Reunited with family in Britain', Guardian, 18 November 2006, 9.
288. Amnesty International, AIAR-2006, 139-141.
289. Ibid., 222-224.
290. Andrew Higgins, 'A Feared Force Roils Business in Iran', Wall Street Journal, 14 October 2006, 1, 8.
291. New York Times, 3 October 2006, 2nd Section, 2.
292. Nazila Fathi, 'Iran Arrests Outspoken Cleric Who Opposes Religious Rule', New York Times, 9 October 2006, 3.
293. Robert Tait, 'Iran Bans Fast Internet to CutWest's Influence', Guardian, 18 October 2006, 22.
294. Robert Tait, 'Bestsellers Banned in Iranian Censorship Purge', Guardian, 17 November 2006, 23.
295. Robert Tait, 'My Secret Love Affair', Guardian, 4 November 2006, Weekend Magazine, 38-45.
296. Robert Tait, 'Iranian Soap Star Faces Lashing after Sex Tape Made Public', Guardian, 8 November 2006, 26.
297. Roula Khalaf, 'UK and US Revive Threat of Sanctions on Iran', Financial Times, 4 October 2006, 10.
298. Najmeh Bozorgmehr, 'Iranian Companies Pay Price for Tehran's Nuclear Defiance', Financial Times, 2 November 2006, 1 and 12.
299. Financial Times, 9 October 2006, 6.
300. Heinze, 'Even-handedness and the Politics of Human Rights'.