The state of participatory democratic theory

New Political Science

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 43-63

  Hilmer, Jeffrey D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956162977     PISSN: 07393148     EISSN: 14699931     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07393140903492118     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. The author would like to thank Michael T. Rogers, Jason M. Scruton, and the editors and two anonymous reviewers for New Political Science. For two comprehensive introductions see Terrence E. Cook and Patrick M. Morgan (eds), Participatory Democracy (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1971).
2. Dimitrios Roussopoulos and C. George Benello (eds), Participatory Democracy: Prospects for Democratizing Democracy (Montréal: Black Rose Books, 2005 [1970]).
3. Dahl is primarily responsible for the theoretical articulation of liberal minimalist democratic theory, which he has labeled "Polyarchy. " See Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1956).
4. Who Governs?: Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961).
5. and Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971).
6. See Adam Przeworski, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense, " in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón, Democracy's Value (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 23-55.
7. See James Bohman (ed.), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1993).
8. See Chantal Mouffe, The Return of the Political (London and New York: Verso, 1993).
9. and The Democratic Paradox (London and New York: Verso, 2000), especially chap. 4.
10. Of course participatory democratic practice as it is currently being practiced in Porto Alegre and other places around the globe will likely continue with or without the revival of participatory democratic theory. But if political scientists are interested in how this distinct form of democracy functions, its strengths and weaknesses, and the potential to, paraphrasing the title of a recent book on the subject, "democratize democracy, " normative and empirical theories must be developed, empirical tests designed and conducted, and conclusions drawn.
11. Arnold S. Kaufman, "Human Nature and Participatory Politics, " in William E. Connolly (ed.), The Bias of Pluralism (New York: Atherton Press, 1969 [1960]), pp. 178-200.
12. For an account of the influence of Dewey on Kaufmann, by way of C. Wright Mills and Paul Goodman, and in turn on Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Port Huron Statement, see Robert B. Westbrooke, John Dewey and American Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), pp. 549-550.
13. Arnold S. Kaufman, "Human Nature and Participatory Politics, " in William E. Connolly (ed.), The Bias of Pluralism (New York: Atherton Press, 1969 [1960]), p. 184.
14. See James Miller, Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), chap. 6.
15. See the demonstrative essays in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (eds), NOMOS XVI: Participation in Politics (New York: Lieber-Atherton, 1975).
16. Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
17. Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970)., pp. 104-105.
18. Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970)., p. 106.
19. Early statements of participatory democratic theory (Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). identify the workplace as a prime sector for democratization. Consequently, participatory democracy and workplace democracy are sometimes conflated. It is obvious, however, that most theorists of participatory democracy see workplace democracy as one of many potential sectors (for example, the household, school, and neighborhood) of democratization.
20. The reason this is noteworthy will become clear later on when it is shown how deliberative democratic theorists claim-mistakenly, I argue-that their theory is the direct descendent of participatory democratic theory.
21. C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 114.
22. C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 94.
23. C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 95.
24. C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 108.
25. C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 113.
26. C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 109.
27. Jane J. Mansbridge, Beyond Adversary Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
28. Jane J. Mansbridge, Beyond Adversary Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 1980), p. 3.
29. Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984).
30. Cf. Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Economic Democracy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985).
31. Carole C. Gould, Rethinking Democracy: Freedom and Social Cooperation in Politics, Economy, and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
32. Carole C. Gould, Rethinking Democracy: Freedom and Social Cooperation in Politics, Economy, and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 1.
33. Peter Bachrach and Aryeh Botwinick, Power and Empowerment: A Radical Theory of Participatory Democracy (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992), chap. 2.
34. Peter Bachrach and Aryeh Botwinick, Power and Empowerment: A Radical Theory of Participatory Democracy (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992), chap. 8.
35. Meta Mendel-Reyes, Reclaiming Democracy: The Sixties in Politics and Memory (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 166.
36. Jane Mansbridge, "The Holding Pattern, " Political Theory 27:5 (1999), pp. 706-715.
37. Jane Mansbridge, "On the Idea that Participation Makes Better Citizens, " in Stephen L. Elkin and Karol Edward Sołtan (eds), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 315.
38. Jane Mansbridge, "On the Idea that Participation Makes Better Citizens, " in Stephen L. Elkin and Karol Edward Sołtan (eds), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 316.
39. Mark E. Warren, "What Should We Expect from More Democracy? Radically Democratic Responses to Politics, " Political Theory 24:2 (1996), p. 242.
40. Mark E. Warren, "What Should We Expect from More Democracy? Radically Democratic Responses to Politics, " Political Theory 24:2 (1996), p. 243.
41. Mark E. Warren, "Deliberative Democracy and Authority, " American Political Science Review 90:1 (1996), pp. 46-60, 58.
42. Robert J. Lacey, American Pragmatism and Democratic Faith (Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008), p. 9.
43. From "adversarial" to "unitary" John S. Dryzek identifies at least 54 adjectives-and he concedes that it nevertheless remains only a partial list. See John S. Dryzek "Democratic Political Theory" in Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas (eds), The Handbook of Political Theory (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004), pp. 143-154.
44. Ian Shapiro, The State of Democratic Theory (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
45. James Bohman, Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
46. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
47. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
48. See James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991).
49. Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, Deliberation Day (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
50. David Beetham, Democracy (Oxford: One World, 2005).
51. See Emily Hauptmann, "Can Less Be More? Leftist Deliberative Democrats' Critique of Participatory Democracy, " Polity 33:3 (2001), pp. 397-421.
52. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
53. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 3.
54. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 2.
55. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 3.
56. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 133.
57. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 135.
58. Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), p. 307.
59. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963).
60. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 132.
61. It is this very notion of participation that Pateman singles out for criticism. See Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). pp. 46-50, 74, 103.
62. Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 136.
63. Frank M. Bryan, Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How it Works (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
64. Frank M. Bryan, Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How it Works (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004), p. x.
65. Frank M. Bryan, Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How it Works (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004), p. x.
66. Archon Fung, Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
67. Archon Fung, Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. xi.
68. For a brief recent affirmation of this point see Dennis F. Thompson, "To Deliberate or Participate-Is that the Question?, " in Gary King, Kay Lehman and Norman H. Nie (eds), The Future of Political Science: 100 Perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 207-209.
69. See Boaventura de Sousa Santos (ed.), Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006).
70. The literature on participatory democracy in Brazil generally, and Porto Alegre specifically, continues to grow. Several recent and insightful studies are: Leonardo Avritzer, Participatory Institutions in Brazil (Baltimore, PA: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
71. Brian Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability (University Park: Pennsylvania State Press, 2008).
72. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Militants as Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005).
73. Gianpaolo Baiocchi (ed.), Radicals in Power: The Workers' Party (PT) and Experiments in Urban Democracy in Brazil (London: Zed Books, 2003).
74. William R. Nylen, Participatory Democracy versus Elite Democracy: Lessons from Brazil (New York: Palgrave Macmilliam, 2003).
75. Jane Mansbridge, "On the Idea that Participation Makes Better Citizens, " in Stephen L. Elkin and Karol Edward Sołtan (eds), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 315.
76. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Militants as Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005) p. 138.
77. Jane Mansbridge, "On the Idea that Participation Makes Better Citizens, " in Stephen L. Elkin and Karol Edward Sołtan (eds), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 315., p. 104.
78. Jane Mansbridge, "On the Idea that Participation Makes Better Citizens, " in Stephen L. Elkin and Karol Edward Sołtan (eds), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), p. 315., p. 104.
79. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Towards a Redistributive Democracy, " in Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006), p. 357, emphasis added.
80. Leonardo Avritzer, Participatory Institutions in Brazil (Baltimore, PA: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009) chaps. 6-7.
81. Max Weber, Economy and Society, 2 vols. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978).
82. nd ed. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
83. and Peter Breiner, Max Weber and Democratic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
84. Leonardo Avritzer, "Modes of Democratic Deliberation: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, " in Santos, Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon, (New York: Verso, 2006), p. 397.
85. Leonardo Avritzer, "Modes of Democratic Deliberation: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, " in Santos, Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon, (New York: Verso, 2006), pp. 397-398, emphasis added.
86. Dewey argues for participatory democracy most explicitly in The Public and Its Problems (Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1954).
87. Leonardo Avritzer, "Modes of Democratic Deliberation: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, " in Santos, Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon, (New York: Verso, 2006), p. 398.
88. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Militants as Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005) p. 43, emphasis added.
89. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Militants as Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), pp. 102-103.
90. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Towards a Redistributive Democracy, " in Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006) pp. 352-354.
91. While theoretical accounts of the public sphere vary, most political theorists begin with Jürgen Habermas' ideal of a social public space in which people freely articulate and debate matters of public concern. See Jürgen Habermas, "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article, " New German Critique 3:3 (1974), p. 49.
92. See also Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).
93. Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993).
94. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Towards a Redistributive Democracy, " in Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006) p. 313.
95. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Towards a Redistributive Democracy, " in Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006), pp. 333-337.
96. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Towards a Redistributive Democracy, " in Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006), p. 336.
97. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Towards a Redistributive Democracy, " in Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon (New York: Verso, 2006), p. 337.
98. Leonardo Avritzer, "Modes of Democratic Deliberation: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, " in Santos, Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon, (New York: Verso, 2006), pp. 105-106.
99. Leonardo Avritzer, "Modes of Democratic Deliberation: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil, " in Santos, Democratizing Democracy: Beyond the Liberal Democratic Canon, (New York: Verso, 2006), p. 133.
100. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Militants as Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005)., p. 14.